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PyGreSQL changelog.
===================
This software is copyright (c) 1995, Pascal Andre (andre@via.ecp.fr)
Further copyright 1997, 1998 and 1999 by D'Arcy J.M. Cain (darcy@druid.net)
See file README for copyright information.
Version 2.3
- connect.host returns "localhost" when connected to Unix socket
(torppa@tuhnu.cutery.fi)
- Use PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords in connect() (torppa@tuhnu.cutery.fi)
- fixes and cleanups (torppa@tuhnu.cutery.fi)
- Fixed memory leak in dictresult() (terekhov@emc.com)
- Deprecated pgext.py - functionality now in pg.py
- More cleanups to the tutorial
- Added fileno() method - terekhov@emc.com (Mikhail Terekhov)
- added money type to quoting function
- Compiles cleanly with more warnings turned on
- Returns PostgreSQL error message on error
- Init accepts keywords (Jarkko Torppa)
- Convenience functions can be overridden (Jarkko Torppa)
- added close() method
Version 2.2
- Added user and password support thanks to Ng Pheng Siong <ngps@post1.com>
- Insert queries return the inserted oid
- Add new pg wrapper (C modile renamed to _pg)
- Wrapped database connection in a class.
- Cleaned up some of the tutorial. (More work needed.)
- Added version and __version__. Thanks to thilo@eevolute.com for
the suggestion.
Version 2.1
- return fields as proper Python objects for field type
- Cleaned up pgext.py
- Added dictresult method
Version 2.0 (23/12/1997):
- updated code for PostgreSQL 6.2.1 and Python 1.5
- reformatted code and converted to ANSI
- Changed name to PyGreSQL (from PyGres95)
- changed order of arguments to connect function
- Created new type pgqueryobject and moved certain methods to it.
- Added a print function for pgqueryobject
Version 1.0b (4/11/1995):
- keyword support for connect function moved from library file to C code
and taken away from library.
- rewrote documentation
- bug fix in connect function
- enhancements in large objects interface methods
Version 1.0a (30/10/1995) (limited release):
- module adapted to standard Python syntax
- keyword support for connect function in library file
- rewrote default parameters interface (internal use of strings)
- fixed minor bugs in module interface
- redefinition of error messages
Version 0.9b (10/10/1995) (first public release):
- large objects implementation
- many bug fixes, enhancements, ...
Version 0.1a (7/10/1995):
- basic libpq functions (SQL access)

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PyGreSQL - v2.3: PostgreSQL module for Python
==============================================
0. Copyright notice
===================
PyGreSQL, version 2.3
A Python interface for PostgreSQL database.
Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain, darcy@druid.net<BR>
Based heavily on code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
Copyright (c) 1995, Pascal ANDRE (andre@via.ecp.fr)
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies or in any
new file that contains a substantial portion of this file.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS,
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE
AUTHOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
THE AUTHOR SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE
AUTHOR HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES,
ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
Further modifications copyright 1997, 1998 and 1999 by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
(darcy@druid.net) subject to the same terms and conditions as above.
1. Presentation
===============
1.1. Introduction
-----------------
PostgreSQL is a database system derived from Postgres4.2. It conforms to
(most of) ANSI SQL and offers many interesting capabilities (C dynamic linking
for functions or type definition, etc.). This package is copyright by the
Regents of the University of California, and is freely distributable.
Python is an interpreted programming language. It is object oriented, simple
to use (light syntax, simple and straightforward statements), and has many
extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc. An intelligent web
browser (HotJava like) is currently under development (November 1995), and
this should open programmers many doors. Python is copyrighted by Stichting S
Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is freely distributable.
PyGreSQL is a python module that interfaces to a PostgreSQL database. It
embeds the PostgreSQL query library to allow easy use of the powerful
PostgreSQL features from a Python script.
PyGreSQL 2.0 was developed and tested on a NetBSD 1.3_BETA system. It is
based on the PyGres95 code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
I changed the version to 2.0 and updated the code for Python 1.5 and
PostgreSQL 6.2.1. While I was at it I upgraded the code to use full ANSI
style prototypes and changed the order of arguments to connect.
1.2. Distribution files
-----------------------
README - this file
Announce - announcement of this release
ChangeLog - changes that affected this package during its history
pgmodule.c - the C python module
pg.py - PyGreSQL DB class.
tutorial/ - demos directory
Content: basics.py, syscat.py, advanced.py, func.py and
pgtools.py. The samples here have been taken from the
PostgreSQL manual and were used for module testing. They
demonstrate some PostgreSQL features. Pgtools.py is an
add-in used for demonstration.
1.3. Installation
-----------------
* You first have to get and build Python and PostgreSQL.
* PyGreSQL is implemented as two parts, a C module labeled _pg and a
Python wrapper called pg.py. This changed between 2.1 and 2.2. This
should not affect any existing programs but the installation is slightly
different.
* Find the directory where your 'Setup' file lives (usually ??/Modules) and
copy or symlink the 'pgmodule.c' file there.
* Add the following line to your Setup file
_pg pgmodule.c -I[pgInc] -L[pgLib] -lpq # -lcrypt # needed on some systems
where:
[pgInc] = path of the PostgreSQL include
[pgLib] = path of the PostgreSQL libraries
Some options may be added to this line:
-DNO_DEF_VAR - no default variables support
-DNO_DIRECT - no direct access methods
-DNO_LARGE - no large object support
-DNO_PQSOCKET - if running an older PostgreSQL
Define NO_PQSOCKET if you are using a version of PostgreSQL before 6.4
that does not have the PQsocket function. The other options will be
described in the next sections.
* If you want a shared module, make sure that the "*shared*" keyword is
uncommented and add the above line below it. You used to need to install
your shared modules with "make sharedinstall but this no longer seems
to be true."
* Copy pg.py to the lib directory where the rest of your modules are. For
example, that's /usr/local/lib/Python on my system.
* Do 'make -f Makefile.pre.in boot' and do 'make && make install'
* For more details read the documentation at the top of Makefile.pre.in
* If you are on NetBSD, look in the packages directory under databases. If
it isn't there yet, it should be there shortly. You can also pick up the
package files from ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/pygresql.pkg.tgz.
There is also a package in the FreeBSD ports collection but as I write
this it is at version 2.1. I will try to get that updated as well.
* For Linux installation look at README.linux
1.4. Where to get ... ?
-----------------------
The home sites of the different packages are:
- Python: ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/python
- PosgreSQL: ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/postgresql-6.4.tar.gz
- PyGreSQL: ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/pygresql-2.2.tgz
A Linux RPM can be picked up from ftp://www.eevolute.com/pub/python/.
1.5. Information and support
----------------------------
If you need information about these packages please check their web sites:
- Python: http://www.python.org/
- PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org/
- PyGres95: http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
- PyGreSQL: http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
For support:
- Python: newgroup comp.lang.python
- PostgreSQL: mailing list (see package documentation for information)
- PyGres95: contact me (andre@via.ecp.fr) for bug reports, ideas, remarks
I will try to answer as long as my free time allow me to do
that.
- PyGreSQL: contact me (darcy@druid.net) concerning the changes to 2.x.
2. Programming information
==========================
This module defines three objects: the pgobject that handles the connection
and all the requests to the database, the pglargeobject that handles
all the accesses to Postgres large objects and pgqueryobject that handles
query results.
2.1. pg module description
----------------------------
The module defines only a few methods that allow to connect to a database and
to allow to define "default variables" that override the environment variables
used by PostgreSQL.
These "default variables" were designed to allow you to handle general
connection parameters without heavy code in your programs. You can prompt the
user for a value, put it in the default variable, and forget it, without
having to modify your environment. The support for default variables can be
disabled by setting the -DNO_DEF_VAR option in the Python Setup file. Methods
relative to this are specified by te tag [DV].
All variables are set to None at module initialization, specifying that
standard environment variables should be used.
2.1.1. connect - opens a pg connection
----------------------------------------
Syntax:
connect(dbname, host, port, opt, tty, user, passwd)
Parameters:
dbname - name of connected database (string/None)
host - name of the server host (string/None)
port - port used by the database server (integer/-1)
opt - connection options (string/None)
tty - debug terminal (string/None)
user - PostgreSQL user (string/None)
passwd - password for user (string/None)
Return type:
pgobject - the object handling the connection
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
SyntaxError - duplicate argument definition
pg.error - some error occurred during pg connection definition
(+ all exceptions relative to object allocation)
Description:
This method opens a connection to a specified database on a given
PostgreSQL server. You can use keywords here, as described in the
Python tutorial;
the names of the keywords are the name of the parameters given in the
syntax line. For a precise description of the parameters, please refer to
the PostgreSQL user manual.
2.1.2. get_defhost, set_defhost - default server host name handling [DV]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_defhost()
Parameters:
none
Return type:
string, None - default host specification
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many arguments
Description:
This method returns the current default host specification, or None if the
environment variables should be used. Environment variables won't be looked
up.
Syntax: set_defhost(host)
Parameters:
host - new default host (string/None)
Return type:
string, None - previous default host specification
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This methods sets the default host value for new connections. If None is
supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
connections. It returns the previous setting for default host.
2.1.3. get_defport, set_defport - default server port handling [DV]
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_defport()
Parameters: none
Return type:
integer, None - default port specification
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many arguments
Description:
This method returns the current default port specification, or None if
the environment variables should be used. Environment variables won't
be looked up.
Syntax: set_defport(port)
Parameters:
port - new default port (integer/-1)
Return type:
integer, None - previous default port specification
Description:
This methods sets the default port value for new connections. If -1 is
supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
connections. It returns the previous setting for default port.
2.1.4. get_defopt, set_defopt - default connection options handling [DV]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_defopt()
Parameters: none
Return type:
string, None - default options specification
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many arguments
Description:
This method returns the current default connection options specification,
or None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
won't be looked up.
Syntax: set_defopt(options)
Parameters:
options - new default connection options (string/None)
Return type:
string, None - previous default options specification
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This methods sets the default connection options value for new connections.
If None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
future connections. It returns the previous setting for default options.
2.1.5. get_deftty, set_deftty - default connection debug tty handling [DV]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_deftty()
Parameters: none
Return type:
string, None - default debug terminal specification
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many arguments
Description:
This method returns the current default debug terminal specification, or
None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
won't be looked up.
Syntax: set_deftty(terminal)
Parameters:
terminal - new default debug terminal (string/None)
Return type:
string, None - previous default debug terminal specification
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This methods sets the default debug terminal value for new connections. If
None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
connections. It returns the previous setting for default terminal.
2.1.6. get_defbase, set_defbase - default database name handling [DV]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_defbase()
Parameters: none
Return type:
string, None - default database name specification
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many arguments
Description:
This method returns the current default database name specification, or
None if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
won't be looked up.
Syntax: set_defbase(base)
Parameters:
base - new default base name (string/None)
Return type:
string, None - previous default database name specification
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This method sets the default database name value for new connections. If
None is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
future connections. It returns the previous setting for default host.
2.1.7. Module constants
-----------------------
Some constants are defined in the module dictionary. They are intended to be
used as parameters for methods calls. You should refer to PostgreSQL user
manual for more information about them. These constants are:
- large objects access modes, used by (pgobject.)locreate and
(pglarge.)open: (pg.)INV_READ, (pg.)INV_WRITE, (pg.)INV_ARCHIVE
- positional flags, used by (pglarge.)seek: (pg.)SEEK_SET,
(pg.)SEEK_CUR, (pg.)SEEK_END.
- version and __version__ constants that give the current version.
2.1.9.
2.1.10. Miscellaneous attributes
The following methods return information about the current connection.
-
2.2. pgobject description
---------------------------
This object handle a connection to a PostgreSQL database. It embeds and
hides all the parameters that define this connection, thus just leaving really
significant parameters in function calls.
Some methods give direct access to the connection socket. They are specified
by the tag [DA]. DO NOT USE THEM UNLESS YOU REALLY KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING. If
you prefer disabling them, set the -DNO_DIRECT option in the Python Setup file.
Some other methods give access to large objects (refer to PostgreSQL user
manual for more information about these). if you want to forbid access to these
from the module, set the -DNO_LARGE option in the Python Setup file. These
methods are specified by the tag [LO].
2.2.1. query - executes a SQL command string
--------------------------------------------
Syntax: query(command)
Parameters:
command - SQL command (string)
Return type:
pgqueryobject, None - result values
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments.
ValueError - empty SQL query
pg.error - error during query processing, or invalid connection
Description:
This method simply sends a SQL query to the database. If the query is
an insert statement, the return value is the OID of the newly
inserted row. If it is otherwise a query that does not return a result
(ie. is not a some kind of SELECT statement), it returns None.
Otherwise, it returns a pgqueryobject that can be accessed via the
getresult method or printed.
pgqueryobject methods
---------------------
2.2.1.1. getresult - gets the values returned by the query
-------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: getresult()
Parameters: none
Return type:
list - result values
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many parameters
pg.error - invalid previous result
Description:
This method returns the list of the values returned by the query.
More information about this result may be get using listfields,
fieldname and fiednum methods.
2.2.1.2. dictresult - like getresult but returns list of dictionaries
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: dictresult()
Parameters: none
Return type:
list - result values as a dictionary
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many parameters
pg.error - invalid previous result
Description:
This method returns the list of the values returned by the query
with each tuple returned as a dictionary with the field names
used as the dictionary index.
2.2.1.3. listfields - lists the fields names of the previous query result
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: listfields()
Parameters: none
Return type:
list - fields names
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many parameters
pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
Description:
This method returns the list of names of the fields defined for the
query result. The fields are in the same order as the result values.
2.2.1.4. fieldname, fieldnum - field name-number conversion
---------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: fieldname(i)
Parameters:
i - field number (integer)
Return type:
string - field name
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
ValueError - invalid field number
pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
Description:
This method allows to find a field name from its rank number. It can be
useful for displaying a result. The fields are in the same order than the
result values.
Syntax: fieldnum(name)
Parameters:
name - field name (string)
Return type:
integer - field number
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
ValueError - unknown field name
pg.error - invalid previous result, or invalid connection
Description:
This method returns a field number from its name. It can be used to
build a function that converts result list strings to their correct
type, using a hardcoded table definition. The number returned is the
field rank in the result values list.
2.2.2. reset - resets the connection
------------------------------------
Syntax: reset()
Parameters: None
Return type: None
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - too many (any) arguments
Description:
This method resets the current database.
2.2.3. close - close the database connection
--------------------------------------------
Syntax: close()
Parameters: none
Return type: None
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - too many (any) arguments
Description:
This method closes the database connection. The connection will
be closed in any case when the connection is deleted but this
allows you to explicitly close it. It is mainly here to allow
the DB-SIG API wrapper to implement a close function.
2.2.4. fileno - returns the socket used to connect to the database
------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: fileno()
Parameters: none
Exceptions raised:
TypeError - too many (any) arguments
Description:
This method returns the underlying socket id used to connect
to the database. This is useful for use in select calls, etc.
Note: This function depends on having a recent version of the
database. See "-DNO_PQSOCKET" described above.
2.2.5. getnotify - gets the last notify from the server
-------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: getnotify()
Parameters: none
Return type:
tuple, None - last notify from server
Exceptions raised:
SyntaxError - too many parameters
pg.error - invalid connection
Description:
This methods try to get a notify from the server (from the SQL statement
NOTIFY). If the server returns no notify, the methods returns None.
Otherwise, it returns a tuple (couple) (relname, pid), where relname is the
name of the notify and pid the process id of the connection that triggered
the notify. Remember to do a listen query first otherwise getnotify
will always return None.
2.2.6. inserttable - insert a list into a table
-----------------------------------------------
Syntax: inserttable(table, values)
Parameters:
table - the table name (string)
values - list of rows values (list)
Return type:
None
Exception raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This method allow to quickly insert large blocks of data in a table: it
inserts the whole values list into the given table. The list is a list of
tuples/lists that define the values for each inserted row. The rows values
may contain string, integer, long or double (real) values.
BE VERY CAREFUL: this method doesn't typecheck the fields according to the
table definition; it just look whether or not it knows how to handle such
types.
2.2.7. putline - writes a line to the server socket [DA]
--------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: putline(line)
Parameters:
line - line to be written (string)
Return type:
None
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
Description:
This method allows to directly write a string to the server socket.
2.2.8. getline - gets a line from server socket [DA]
----------------------------------------------------
Syntax: getline()
Parameters: none
Return type:
string - the line read
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
SyntaxError - too many parameters
Description:
This method allows to directly read a string from the server socket.
2.2.9. endcopy - synchronizes client and server [DA]
----------------------------------------------------
Syntax: endcopy()
Parameters: none
Return type:
None
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
SyntaxError - too many parameters
Description:
The use of direct access methods may desynchonize client and server. This
method ensure that client and server will be synchronized.
2.2.10. locreate - creates of large object in the database [LO]
---------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: locreate(mode)
Parameters:
mode - large object create mode
Return type:
pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection, or creation error
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
Description:
This method creates a large object in the database. The mode can be defined
by OR-ing the constants defined in the pg module (INV_READ, INV_WRITE and
INV_ARCHIVE). Please refer to PostgreSQL user manual for a description of
the mode values.
2.2.11. getlo - builds a large object from given oid [LO]
---------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: getlo(oid)
Parameters:
oid - oid of the existing large object (integer)
Return type:
pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
ValueError - bad oid value (0 is invalid_oid)
Description:
This method allows to reuse a formerly created large object through the
pglarge interface, providing the user have its oid.
2.2.12. loimport - import a file to a postgres large object [LO]
----------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: loimport(name)
Parameters:
name - the name of the file to be imported (string)
Return type:
pglarge - object handling the postgres large object
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection, or error during file import
TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
Description:
This methods allows to create large objects in a very simple way. You just
give the name of a file containing the data to be use.
2.2.13. pgobject attributes
-----------------------------
Every pgobject defines a set of read-only attributes that describe the
connection and its status. These attributes are:
host - the hostname of the server (string)
port - the port of the server (integer)
db - the selected database (string)
options - the connection options (string)
tty - the connection debug terminal (string)
user - the username on the database system (string)
status - the status of the connection (integer: 1 - OK, 0 - BAD)
error - the last warning/error message from the server (string)
2.3. pglarge description
--------------------------
This object handles all the request concerning a postgres large object. It
embeds and hides all the 'recurrent' variables (object oid and connection),
exactly in the same way pgobjects do, thus only keeping significant
parameters in function calls. It keeps a reference to the pgobject used for
its creation, sending requests though with its parameters. Any modification but
dereferencing the pgobject will thus affect the pglarge object.
Dereferencing the initial pgobject is not a problem since Python won't
deallocate it before the large object dereference it.
All functions return a generic error message on call error, whatever the
exact error was. The 'error' attribute of the object allow to get the exact
error message.
2.3.1. open - opens a large object
----------------------------------
Syntax: open(mode)
Parameters:
mode - open mode definition (integer)
Return type:
None
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
IOError - already opened object, or open error
Description:
This method opens a large object for reading/writing, in the same way than
the UNIX open() function. The mode value can be obtained by OR-ing the
constants defined in the pgmodule (INV_READ, INV_WRITE).
2.3.2. close - closes a large object
------------------------------------
Syntax: close()
Parameters: none
Return type:
None
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection
SyntaxError - too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or close error
Description:
This method closes a previously opened large object, in the same way than
the UNIX close() function.
2.3.4. read, write, tell, seek, unlink - file like large object handling
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: read(size)
Parameters:
size - maximal size of the buffer to be read
Return type:
sized string - the read buffer
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or read error
Description:
This function allows to read data from a large object, starting at current
position.
Syntax: write(string)
Parameters:
(sized) string - buffer to be written
Return type:
None
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or write error
Description:
This function allows to write data to a large object, starting at current
position.
Syntax: seek(offset, whence)
Parameters:
offset - position offset
whence - positional parameter
Return type:
integer - new position in object
Exception raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or seek error
Description:
This method allows to move the position cursor in the large object. The
whence parameter can be obtained by OR-ing the constants defined in the
pg module (SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END).
Syntax: tell()
Parameters: none
Return type:
integer - current position in large object
Exception raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
SyntaxError - too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or seek error
Description:
This method allows to get the current position in the large object.
Syntax: unlink()
Parameter: none
Return type:
None
Exception raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
SyntaxError - too many parameters
IOError - object is not closed, or unlink error
Description:
This methods unlinks (deletes) the postgres large object.
2.3.5. size - gives the large object size
-----------------------------------------
Syntax: size()
Parameters: none
Return type:
integer - large object size
Exceptions raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
SyntaxError - too many parameters
IOError - object is not opened, or seek/tell error
Description:
This (composite) method allows to get the size of a large object. Currently
the large object needs to be opened. It was implemented because this
function is very useful for a WWW interfaced database.
2.3.6. export - saves a large object to a file
----------------------------------------------
Syntax: export(name)
Parameters:
name - file to be created
Return type:
None
Exception raised:
pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
TypeError - bad parameter type, or too many parameters
IOError - object is not closed, or export error
Description:
This methods allows to dump the content of a large object in a very simple
way. The exported file is created on the host of the program, not the
server host.
2.3.7. Object attributes
------------------------
pglarge objects define a read-only set of attributes that allow to get some
information about it. These attributes are:
oid - the oid associated with the object
pgcnx - the pgobject associated with the object
error - the last warning/error message of the connection
BE CAREFUL: in multithreaded environments, 'error' may be modified by another
thread using the same pgobject. Remember these object are shared, not
duplicated. You should provide some locking to be able if you want to check
this.
The oid attribute is very interesting because it allow you reuse the oid
later, creating the pglarge object with a pgobject getlo() method call.
3. The pg wrapper
================
The previous functions are wrapped in a module called pg. The module
has a class called DB. The above functions are also included in the
name space so it isn't necessary to import both modules. The preferred
way to use this module is as follows.
from pg import DB
db = DB(...) # See description of the initialization method below.
The following describes the methods and variables of this class.
3.1. Initialization
-------------------
The DB class is initialized with the same arguments as the connect
method described in section 2. It also initializes a few internal
variables. The statement 'db = DB()' will open the local database
with the name of the user just like connect() does.
3.2. pkey
---------
Syntax:
pkey(table)
Parameters:
table - name of table
Returns:
Name of field which is the primary key of the table.
Description:
This method returns the primary key of a table. Note that this raises
an exception if the table doesn't have a primary key. Further, in the
currently released implementation of PostgreSQL the 'PRIMARY KEY' syntax
doesn't actually fill in the necessary tables to determine primary keys.
You can do this yourself with the following query.
# Set up table and primary_field variables...
"""UPDATE pg_index SET indisprimary = 't'
WHERE pg_index.oid in (SELECT pg_index.oid
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_index
WHERE pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid AND
pg_class.oid = pg_index.indrelid AND
pg_index.indkey[0] = pg_attribute.attnum AND
pg_class.relname = '%(table)s' AND
pg_attribute.attname = '%(primary_field)');""" % locals()
This will be fixed in the upcoming 6.5 release of PostgreSQL or
you can download the current sources now. Downloading current
is, as usual, at your own risk.
3.3. get_databases - get list of databases in the system
--------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_databases()
Parameters: none
Returns: list of databases in the system
Description:
Although you can do this with a simple select, it is added here for
convenience
3.4. get_tables - get list of tables in connected database
----------------------------------------------------------
Syntax: get_tables()
Parameters: none
Returns: list of tables in connected database
3.5. get_attnames
-----------------
Syntax:
get_attnames(table)
Parameters:
table - name of table
Returns:
List of attribute names
Description:
Given the name of a table, digs out the list of attribute names.
3.6. get - get a tuple from a database table
--------------------------------------------
Syntax:
get(table, arg, [keyname])
Parameters:
table - name of table
arg - either a dictionary or the value to be looked up
keyname - name of field to use as key (optional)
Returns:
A dictionary mapping attribute names to row values.
Description:
This method is the basic mechanism to get a single row. It assumes
that the key specifies a unique row. If keyname is not specified
then the primary key for the table is used. If arg is a dictionary
then the value for the key is taken from it and it is modified to
include the new values, replacing existing values where necessary.
The oid is also put into the dictionary but in order to allow the
caller to work with multiple tables, the attribute name is munged
to make it unique. It consists of the string "oid_" followed by
the name of the table.
3.7. insert - insert a tuple into a database table
--------------------------------------------------
Syntax:
insert(table, a)
Parameters:
table - name of table
a - a dictionary of values
Returns:
The OID of the newly inserted row.
Description:
This method inserts values into the table specified filling in the
values from the dictionary. It then reloads the dictionary with the
values from the database. This causes the dictionary to be updated
with values that are modified by rules, triggers, etc.
3.8. update
-----------
Syntax:
update(table, a)
Parameters:
table - name of table
a - a dictionary of values
Returns:
A dictionary with the new row
Description:
Similar to insert but updates an existing row. The update is based
on the OID value as munged by get. The array returned is the
one sent modified to reflect any changes caused by the update due
to triggers, rules, defaults, etc.
3.9. clear
----------
Syntax:
clear(table, [a])
Parameters:
table - name of table
a - a dictionary of values
Returns:
A dictionary with an empty row
Description:
This method clears all the attributes to values determined by the types.
Numeric types are set to 0, dates are set to 'TODAY' and everything
else is set to the empty string. If the array argument is present,
it is used as the array and any entries matching attribute names
are cleared with everything else left unchanged.
3.8. delete
-----------
Syntax:
delete(table, a)
Parameters:
table - name of table
a - a dictionary of values
Returns:
None
Description:
This method deletes the row from a table. It deletes based on the OID
as munged as described above.
4. Future directions
====================
The large object and direct access functions need much more attention.
I want to add a DB-SIG API wrapper around the underlying module. This
will be in 3.0.

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Thanks to thilo@eevolute.com for this README and the RPM
INSTALLING PyGreSQL on Redhat Linux 5.1 or 5.2
==============================================
Things are pretty easy on Redhat Linux. You can either get a precompiled
RPM package from
ftp://www.eevolute.com/pub/python/
or try in compile and install it yourself:
bash$ make redhat # this just compiles the module as a shared object
cc -fpic -shared -o _pg.so -I/usr/include/python1.5 pgmodule.c -lpq
bash$ python # you can test it from your local directory
Python 1.5.1 (#1, May 6 1998, 01:48:27) [GCC 2.7.2.3] on linux-i386
Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam
>>> import _pg
>>> db = _pg.connect('thilo', 'localhost')
>>> db.query("INSERT INTO test VALUES ('ping', 'pong')")
18304
>>> db.query("SELECT * FROM test")
eins|zwei
----+----
ping|pong
(1 row)
bash$ su # Yow! Seems to work - now install it properly
bash# cp _pg.so /usr/lib/python1.5/lib-dynload
done!

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#! /usr/local/bin/python
import string
# change this if you have it somewhere else
for l in open("/usr/local/pgsql/src/include/catalog/pg_type.h").readlines():
tokens = string.split(l)
if len(tokens) == 0 or tokens[0] != "#define": continue
if tokens[1] in ('CASHOID', 'INT2OID', 'INT4OID', 'OIDOID', 'FLOAT4OID', 'FLOAT8OID'):
print l,

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# pgutil.py
# Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
# This library implements some basic database management stuff
# It includes the pg module and builds on it
from _pg import *
import string, re, sys
# utility function
# We expect int, seq, decimal, text or date (more later)
def _quote(d, t):
if t in ['int', 'decimal', 'seq']:
if d == "": return 0
return "%s" % d
if t == 'money':
if d == "": return '0.00'
return "'%.2f'" % d
if t == 'bool':
if string.upper(d) in ['T', 'TRUE', 'Y', 'YES', 1, '1', 'ON']:
return "'t'"
else:
return "'f'"
if d == "": return "null"
return "'%s'" % string.strip(re.sub('\'', '\'\'', "%s" % d))
class DB:
"""This class wraps the pg connection type"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
self.db = apply(connect, args, kw)
# Create convience methods, in a way that is still overridable.
for e in ( 'query', 'reset', 'close', 'getnotify', 'inserttable',
'putline', 'getline', 'endcopy',
'host', 'port', 'db', 'options',
'tty', 'error', 'status', 'user',
'locreate', 'getlo', 'loimport' ):
if not hasattr(self,e) and hasattr(self.db,e):
exec 'self.%s = self.db.%s' % ( e, e )
self.attnames = {}
self.pkeys = {}
self.debug = None # For debugging scripts, set to output format
# that takes a single string arg. For example
# in a CGI set to "%s<BR>"
# Get all the primary keys at once
for rel, att in self.db.query("""SELECT
pg_class.relname, pg_attribute.attname
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_index
WHERE pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid AND
pg_class.oid = pg_index.indrelid AND
pg_index.indkey[0] = pg_attribute.attnum AND
pg_index.indisprimary = 't'""").getresult():
self.pkeys[rel] = att
def pkey(self, cl):
# will raise an exception if primary key doesn't exist
return self.pkeys[cl]
def get_databases(self):
l = []
for n in self.db.query("SELECT datname FROM pg_database").getresult():
l.append(n[0])
return l
def get_tables(self):
l = []
for n in self.db.query("""SELECT relname FROM pg_class
WHERE relkind = 'r' AND
relname !~ '^Inv' AND
relname !~ '^pg_'""").getresult():
l.append(n[0])
return l
def get_attnames(self, cl):
# May as well cache them
if self.attnames.has_key(cl):
return self.attnames[cl]
query = """SELECT pg_attribute.attname, pg_type.typname
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_type
WHERE pg_class.relname = '%s' AND
pg_attribute.attnum > 0 AND
pg_attribute.attrelid = pg_class.oid AND
pg_attribute.atttypid = pg_type.oid"""
l = {}
for attname, typname in self.db.query(query % cl).getresult():
if re.match("^int", typname):
l[attname] = 'int'
elif re.match("^oid", typname):
l[attname] = 'int'
elif re.match("^text", typname):
l[attname] = 'text'
elif re.match("^char", typname):
l[attname] = 'text'
elif re.match("^name", typname):
l[attname] = 'text'
elif re.match("^abstime", typname):
l[attname] = 'date'
elif re.match("^date", typname):
l[attname] = 'date'
elif re.match("^bool", typname):
l[attname] = 'bool'
elif re.match("^float", typname):
l[attname] = 'decimal'
elif re.match("^money", typname):
l[attname] = 'money'
else:
l[attname] = 'text'
self.attnames[cl] = l
return self.attnames[cl]
# return a tuple from a database
def get(self, cl, arg, keyname = None):
if keyname == None: # use the primary key by default
keyname = self.pkeys[cl]
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
if type(arg) == type({}):
# To allow users to work with multiple tables we munge the
# name when the key is "oid"
if keyname == 'oid': k = arg['oid_%s' % cl]
else: k = arg[keyname]
else:
k = arg
arg = {}
# We want the oid for later updates if that isn't the key
if keyname == 'oid':
q = "SELECT * FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, k)
else:
q = "SELECT oid AS oid_%s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %s" % \
(cl, string.join(fnames.keys(), ','),\
cl, keyname, _quote(k, fnames[keyname]))
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
res = self.db.query(q).dictresult()
if res == []:
raise error, \
"No such record in %s where %s is %s" % \
(cl, keyname, _quote(k, fnames[keyname]))
return None
for k in res[0].keys():
arg[k] = res[0][k]
return arg
# Inserts a new tuple into a table
def insert(self, cl, a):
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
l = []
n = []
for f in fnames.keys():
if a.has_key(f):
if a[f] == "": l.append("null")
else: l.append(_quote(a[f], fnames[f]))
n.append(f)
try:
q = "INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)" % \
(cl, string.join(n, ','), string.join(l, ','))
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
a['oid_%s' % cl] = self.db.query(q)
except:
raise error, "Error inserting into %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
# reload the dictionary to catch things modified by engine
# note that get() changes 'oid' below to oid_table
return self.get(cl, a, 'oid')
# update always works on the oid which get returns
def update(self, cl, a):
q = "SELECT oid FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, a['oid_%s' % cl])
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
res = self.db.query(q).getresult()
if len(res) < 1:
raise error, "No record in %s where oid = %s (%s)" % \
(cl, a['oid_%s' % cl], sys.exc_value)
v = []
k = 0
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
for ff in fnames.keys():
if a.has_key(ff) and a[ff] != res[0][k]:
v.append("%s = %s" % (ff, _quote(a[ff], fnames[ff])))
if v == []:
return None
try:
q = "UPDATE %s SET %s WHERE oid = %s" % \
(cl, string.join(v, ','), a['oid_%s' % cl])
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
self.db.query(q)
except:
raise error, "Can't update %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
# reload the dictionary to catch things modified by engine
return self.get(cl, a, 'oid')
# At some point we will need a way to get defaults from a table
def clear(self, cl, a = {}):
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
for ff in fnames.keys():
if fnames[ff] in ['int', 'decimal', 'seq', 'money']:
a[ff] = 0
elif fnames[ff] == 'date':
a[ff] = 'TODAY'
else:
a[ff] = ""
a['oid'] = 0
return a
# Like update, delete works on the oid
# one day we will be testing that the record to be deleted
# isn't referenced somewhere (or else PostgreSQL will)
def delete(self, cl, a):
try:
q = "DELETE FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, a['oid_%s' % cl])
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
self.db.query(q)
except:
raise error, "Can't delete %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
return None

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# pgsqldb.py
# Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
# This library implements the DB-SIG API
# It includes the pg module and builds on it
from _pg import *
import string
class _cursor:
"""For cursor object"""
def __init__(self, conn):
self.conn = conn
self.cursor = None
self.arraysize = 1
self.description = None
self.name = string.split(`self`)[3][:-1]
def close(self):
if self.conn == None: raise self.conn.error, "Cursor has been closed"
if self.cursor == None: raise self.conn.error, "No cursor created"
self.conn.query('CLOSE %s' % self.name)
self.conn = None
def __del__(self):
if self.cursor != None and self.conn != None:
self.conn.query('CLOSE %s' % self.name)
class pgsqldb:
"""This class wraps the pg connection type in a DB-SIG API interface"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
self.db = apply(connect, args, kw)
# Create convience methods, in a way that is still overridable.
for e in ('query', 'reset', 'close', 'getnotify', 'inserttable',
'putline', 'getline', 'endcopy',
'host', 'port', 'db', 'options',
'tty', 'error', 'status', 'user',
'locreate', 'getlo', 'loimport'):
if not hasattr(self,e) and hasattr(self.db,e):
exec 'self.%s = self.db.%s' % ( e, e )