In the executor, use an array of pointers to access the rangetable.

Instead of doing a lot of list_nth() accesses to es_range_table,
create a flattened pointer array during executor startup and index
into that to get at individual RangeTblEntrys.

This eliminates one source of O(N^2) behavior with lots of partitions.
(I'm not exactly convinced that it's the most important source, but
it's an easy one to fix.)

Amit Langote and David Rowley

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/468c85d9-540e-66a2-1dde-fec2b741e688@lab.ntt.co.jp

contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c

@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 		rtindex = fsplan->scan.scanrelid;
 	else
 		rtindex = bms_next_member(fsplan->fs_relids, -1);
-	rte = rt_fetch(rtindex, estate->es_range_table);
+	rte = exec_rt_fetch(rtindex, estate);
 	userid = rte->checkAsUser ? rte->checkAsUser : GetUserId();
 
 	/* Get info about foreign table. */
@@ -1731,8 +1731,8 @@ postgresBeginForeignModify(ModifyTableState *mtstate,
 										FdwModifyPrivateRetrievedAttrs);
 
 	/* Find RTE. */
-	rte = rt_fetch(resultRelInfo->ri_RangeTableIndex,
+	rte = exec_rt_fetch(resultRelInfo->ri_RangeTableIndex,
-				   mtstate->ps.state->es_range_table);
+						mtstate->ps.state);
 
 	/* Construct an execution state. */
 	fmstate = create_foreign_modify(mtstate->ps.state,
@@ -2036,7 +2036,7 @@ postgresBeginForeignInsert(ModifyTableState *mtstate,
 	 * correspond to this partition if it is one of the UPDATE subplan target
 	 * rels; in that case, we can just use the existing RTE as-is.
 	 */
-	rte = list_nth(estate->es_range_table, resultRelation - 1);
+	rte = exec_rt_fetch(resultRelation, estate);
 	if (rte->relid != RelationGetRelid(rel))
 	{
 		rte = copyObject(rte);
@@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * ExecCheckRTEPerms() does.
 	 */
 	rtindex = estate->es_result_relation_info->ri_RangeTableIndex;
-	rte = rt_fetch(rtindex, estate->es_range_table);
+	rte = exec_rt_fetch(rtindex, estate);
 	userid = rte->checkAsUser ? rte->checkAsUser : GetUserId();
 
 	/* Get info about foreign table. */
@@ -5752,7 +5752,7 @@ conversion_error_callback(void *arg)
 			RangeTblEntry *rte;
 			Var		   *var = (Var *) tle->expr;
 
-			rte = rt_fetch(var->varno, estate->es_range_table);
+			rte = exec_rt_fetch(var->varno, estate);
 
 			if (var->varattno == 0)
 				is_wholerow = true;

src/backend/commands/copy.c

@@ -2484,9 +2484,8 @@ CopyFrom(CopyState cstate)
 	estate->es_result_relations = resultRelInfo;
 	estate->es_num_result_relations = 1;
 	estate->es_result_relation_info = resultRelInfo;
-	estate->es_range_table = cstate->range_table;
+
-	estate->es_relations = (Relation *) palloc0(list_length(cstate->range_table) *
+	ExecInitRangeTable(estate, cstate->range_table);
-												sizeof(Relation));
 
 	/* Set up a tuple slot too */
 	myslot = ExecInitExtraTupleSlot(estate, tupDesc);

src/backend/commands/trigger.c

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ static int	MyTriggerDepth = 0;
  * to be changed, however.
  */
 #define GetUpdatedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
-	(rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, (estate)->es_range_table)->updatedCols)
+	(exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->updatedCols)
 
 /* Local function prototypes */
 static void ConvertTriggerToFK(CreateTrigStmt *stmt, Oid funcoid);

src/backend/executor/execExprInterp.c

@@ -3934,10 +3934,10 @@ ExecEvalWholeRowVar(ExprState *state, ExprEvalStep *op, ExprContext *econtext)
 		 * perhaps other places.)
 		 */
 		if (econtext->ecxt_estate &&
-			variable->varno <= list_length(econtext->ecxt_estate->es_range_table))
+			variable->varno <= econtext->ecxt_estate->es_range_table_size)
 		{
-			RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(variable->varno,
+			RangeTblEntry *rte = exec_rt_fetch(variable->varno,
-										  econtext->ecxt_estate->es_range_table);
+											   econtext->ecxt_estate);
 
 			if (rte->eref)
 				ExecTypeSetColNames(output_tupdesc, rte->eref->colnames);

src/backend/executor/execMain.c

@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ static void EvalPlanQualStart(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate,
  * to be changed, however.
  */
 #define GetInsertedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
-	(rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, (estate)->es_range_table)->insertedCols)
+	(exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->insertedCols)
 #define GetUpdatedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
-	(rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, (estate)->es_range_table)->updatedCols)
+	(exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->updatedCols)
 
 /* end of local decls */
 
@@ -823,15 +823,7 @@ InitPlan(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
 	/*
 	 * initialize the node's execution state
 	 */
-	estate->es_range_table = rangeTable;
+	ExecInitRangeTable(estate, rangeTable);
-
-	/*
-	 * Allocate an array to store an open Relation corresponding to each
-	 * rangeTable item, and initialize entries to NULL.  Relations are opened
-	 * and stored here as needed.
-	 */
-	estate->es_relations = (Relation *) palloc0(list_length(rangeTable) *
-												sizeof(Relation));
 
 	estate->es_plannedstmt = plannedstmt;
 
@@ -918,9 +910,9 @@ InitPlan(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
 									 resultRelIndex))
 				{
 					Relation	resultRelDesc;
+					Oid			reloid = exec_rt_fetch(resultRelIndex, estate)->relid;
 
-					resultRelDesc = heap_open(getrelid(resultRelIndex, rangeTable),
+					resultRelDesc = heap_open(reloid, NoLock);
-											  NoLock);
 					Assert(CheckRelationLockedByMe(resultRelDesc, RowExclusiveLock, true));
 					heap_close(resultRelDesc, NoLock);
 				}
@@ -962,7 +954,7 @@ InitPlan(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
 			continue;
 
 		/* get relation's OID (will produce InvalidOid if subquery) */
-		relid = getrelid(rc->rti, rangeTable);
+		relid = exec_rt_fetch(rc->rti, estate)->relid;
 
 		switch (rc->markType)
 		{
@@ -1619,8 +1611,8 @@ static void
 ExecEndPlan(PlanState *planstate, EState *estate)
 {
 	ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo;
-	int			num_relations;
+	Index		num_relations;
-	int			i;
+	Index		i;
 	ListCell   *l;
 
 	/*
@@ -1661,7 +1653,7 @@ ExecEndPlan(PlanState *planstate, EState *estate)
 	 * close whatever rangetable Relations have been opened.  We did not
 	 * acquire locks in ExecGetRangeTableRelation, so don't release 'em here.
 	 */
-	num_relations = list_length(estate->es_range_table);
+	num_relations = estate->es_range_table_size;
 	for (i = 0; i < num_relations; i++)
 	{
 		if (estate->es_relations[i])
@@ -3087,7 +3079,7 @@ EvalPlanQualBegin(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate)
 		/*
 		 * We already have a suitable child EPQ tree, so just reset it.
 		 */
-		int			rtsize = list_length(parentestate->es_range_table);
+		Index		rtsize = parentestate->es_range_table_size;
 		PlanState  *planstate = epqstate->planstate;
 
 		MemSet(estate->es_epqScanDone, 0, rtsize * sizeof(bool));
@@ -3136,11 +3128,11 @@ static void
 EvalPlanQualStart(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate, Plan *planTree)
 {
 	EState	   *estate;
-	int			rtsize;
+	Index		rtsize;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
 	ListCell   *l;
 
-	rtsize = list_length(parentestate->es_range_table);
+	rtsize = parentestate->es_range_table_size;
 
 	epqstate->estate = estate = CreateExecutorState();
 
@@ -3164,6 +3156,8 @@ EvalPlanQualStart(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate, Plan *planTree)
 	estate->es_snapshot = parentestate->es_snapshot;
 	estate->es_crosscheck_snapshot = parentestate->es_crosscheck_snapshot;
 	estate->es_range_table = parentestate->es_range_table;
+	estate->es_range_table_array = parentestate->es_range_table_array;
+	estate->es_range_table_size = parentestate->es_range_table_size;
 	estate->es_relations = parentestate->es_relations;
 	estate->es_plannedstmt = parentestate->es_plannedstmt;
 	estate->es_junkFilter = parentestate->es_junkFilter;

src/backend/executor/execUtils.c

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
  *
  *		ExecOpenScanRelation	Common code for scan node init routines.
  *
+ *		ExecInitRangeTable		Set up executor's range-table-related data.
+ *
  *		ExecGetRangeTableRelation		Fetch Relation for a rangetable entry.
  *
  *		executor_errposition	Report syntactic position of an error.
@@ -108,6 +110,8 @@ CreateExecutorState(void)
 	estate->es_snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;	/* caller must initialize this */
 	estate->es_crosscheck_snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;	/* no crosscheck */
 	estate->es_range_table = NIL;
+	estate->es_range_table_array = NULL;
+	estate->es_range_table_size = 0;
 	estate->es_relations = NULL;
 	estate->es_plannedstmt = NULL;
 
@@ -670,6 +674,43 @@ ExecOpenScanRelation(EState *estate, Index scanrelid, int eflags)
 	return rel;
 }
 
+/*
+ * ExecInitRangeTable
+ *		Set up executor's range-table-related data
+ *
+ * We build an array from the range table list to allow faster lookup by RTI.
+ * (The es_range_table field is now somewhat redundant, but we keep it to
+ * avoid breaking external code unnecessarily.)
+ * This is also a convenient place to set up the parallel es_relations array.
+ */
+void
+ExecInitRangeTable(EState *estate, List *rangeTable)
+{
+	Index		rti;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+
+	/* Remember the range table List as-is */
+	estate->es_range_table = rangeTable;
+
+	/* Set up the equivalent array representation */
+	estate->es_range_table_size = list_length(rangeTable);
+	estate->es_range_table_array = (RangeTblEntry **)
+		palloc(estate->es_range_table_size * sizeof(RangeTblEntry *));
+	rti = 0;
+	foreach(lc, rangeTable)
+	{
+		estate->es_range_table_array[rti++] = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lc);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate an array to store an open Relation corresponding to each
+	 * rangetable entry, and initialize entries to NULL.  Relations are opened
+	 * and stored here as needed.
+	 */
+	estate->es_relations = (Relation *)
+		palloc0(estate->es_range_table_size * sizeof(Relation));
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecGetRangeTableRelation
  *		Open the Relation for a range table entry, if not already done
@@ -681,13 +722,13 @@ ExecGetRangeTableRelation(EState *estate, Index rti)
 {
 	Relation	rel;
 
-	Assert(rti > 0 && rti <= list_length(estate->es_range_table));
+	Assert(rti > 0 && rti <= estate->es_range_table_size);
 
 	rel = estate->es_relations[rti - 1];
 	if (rel == NULL)
 	{
 		/* First time through, so open the relation */
-		RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, estate->es_range_table);
+		RangeTblEntry *rte = exec_rt_fetch(rti, estate);
 
 		Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
 
@@ -876,7 +917,7 @@ ExecLockNonLeafAppendTables(List *partitioned_rels, EState *estate)
 		ListCell   *l;
 		Index		rti = lfirst_int(lc);
 		bool		is_result_rel = false;
-		Oid			relid = getrelid(rti, estate->es_range_table);
+		Oid			relid = exec_rt_fetch(rti, estate)->relid;
 
 		/* If this is a result relation, already locked in InitPlan */
 		foreach(l, stmt->nonleafResultRelations)
@@ -911,7 +952,7 @@ ExecLockNonLeafAppendTables(List *partitioned_rels, EState *estate)
 			else
 				lockmode = AccessShareLock;
 
-			Assert(lockmode == rt_fetch(rti, estate->es_range_table)->rellockmode);
+			Assert(lockmode == exec_rt_fetch(rti, estate)->rellockmode);
 
 			LockRelationOid(relid, lockmode);
 		}

src/backend/executor/nodeLockRows.c

@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ ExecInitLockRows(LockRows *node, EState *estate, int eflags)
 	/*
 	 * Create workspace in which we can remember per-RTE locked tuples
 	 */
-	lrstate->lr_ntables = list_length(estate->es_range_table);
+	lrstate->lr_ntables = estate->es_range_table_size;
 	lrstate->lr_curtuples = (HeapTuple *)
 		palloc0(lrstate->lr_ntables * sizeof(HeapTuple));
 

src/backend/replication/logical/worker.c

@@ -200,8 +200,7 @@ create_estate_for_relation(LogicalRepRelMapEntry *rel)
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel->localrel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->localrel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = AccessShareLock;
-	estate->es_range_table = list_make1(rte);
+	ExecInitRangeTable(estate, list_make1(rte));
-	estate->es_relations = (Relation *) palloc0(1 * sizeof(Relation));
 
 	resultRelInfo = makeNode(ResultRelInfo);
 	InitResultRelInfo(resultRelInfo, rel->localrel, 1, NULL, 0);

src/include/executor/executor.h

@@ -514,6 +514,15 @@ extern bool ExecRelationIsTargetRelation(EState *estate, Index scanrelid);
 
 extern Relation ExecOpenScanRelation(EState *estate, Index scanrelid, int eflags);
 
+extern void ExecInitRangeTable(EState *estate, List *rangeTable);
+
+static inline RangeTblEntry *
+exec_rt_fetch(Index rti, EState *estate)
+{
+	Assert(rti > 0 && rti <= estate->es_range_table_size);
+	return estate->es_range_table_array[rti - 1];
+}
+
 extern Relation ExecGetRangeTableRelation(EState *estate, Index rti);
 
 extern int	executor_errposition(EState *estate, int location);

src/include/nodes/execnodes.h

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ struct PlanState;				/* forward references in this file */
 struct ParallelHashJoinState;
 struct ExprState;
 struct ExprContext;
+struct RangeTblEntry;			/* avoid including parsenodes.h here */
 struct ExprEvalStep;			/* avoid including execExpr.h everywhere */
 
 
@@ -486,7 +487,9 @@ typedef struct EState
 	Snapshot	es_snapshot;	/* time qual to use */
 	Snapshot	es_crosscheck_snapshot; /* crosscheck time qual for RI */
 	List	   *es_range_table; /* List of RangeTblEntry */
-	Relation   *es_relations;	/* Array of per-es_range_table-entry Relation
+	struct RangeTblEntry **es_range_table_array;	/* equivalent array */
+	Index		es_range_table_size;	/* size of the range table arrays */
+	Relation   *es_relations;	/* Array of per-range-table-entry Relation
 								 * pointers, or NULL if not yet opened */
 	PlannedStmt *es_plannedstmt;	/* link to top of plan tree */
 	const char *es_sourceText;	/* Source text from QueryDesc */
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@ typedef struct EState
 	 * return, or NULL if nothing to return; es_epqTupleSet[] is true if a
 	 * particular array entry is valid; and es_epqScanDone[] is state to
 	 * remember if the tuple has been returned already.  Arrays are of size
-	 * list_length(es_range_table) and are indexed by scan node scanrelid - 1.
+	 * es_range_table_size and are indexed by scan node scanrelid - 1.
 	 */
 	HeapTuple  *es_epqTuple;	/* array of EPQ substitute tuples */
 	bool	   *es_epqTupleSet; /* true if EPQ tuple is provided */

src/include/parser/parsetree.h

@@ -31,16 +31,6 @@
 #define rt_fetch(rangetable_index, rangetable) \
 	((RangeTblEntry *) list_nth(rangetable, (rangetable_index)-1))
 
-/*
- *		getrelid
- *
- *		Given the range index of a relation, return the corresponding
- *		relation OID.  Note that InvalidOid will be returned if the
- *		RTE is for a non-relation-type RTE.
- */
-#define getrelid(rangeindex,rangetable) \
-	(rt_fetch(rangeindex, rangetable)->relid)
-
 /*
  * Given an RTE and an attribute number, return the appropriate
  * variable name or alias for that attribute of that RTE.