Add test cases for indexam operations not currently covered.

That includes VACUUM on GIN, GiST and SP-GiST indexes, and B-tree indexes
large enough to cause page deletions in B-tree. Plus some other special
cases.

After this patch, the regression tests generate all different WAL record
types. Not all branches within the redo functions are covered, but it's a
step forward.

src/test/regress/expected/btree_index.out

@@ -127,3 +127,26 @@ select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
  RI_FKey_setnull_del
 (5 rows)
 
+--
+-- Test B-tree page deletion. In particular, deleting a non-leaf page.
+--
+-- First create a tree that's at least four levels deep. The text inserted
+-- is long and poorly compressible. That way only a few index tuples fit on
+-- each page, allowing us to get a tall tree with fewer pages.
+create table btree_tall_tbl(id int4, t text);
+create index btree_tall_idx on btree_tall_tbl (id, t) with (fillfactor = 10);
+insert into btree_tall_tbl
+  select g, g::text || '_' ||
+          (select string_agg(md5(i::text), '_') from generate_series(1, 50) i)
+from generate_series(1, 100) g;
+-- Delete most entries, and vacuum. This causes page deletions.
+delete from btree_tall_tbl where id < 950;
+vacuum btree_tall_tbl;
+--
+-- Test B-tree insertion with a metapage update (XLOG_BTREE_INSERT_META
+-- WAL record type). This happens when a "fast root" page is split.
+--
+-- The vacuum above should've turned the leaf page into a fast root. We just
+-- need to insert some rows to cause the fast root page to split.
+insert into btree_tall_tbl (id, t)
+  select g, repeat('x', 100) from generate_series(1, 500) g;

src/test/regress/expected/gin.out

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--
+-- Test GIN indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different GIN opclassed. This is for testing
+-- GIN itself.
+-- Create and populate a test table with a GIN index.
+create table gin_test_tbl(i int4[]);
+create index gin_test_idx on gin_test_tbl using gin (i) with (fastupdate = on);
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 2, g] from generate_series(1, 20000) g;
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 3, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+vacuum gin_test_tbl; -- flush the fastupdate buffers
+-- Test vacuuming
+delete from gin_test_tbl where i @> array[2];
+vacuum gin_test_tbl;
+-- Disable fastupdate, and do more insertions. With fastupdate enabled, most
+-- insertions (by flushing the list pages) cause page splits. Without
+-- fastupdate, we get more churn in the GIN data leaf pages, and exercise the
+-- recompression codepaths.
+alter index gin_test_idx set (fastupdate = off);
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 2, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 3, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+delete from gin_test_tbl where i @> array[2];
+vacuum gin_test_tbl;

src/test/regress/expected/gist.out

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+--
+-- Test GiST indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different GiST opclasses. This is for
+-- testing GiST code itself. Vacuuming in particular.
+create table gist_point_tbl(id int4, p point);
+create index gist_pointidx on gist_point_tbl using gist(p);
+-- Insert enough data to create a tree that's a couple of levels deep.
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g,        point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g+100000, point(g*10+1, g*10+1) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+-- To test vacuum, delete some entries from all over the index.
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id % 2 = 1;
+-- And also delete some concentration of values. (GiST doesn't currently
+-- attempt to delete pages even when they become empty, but if it did, this
+-- would exercise it)
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id < 10000;
+vacuum gist_point_tbl;

src/test/regress/expected/spgist.out

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+--
+-- Test SP-GiST indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different SP-GiST opclasses. This is for
+-- testing SP-GiST code itself.
+create table spgist_point_tbl(id int4, p point);
+create index spgist_point_idx on spgist_point_tbl using spgist(p);
+-- Test vacuum-root operation. It gets invoked when the root is also a leaf,
+-- i.e. the index is very small.
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g, point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10) g;
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id < 5;
+vacuum spgist_point_tbl;
+-- Insert more data, to make the index a few levels deep.
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g,      point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g+100000, point(g*10+1, g*10+1) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+-- To test vacuum, delete some entries from all over the index.
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id % 2 = 1;
+-- And also delete some concentration of values. (SP-GiST doesn't currently
+-- attempt to delete pages even when they become empty, but if it did, this
+-- would exercise it)
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id < 10000;
+vacuum spgist_point_tbl;
+-- The point opclass's choose method only uses the spgMatchNode action,
+-- so the other actions are not tested by the above. Create an index using
+-- text opclass, which uses the others actions.
+create table spgist_text_tbl(id int4, t text);
+create index spgist_text_idx on spgist_text_tbl using spgist(t);
+insert into spgist_text_tbl (id, t)
+select g, 'f' || repeat('o', 100) || g from generate_series(1, 10000) g
+union all
+select g, 'baaaaaaaaaaaaaar' || g from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+-- Do a lot of insertions that have to split an existing node. Hopefully
+-- one of these will cause the page to run out of space, causing the inner
+-- tuple to be moved to another page.
+insert into spgist_text_tbl (id, t)
+select -g, 'f' || repeat('o', 100-g) || 'surprise' from generate_series(1, 100) g;

src/test/regress/output/misc.source

@@ -597,6 +597,7 @@ SELECT user_relns() AS user_relns
  bt_i4_heap
  bt_name_heap
  bt_txt_heap
+ btree_tall_tbl
  c
  c_star
  char_tbl
@@ -622,6 +623,8 @@ SELECT user_relns() AS user_relns
  float4_tbl
  float8_tbl
  func_index_heap
+ gin_test_tbl
+ gist_point_tbl
  hash_f8_heap
  hash_i4_heap
  hash_name_heap
@@ -671,6 +674,8 @@ SELECT user_relns() AS user_relns
  road
  shighway
  slow_emp4000
+ spgist_point_tbl
+ spgist_text_tbl
  street
  stud_emp
  student
@@ -700,7 +705,7 @@ SELECT user_relns() AS user_relns
  tvvmv
  varchar_tbl
  xacttest
-(122 rows)
+(127 rows)
 
 SELECT name(equipment(hobby_construct(text 'skywalking', text 'mer')));
  name 

src/test/regress/parallel_schedule

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ test: select_into select_distinct select_distinct_on select_implicit select_havi
 # ----------
 # Another group of parallel tests
 # ----------
-test: brin privileges security_label collate matview lock replica_identity rowsecurity
+test: brin gin gist spgist privileges security_label collate matview lock replica_identity rowsecurity
 
 # ----------
 # Another group of parallel tests

src/test/regress/serial_schedule

@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ test: update
 test: delete
 test: namespace
 test: prepared_xacts
+test: brin
+test: gin
+test: gist
+test: spgist
 test: privileges
 test: security_label
 test: collate
@@ -103,7 +107,6 @@ test: lock
 test: replica_identity
 test: rowsecurity
 test: alter_generic
-test: brin
 test: misc
 test: psql
 test: async

src/test/regress/sql/btree_index.sql

@@ -64,3 +64,31 @@ select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
 set enable_indexscan to false;
 set enable_bitmapscan to true;
 select proname from pg_proc where proname like E'RI\\_FKey%del' order by 1;
+
+--
+-- Test B-tree page deletion. In particular, deleting a non-leaf page.
+--
+
+-- First create a tree that's at least four levels deep. The text inserted
+-- is long and poorly compressible. That way only a few index tuples fit on
+-- each page, allowing us to get a tall tree with fewer pages.
+create table btree_tall_tbl(id int4, t text);
+create index btree_tall_idx on btree_tall_tbl (id, t) with (fillfactor = 10);
+insert into btree_tall_tbl
+  select g, g::text || '_' ||
+          (select string_agg(md5(i::text), '_') from generate_series(1, 50) i)
+from generate_series(1, 100) g;
+
+-- Delete most entries, and vacuum. This causes page deletions.
+delete from btree_tall_tbl where id < 950;
+vacuum btree_tall_tbl;
+
+--
+-- Test B-tree insertion with a metapage update (XLOG_BTREE_INSERT_META
+-- WAL record type). This happens when a "fast root" page is split.
+--
+
+-- The vacuum above should've turned the leaf page into a fast root. We just
+-- need to insert some rows to cause the fast root page to split.
+insert into btree_tall_tbl (id, t)
+  select g, repeat('x', 100) from generate_series(1, 500) g;

src/test/regress/sql/gin.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+--
+-- Test GIN indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different GIN opclassed. This is for testing
+-- GIN itself.
+
+-- Create and populate a test table with a GIN index.
+create table gin_test_tbl(i int4[]);
+create index gin_test_idx on gin_test_tbl using gin (i) with (fastupdate = on);
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 2, g] from generate_series(1, 20000) g;
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 3, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+
+vacuum gin_test_tbl; -- flush the fastupdate buffers
+
+-- Test vacuuming
+delete from gin_test_tbl where i @> array[2];
+vacuum gin_test_tbl;
+
+-- Disable fastupdate, and do more insertions. With fastupdate enabled, most
+-- insertions (by flushing the list pages) cause page splits. Without
+-- fastupdate, we get more churn in the GIN data leaf pages, and exercise the
+-- recompression codepaths.
+alter index gin_test_idx set (fastupdate = off);
+
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 2, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+insert into gin_test_tbl select array[1, 3, g] from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+
+delete from gin_test_tbl where i @> array[2];
+vacuum gin_test_tbl;

src/test/regress/sql/gist.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+--
+-- Test GiST indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different GiST opclasses. This is for
+-- testing GiST code itself. Vacuuming in particular.
+
+create table gist_point_tbl(id int4, p point);
+create index gist_pointidx on gist_point_tbl using gist(p);
+
+-- Insert enough data to create a tree that's a couple of levels deep.
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g,        point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g+100000, point(g*10+1, g*10+1) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+
+-- To test vacuum, delete some entries from all over the index.
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id % 2 = 1;
+
+-- And also delete some concentration of values. (GiST doesn't currently
+-- attempt to delete pages even when they become empty, but if it did, this
+-- would exercise it)
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id < 10000;
+
+vacuum gist_point_tbl;

src/test/regress/sql/spgist.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+--
+-- Test SP-GiST indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different SP-GiST opclasses. This is for
+-- testing SP-GiST code itself.
+
+create table spgist_point_tbl(id int4, p point);
+create index spgist_point_idx on spgist_point_tbl using spgist(p);
+
+-- Test vacuum-root operation. It gets invoked when the root is also a leaf,
+-- i.e. the index is very small.
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g, point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10) g;
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id < 5;
+vacuum spgist_point_tbl;
+
+-- Insert more data, to make the index a few levels deep.
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g,      point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+insert into spgist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g+100000, point(g*10+1, g*10+1) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+
+-- To test vacuum, delete some entries from all over the index.
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id % 2 = 1;
+
+-- And also delete some concentration of values. (SP-GiST doesn't currently
+-- attempt to delete pages even when they become empty, but if it did, this
+-- would exercise it)
+delete from spgist_point_tbl where id < 10000;
+
+vacuum spgist_point_tbl;
+
+
+-- The point opclass's choose method only uses the spgMatchNode action,
+-- so the other actions are not tested by the above. Create an index using
+-- text opclass, which uses the others actions.
+
+create table spgist_text_tbl(id int4, t text);
+create index spgist_text_idx on spgist_text_tbl using spgist(t);
+
+insert into spgist_text_tbl (id, t)
+select g, 'f' || repeat('o', 100) || g from generate_series(1, 10000) g
+union all
+select g, 'baaaaaaaaaaaaaar' || g from generate_series(1, 1000) g;
+
+-- Do a lot of insertions that have to split an existing node. Hopefully
+-- one of these will cause the page to run out of space, causing the inner
+-- tuple to be moved to another page.
+insert into spgist_text_tbl (id, t)
+select -g, 'f' || repeat('o', 100-g) || 'surprise' from generate_series(1, 100) g;