Fix typos and grammar in documentation and code comments

Comment fixes are applied on HEAD, and documentation improvements are
applied on back-branches where needed.

Author: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210408164008.GJ6592@telsasoft.com
Backpatch-through: 9.6

doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

@@ -2723,7 +2723,7 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
         Note that changing <varname>wal_level</varname> to
         <literal>minimal</literal> makes any base backups taken before
         unavailable for archive recovery and standby server, which may
-        lead to database loss.
+        lead to data loss.
        </para>
        <para>
         In <literal>logical</literal> level, the same information is logged as
@@ -3098,7 +3098,7 @@ include_dir 'conf.d'
       <listitem>
        <para>
         When this parameter is <literal>on</literal>, the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
-        server compresses a full page image written to WAL when
+        server compresses full page images written to WAL when
         <xref linkend="guc-full-page-writes"/> is on or during a base backup.
         A compressed page image will be decompressed during WAL replay.
         The default value is <literal>off</literal>.
@@ -4137,7 +4137,7 @@ restore_command = 'copy "C:\\server\\archivedir\\%f" "%p"'  # Windows
          On the subscriber side, specifies how many replication origins (see
          <xref linkend="replication-origins"/>) can be tracked simultaneously,
          effectively limiting how many logical replication subscriptions can
-         be created on the server. Setting it a lower value than the current
+         be created on the server. Setting it to a lower value than the current
          number of tracked replication origins (reflected in
          <link linkend="view-pg-replication-origin-status">pg_replication_origin_status</link>,
          not <link linkend="catalog-pg-replication-origin">pg_replication_origin</link>)
@@ -7732,12 +7732,12 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
         The <xref linkend="pgstatstatements"/> extension also requires a query
         identifier to be computed.  Note that an external module can
         alternatively be used if the in-core query identifier computation
-        specification isn't acceptable.  In this case, in-core computation
+        method is not acceptable.  In this case, in-core computation
         must be disabled.  The default is <literal>off</literal>.
        </para>
        <note>
         <para>
-         To ensure that a only one query identifier is calculated and
+         To ensure that only one query identifier is calculated and
          displayed, extensions that calculate query identifiers should
          throw an error if a query identifier has already been computed.
         </para>

doc/src/sgml/func.sgml

@@ -3560,7 +3560,7 @@ repeat('Pg', 4) <returnvalue>PgPgPgPg</returnvalue>
         <returnvalue>text</returnvalue>
        </para>
        <para>
-        Evaluate escaped Unicode characters in argument.  Unicode characters
+        Evaluate escaped Unicode characters in the argument.  Unicode characters
         can be specified as
         <literal>\<replaceable>XXXX</replaceable></literal> (4 hexadecimal
         digits), <literal>\+<replaceable>XXXXXX</replaceable></literal> (6
@@ -24926,12 +24926,12 @@ SELECT collation for ('foo' COLLATE "de_DE");
         <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
        </para>
        <para>
-        Requests to log the memory contexts whose backend process has
+        Requests to log the memory contexts of the backend with the
-        the specified process ID.  These memory contexts will be logged at
+        specified process ID.  These memory contexts will be logged at
         <literal>LOG</literal> message level. They will appear in
         the server log based on the log configuration set
         (See <xref linkend="runtime-config-logging"/> for more information),
-        but will not be sent to the client whatever the setting of
+        but will not be sent to the client regardless of
         <xref linkend="guc-client-min-messages"/>.
         Only superusers can request to log the memory contexts.
        </para></entry>
@@ -25037,7 +25037,7 @@ SELECT collation for ('foo' COLLATE "de_DE");
 
    <para>
     <function>pg_log_backend_memory_contexts</function> can be used
-    to log the memory contexts of the backend process. For example,
+    to log the memory contexts of a backend process. For example:
 <programlisting>
 postgres=# SELECT pg_log_backend_memory_contexts(pg_backend_pid());
  pg_log_backend_memory_contexts 
@@ -25061,8 +25061,8 @@ LOG:  level: 1; TransactionAbortContext: 32768 total in 1 blocks; 32504 free (0
 LOG:  level: 1; ErrorContext: 8192 total in 1 blocks; 7928 free (3 chunks); 264 used
 LOG:  Grand total: 1651920 bytes in 201 blocks; 622360 free (88 chunks); 1029560 used
 </screen>
-    For more than 100 child contexts under the same parent one,
+    If there are more than 100 child contexts under the same parent, the first
-    100 child contexts and a summary of the remaining ones will be logged.
+    100 child contexts are logged, along with a summary of the remaining contexts.
     Note that frequent calls to this function could incur significant overhead,
     because it may generate a large number of log messages.
    </para>
@@ -25576,7 +25576,7 @@ postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_walfile_name_offset(pg_stop_backup());
         Returns recovery pause state.  The return values are <literal>
         not paused</literal> if pause is not requested, <literal>
         pause requested</literal> if pause is requested but recovery is
-        not yet paused and, <literal>paused</literal> if the recovery is
+        not yet paused, and <literal>paused</literal> if the recovery is
         actually paused.
        </para></entry>
       </row>

doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml

@@ -490,9 +490,9 @@
      any changes that happened during the initial data copy using standard
      logical replication.  During this synchronization phase, the changes
      are applied and committed in the same order as they happened on the
-     publisher.  Once the synchronization is done, the control of the
+     publisher.  Once synchronization is done, control of the
      replication of the table is given back to the main apply process where
-     the replication continues as normal.
+     replication continues as normal.
     </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
@@ -602,10 +602,9 @@
   </para>
 
   <para>
-   The subscriber also requires the <varname>max_replication_slots</varname>
+   <varname>max_replication_slots</varname> must also be set on the subscriber.
-   be set to configure how many replication origins can be tracked.  In this
+   It should be set to at least the number of subscriptions that will be added
-   case it should be set to at least the number of subscriptions that will be
+   to the subscriber, plus some reserve for table synchronization.
-   added to the subscriber, plus some reserve for table synchronization.
    <varname>max_logical_replication_workers</varname> must be set to at least
    the number of subscriptions, again plus some reserve for the table
    synchronization.  Additionally the <varname>max_worker_processes</varname>

doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
     never issue <command>VACUUM FULL</command>.  In this approach, the idea
     is not to keep tables at their minimum size, but to maintain steady-state
     usage of disk space: each table occupies space equivalent to its
-    minimum size plus however much space gets used up between vacuumings.
+    minimum size plus however much space gets used up between vacuum runs.
     Although <command>VACUUM FULL</command> can be used to shrink a table back
     to its minimum size and return the disk space to the operating system,
     there is not much point in this if the table will just grow again in the

doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml

@@ -5890,7 +5890,7 @@ SELECT pg_stat_get_backend_pid(s.backendid) AS pid,
       </para>
       <para>
        When creating an index on a partitioned table, this column is set to
-       the number of partitions on which the index has been completed.
+       the number of partitions on which the index has been created.
        This field is <literal>0</literal> during a <literal>REINDEX</literal>.
       </para></entry>
      </row>

doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml

@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@ SELECT * FROM x, y, a, b, c WHERE something AND somethingelse;
     <xref linkend="guc-max-wal-senders"/> to zero.
     But note that changing these settings requires a server restart,
     and makes any base backups taken before unavailable for archive
-    recovery and standby server, which may lead to database loss.
+    recovery and standby server, which may lead to data loss.
    </para>
 
    <para>
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ SELECT * FROM x, y, a, b, c WHERE something AND somethingelse;
     much faster.  The following are configuration changes you can make
     to improve performance in such cases.  Except as noted below, durability
     is still guaranteed in case of a crash of the database software;
-    only abrupt operating system stoppage creates a risk of data loss
+    only an abrupt operating system crash creates a risk of data loss
     or corruption when these settings are used.
 
     <itemizedlist>

doc/src/sgml/pgstatstatements.sgml

@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@
   <note>
    <para>
     The following details about constant replacement and
-    <structfield>queryid</structfield> only applies when <xref
+    <structfield>queryid</structfield> only apply when <xref
     linkend="guc-compute-query-id"/> is enabled.  If you use an external
     module instead to compute <structfield>queryid</structfield>, you
     should refer to its documentation for details.

doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml

@@ -551,8 +551,9 @@ OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
     <title>Connection Management Options</title>
 
     <para>
-     By default all the open connections that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
+     By default, all connections that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
-     established to the foreign servers are kept in local session for re-use.
+     establishes to foreign servers are kept open in the local session
+     for re-use.
     </para>
  
     <variablelist>
@@ -562,11 +563,11 @@ OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
       <listitem>
        <para>
         This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> keeps
-        the connections to the foreign server open so that the subsequent
+        the connections to the foreign server open so that subsequent
         queries can re-use them. It can only be specified for a foreign server.
         The default is <literal>on</literal>. If set to <literal>off</literal>,
         all connections to this foreign server will be discarded at the end of
-        transaction.
+        each transaction.
       </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml

@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 
-   <varlistentry id="reloption-autovacuum-vauum-scale-factor" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor">
+   <varlistentry id="reloption-autovacuum-vacuum-scale-factor" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor">
     <term><literal>autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor</literal>, <literal>toast.autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor</literal> (<type>floating point</type>)
     <indexterm>
      <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor</varname> </primary>
@@ -1610,7 +1610,7 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 
-   <varlistentry id="reloption-autovacuum-vauum-cost-limit" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit">
+   <varlistentry id="reloption-autovacuum-vacuum-cost-limit" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit">
     <term><literal>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit</literal>, <literal>toast.autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit</literal> (<type>integer</type>)
     <indexterm>
      <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit</varname></primary>

doc/src/sgml/ref/createuser.sgml

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
    If you wish to create a new superuser, you must connect as a
    superuser, not merely with <literal>CREATEROLE</literal> privilege.
    Being a superuser implies the ability to bypass all access permission
-   checks within the database, so superuserdom should not be granted lightly.
+   checks within the database, so superuser access should not be granted lightly.
   </para>
 
   <para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/declare.sgml

@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ DECLARE liahona CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM films;
   <para>
    According to the SQL standard, changes made to insensitive cursors by
    <literal>UPDATE ... WHERE CURRENT OF</literal> and <literal>DELETE
-   ... WHERE CURRENT OF</literal> statements are visibible in that same
+   ... WHERE CURRENT OF</literal> statements are visible in that same
    cursor.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> treats these statements like
    all other data changing statements in that they are not visible in
    insensitive cursors.

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_amcheck.sgml

@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
      <term><option>--skip=<replaceable class="parameter">option</replaceable></option></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       If <literal>"all-frozen"</literal> is given, table corruption checks
+       If <literal>all-frozen</literal> is given, table corruption checks
        will skip over pages in all tables that are marked as all frozen.
       </para>
       <para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml

@@ -1927,9 +1927,10 @@ testdb=>
         </para>
 
         <para>
-        The column of the kind of extended stats (e.g. Ndistinct) shows its status.
+        The status of each kind of extended statistics is shown in a column
-        NULL means that it doesn't exists. "defined" means that it was requested
+        named after its statistic kind (e.g. Ndistinct).
-        when creating the statistics.
+        "defined" means that it was requested when creating the statistics,
+        and NULL means it wasn't requested. 
         You can use pg_stats_ext if you'd like to know whether <link linkend="sql-analyze">
         <command>ANALYZE</command></link> was run and statistics are available to the
         planner.

doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml

@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@
    <literal>fsync</literal>, or <literal>fsync_writethrough</literal>,
    the write operation moves WAL buffers to kernel cache and
    <function>issue_xlog_fsync</function> syncs them to disk. Regardless
-   of the setting of <varname>track_wal_io_timing</varname>, the numbers
+   of the setting of <varname>track_wal_io_timing</varname>, the number
    of times <function>XLogWrite</function> writes and
    <function>issue_xlog_fsync</function> syncs WAL data to disk are also
    counted as <literal>wal_write</literal> and <literal>wal_sync</literal>

src/backend/catalog/heap.c

@@ -1119,6 +1119,7 @@ AddNewRelationType(const char *typeName,
  *	reltypeid: OID to assign to rel's rowtype, or InvalidOid to select one
  *	reloftypeid: if a typed table, OID of underlying type; else InvalidOid
  *	ownerid: OID of new rel's owner
+ *	accessmtd: OID of new rel's access method
  *	tupdesc: tuple descriptor (source of column definitions)
  *	cooked_constraints: list of precooked check constraints and defaults
  *	relkind: relkind for new rel

src/backend/commands/analyze.c

@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 *
 	 * We assume that VACUUM hasn't set pg_class.reltuples already, even
 	 * during a VACUUM ANALYZE.  Although VACUUM often updates pg_class,
-	 * exceptions exists.  A "VACUUM (ANALYZE, INDEX_CLEANUP OFF)" command
+	 * exceptions exist.  A "VACUUM (ANALYZE, INDEX_CLEANUP OFF)" command
 	 * will never update pg_class entries for index relations.  It's also
 	 * possible that an individual index's pg_class entry won't be updated
 	 * during VACUUM if the index AM returns NULL from its amvacuumcleanup()

src/backend/commands/cluster.c

@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ finish_heap_swap(Oid OIDOldHeap, Oid OIDNewHeap,
 								 PROGRESS_CLUSTER_PHASE_FINAL_CLEANUP);
 
 	/*
-	 * If the relation being rebuild is pg_class, swap_relation_files()
+	 * If the relation being rebuilt is pg_class, swap_relation_files()
 	 * couldn't update pg_class's own pg_class entry (check comments in
 	 * swap_relation_files()), thus relfrozenxid was not updated. That's
 	 * annoying because a potential reason for doing a VACUUM FULL is a

src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c

@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ CopyMultiInsertBufferCleanup(CopyMultiInsertInfo *miinfo,
  * Once flushed we also trim the tracked buffers list down to size by removing
  * the buffers created earliest first.
  *
- * Callers should pass 'curr_rri' is the ResultRelInfo that's currently being
+ * Callers should pass 'curr_rri' as the ResultRelInfo that's currently being
  * used.  When cleaning up old buffers we'll never remove the one for
  * 'curr_rri'.
  */

src/backend/statistics/extended_stats.c

@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ BuildRelationExtStatistics(Relation onerel, double totalrows,
  * that would require additional columns.
  *
  * See statext_compute_stattarget for details about how we compute statistics
- * target for a statistics objects (from the object target, attribute targets
+ * target for a statistics object (from the object target, attribute targets
  * and default statistics target).
  */
 int

src/backend/utils/adt/jsonfuncs.c

@@ -1651,7 +1651,7 @@ push_null_elements(JsonbParseState **ps, int num)
  * this path. E.g. the path [a][0][b] with the new value 1 will produce the
  * structure {a: [{b: 1}]}.
  *
- * Called is responsible to make sure such path does not exist yet.
+ * Caller is responsible to make sure such path does not exist yet.
  */
 static void
 push_path(JsonbParseState **st, int level, Datum *path_elems,
@@ -4887,7 +4887,7 @@ IteratorConcat(JsonbIterator **it1, JsonbIterator **it2,
  * than just one last element, this flag will instruct to create the whole
  * chain of corresponding objects and insert the value.
  *
- * JB_PATH_CONSISTENT_POSITION for an array indicates that the called wants to
+ * JB_PATH_CONSISTENT_POSITION for an array indicates that the caller wants to
  * keep values with fixed indices. Indices for existing elements could be
  * changed (shifted forward) in case if the array is prepended with a new value
  * and a negative index out of the range, so this behavior will be prevented

src/bin/pg_amcheck/t/004_verify_heapam.pl

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ sub write_tuple
 	seek($fh, $offset, 0)
 		or BAIL_OUT("seek failed: $!");
 	defined(syswrite($fh, $buffer, HEAPTUPLE_PACK_LENGTH))
-		or BAIL_OUT("syswrite failed: $!");;
+		or BAIL_OUT("syswrite failed: $!");
 	return;
 }
 

src/include/lib/sort_template.h

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ ST_SCOPE void ST_SORT(ST_ELEMENT_TYPE *first, size_t n
 
 /*
  * Find the median of three values.  Currently, performance seems to be best
- * if the the comparator is inlined here, but the med3 function is not inlined
+ * if the comparator is inlined here, but the med3 function is not inlined
  * in the qsort function.
  */
 static pg_noinline ST_ELEMENT_TYPE *

src/include/utils/guc.h

@@ -90,13 +90,12 @@ typedef enum
  * dividing line between "interactive" and "non-interactive" sources for
  * error reporting purposes.
  *
- * PGC_S_TEST is used when testing values to be used later ("doit" will always
+ * PGC_S_TEST is used when testing values to be used later.  For example,
- * be false, so this never gets stored as the actual source of any value).
+ * ALTER DATABASE/ROLE tests proposed per-database or per-user defaults this
- * For example, ALTER DATABASE/ROLE tests proposed per-database or per-user
+ * way, and CREATE FUNCTION tests proposed function SET clauses this way.
- * defaults this way, and CREATE FUNCTION tests proposed function SET clauses
+ * This is an interactive case, but it needs its own source value because
- * this way.  This is an interactive case, but it needs its own source value
+ * some assign hooks need to make different validity checks in this case.
- * because some assign hooks need to make different validity checks in this
+ * In particular, references to nonexistent database objects generally
- * case.  In particular, references to nonexistent database objects generally
  * shouldn't throw hard errors in this case, at most NOTICEs, since the
  * objects might exist by the time the setting is used for real.
  *