Reject calls from SQL to functions that take or return type internal.

Allowing that is a security hole, since there are many different
functions with different ideas of what their "internal" argument or
result is.  We already had a defense against the easy case of
"'foo'::internal", but that turns out to be insufficient.  Lock down
both function and operator syntax.  Also disallow attempts to cast to
or from type internal; those would mostly fail anyway, but we have
created some holes with features such as CoerceViaIO.

Reported-by: Amy Burnett (OpenAI Codex Security)
Author: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Reviewed-by: Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com>
Backpatch-through: 14
Security: CVE-2026-14680

src/backend/parser/parse_coerce.c

@@ -572,6 +572,10 @@ can_coerce_type(int nargs, const Oid *input_typeids, const Oid *target_typeids,
 		if (inputTypeId == targetTypeId)
 			continue;
 
+		/* reject all cases of casting something else to/from "internal" */
+		if (inputTypeId == INTERNALOID || targetTypeId == INTERNALOID)
+			return false;
+
 		/* accept if target is ANY */
 		if (targetTypeId == ANYOID)
 			continue;
@@ -3168,6 +3172,10 @@ find_coercion_pathway(Oid targetTypeId, Oid sourceTypeId,
 	if (sourceTypeId == targetTypeId)
 		return COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE;
 
+	/* Reject all cases of casting something else to/from "internal" */
+	if (sourceTypeId == INTERNALOID || targetTypeId == INTERNALOID)
+		return COERCION_PATH_NONE;
+
 	/* Look in pg_cast */
 	tuple = SearchSysCache2(CASTSOURCETARGET,
 							ObjectIdGetDatum(sourceTypeId),

src/backend/parser/parse_func.c

@@ -672,6 +672,32 @@ ParseFuncOrColumn(ParseState *pstate, List *funcname, List *fargs,
 											   rettype,
 											   false);
 
+	/*
+	 * Reject any attempt to call a function that takes or returns type
+	 * internal from SQL.  (The FUNCDETAIL_COERCION case does not reach this
+	 * check because of the early return above, but that's okay because we
+	 * disallow coercions to or from type internal.)  Note that we are
+	 * checking the resolved argument and result types, so this will reject
+	 * calls to polymorphic functions that pass internal-type arguments.  The
+	 * casting rules should prevent that anyway, since we won't cast internal
+	 * to any polymorphic type, but no harm in being doubly sure.
+	 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < nargsplusdefs; i++)
+	{
+		if (declared_arg_types[i] == INTERNALOID)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("functions accepting type \"%s\" cannot be called explicitly",
+							"internal"),
+					 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
+	}
+	if (rettype == INTERNALOID)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("functions returning type \"%s\" cannot be called explicitly",
+						"internal"),
+				 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
+
 	/* perform the necessary typecasting of arguments */
 	make_fn_arguments(pstate, fargs, actual_arg_types, declared_arg_types);
 

src/backend/parser/parse_oper.c

@@ -736,6 +736,28 @@ make_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname, Node *ltree, Node *rtree,
 											   opform->oprresult,
 											   false);
 
+	/*
+	 * Reject any attempt to call a function that takes or returns type
+	 * internal from SQL.  This is just like the check in ParseFuncOrColumn,
+	 * but for operator syntax.  (Despite that, we say "function" in the error
+	 * messages; doesn't seem worth having two sets of translatable strings.)
+	 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
+	{
+		if (declared_arg_types[i] == INTERNALOID)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("functions accepting type \"%s\" cannot be called explicitly",
+							"internal"),
+					 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
+	}
+	if (rettype == INTERNALOID)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("functions returning type \"%s\" cannot be called explicitly",
+						"internal"),
+				 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
+
 	/* perform the necessary typecasting of arguments */
 	make_fn_arguments(pstate, args, actual_arg_types, declared_arg_types);
 

src/pl/plpgsql/src/pl_exec.c

@@ -8044,13 +8044,21 @@ get_cast_hashentry(PLpgSQL_execstate *estate,
 		 * If there's no cast path according to the parser, fall back to using
 		 * an I/O coercion; this is semantically dubious but matches plpgsql's
 		 * historical behavior.  We would need something of the sort for
-		 * UNKNOWN literals in any case.  (This is probably now only reachable
-		 * in the case where srctype is UNKNOWN/RECORD.)
+		 * UNKNOWN literals in any case.  The only case we reject is casting
+		 * to/from INTERNAL.  (Other than that case, this is probably now only
+		 * reachable in the case where srctype is UNKNOWN/RECORD.)
 		 */
 		if (cast_expr == NULL)
 		{
 			CoerceViaIO *iocoerce = makeNode(CoerceViaIO);
 
+			if (srctype == INTERNALOID || dsttype == INTERNALOID)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
+						 errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
+								format_type_be(srctype),
+								format_type_be(dsttype))));
+
 			iocoerce->arg = (Expr *) placeholder;
 			iocoerce->resulttype = dsttype;
 			iocoerce->resultcollid = InvalidOid;