Add check for invalid offset at multixid truncation

If a multixid with zero offset is left behind after a crash, and that
multixid later becomes the oldest multixid, truncation might try to
look up its offset and read the zero value. In the worst case, we
might incorrectly use the zero offset to truncate valid SLRU segments
that are still needed. I'm not sure if that can happen in practice, or
if there are some other lower-level safeguards or incidental reasons
that prevent the caller from passing an unwritten multixid as the
oldest multi. But better safe than sorry, so let's add an explicit
check for it.

In stable branches, we should perhaps do the same check for
'oldestOffset', i.e. the offset of the old oldest multixid (in master,
'oldestOffset' is gone). But if the old oldest multixid has an invalid
offset, the damage has been done already, and we would never advance
past that point. It's not clear what we should do in that case. The
check that this commit adds will prevent such an multixid with invalid
offset from becoming the oldest multixid in the first place, which
seems enough for now.

Reviewed-by: Andrey Borodin <x4mmm@yandex-team.ru>
Discussion: Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/000301b2-5b81-4938-bdac-90f6eb660843@iki.fi
Backpatch-through: 14

src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c

@@ -2650,6 +2650,23 @@ TruncateMultiXact(MultiXactId newOldestMulti, Oid newOldestMultiDB)
 		return;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * On crash, MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers() can leave behind multixids
+	 * that were not yet written out and hence have zero offset on disk. If
+	 * such a multixid becomes oldestMulti, we won't be able to look up its
+	 * offset. That should be rare, so we don't try to do anything smart about
+	 * it. Just skip the truncation, and hope that by the next truncation
+	 * attempt, oldestMulti has advanced to a valid multixid.
+	 */
+	if (newOldestOffset == 0)
+	{
+		ereport(LOG,
+				(errmsg("cannot truncate up to MultiXact %u because it has invalid offset, skipping truncation",
+						newOldestMulti)));
+		LWLockRelease(MultiXactTruncationLock);
+		return;
+	}
+
 	elog(DEBUG1, "performing multixact truncation: "
 		 "oldestMulti %u (offsets segment %" PRIx64 "), "
 		 "oldestOffset %" PRIu64 " (members segment %" PRIx64 ")",