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			425 lines
		
	
	
		
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			XML
		
	
	
	
	
	
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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              This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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<title>Apache Tutorial: .htaccess files - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
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<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
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<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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<div id="path">
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.3</a> > <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Tutorial: .htaccess files</h1>
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<div class="toplang">
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="../fr/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
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<a href="../ja/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
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<a href="../ko/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
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<a href="../pt-br/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="pt-br" rel="alternate" title="Português (Brasil)"> pt-br </a></p>
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</div>
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<p><code>.htaccess</code> files provide a way to make configuration
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changes on a per-directory basis.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">.htaccess files</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#what">What they are/How to use them</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#how">How directives are applied</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#auth">Authentication example</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cgi">CGI example</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="related" id="related">.htaccess files</a></h2>
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    <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html">mod_authz_groupfile</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#sethandler">SetHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
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    <div class="note">You should avoid using <code>.htaccess</code> files completely if you have access to
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    httpd main server config file. Using <code>.htaccess</code> files slows down your Apache server.
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    Any directive that you can include in a <code>.htaccess</code> file is better set in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">Directory</a></code> block, as it will have the same effect with better performance.</div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="what" id="what">What they are/How to use them</a></h2>
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    <p><code>.htaccess</code> files (or "distributed configuration files")
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    provide a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A
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    file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a
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    particular document directory, and the directives apply to that
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    directory, and all subdirectories thereof.</p>
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    <div class="note"><h3>Note:</h3>
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      <p>If you want to call your <code>.htaccess</code> file something
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      else, you can change the name of the file using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code> directive. For example,
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      if you would rather call the file <code>.config</code> then you
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      can put the following in your server configuration file:</p>
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      <div class="example"><p><code>
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        AccessFileName .config
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      </code></p></div>
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    </div>
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    <p>In general, <code>.htaccess</code> files use the same syntax as
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    the <a href="../configuring.html#syntax">main configuration
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    files</a>. What you can put in these files is determined by the
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    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive. This
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    directive specifies, in categories, what directives will be
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    honored if they are found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file. If a
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    directive is permitted in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, the
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    documentation for that directive will contain an Override section,
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    specifying what value must be in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> in order for that
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    directive to be permitted.</p>
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    <p>For example, if you look at the documentation for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#adddefaultcharset">AddDefaultCharset</a></code>
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    directive, you will find that it is permitted in <code>.htaccess</code>
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    files. (See the Context line in the directive summary.) The <a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Override</a> line reads
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    <code>FileInfo</code>. Thus, you must have at least
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    <code>AllowOverride FileInfo</code> in order for this directive to be
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    honored in <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
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    <div class="example"><h3>Example:</h3><table>
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        <tr>
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          <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></td>
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          <td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td>
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        </tr>
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        <tr>
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          <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></td>
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          <td>FileInfo</td>
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        </tr>
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      </table></div>
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    <p>If you are unsure whether a particular directive is permitted in a
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    <code>.htaccess</code> file, look at the documentation for that
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    directive, and check the Context line for ".htaccess".</p>
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    </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="when" id="when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></h2>
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    <p>In general, you should only use <code>.htaccess</code> files when
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    you don't have access to the main server configuration file. There is,
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    for example, a common misconception that user authentication should
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    always be done in <code>.htaccess</code> files, and, in more recent years,
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    another miscomception that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> directives
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    must go in <code>.htaccess</code> files. This is simply not the
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    case. You can put user authentication configurations in the main server
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    configuration, and this is, in fact, the preferred way to do
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    things. Likewise, <code>mod_rewrite</code> directives work better,
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    in many respects, in the main server configuration.</p>
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    <p><code>.htaccess</code> files should be used in a case where the
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    content providers need to make configuration changes to the server on a
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    per-directory basis, but do not have root access on the server system.
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    In the event that the server administrator is not willing to make
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    frequent configuration changes, it might be desirable to permit
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    individual users to make these changes in <code>.htaccess</code> files
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    for themselves. This is particularly true, for example, in cases where
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    ISPs are hosting multiple user sites on a single machine, and want
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    their users to be able to alter their configuration.</p>
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    <p>However, in general, use of <code>.htaccess</code> files should be
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    avoided when possible. Any configuration that you would consider
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    putting in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, can just as effectively be
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    made in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section in your main server
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    configuration file.</p>
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    <p>There are two main reasons to avoid the use of
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    <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
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    <p>The first of these is performance. When <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
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    is set to allow the use of <code>.htaccess</code> files, Apache will
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    look in every directory for <code>.htaccess</code> files. Thus,
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    permitting <code>.htaccess</code> files causes a performance hit,
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    whether or not you actually even use them! Also, the
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    <code>.htaccess</code> file is loaded every time a document is
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    requested.</p>
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    <p>Further note that Apache must look for <code>.htaccess</code> files
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    in all higher-level directories, in order to have a full complement of
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    directives that it must apply. (See section on <a href="#how">how
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    directives are applied</a>.) Thus, if a file is requested out of a
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    directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>, Apache must look for the
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    following files:</p>
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    <div class="example"><p><code>
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      /.htaccess<br />
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      /www/.htaccess<br />
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      /www/htdocs/.htaccess<br />
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      /www/htdocs/example/.htaccess
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    </code></p></div>
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    <p>And so, for each file access out of that directory, there are 4
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    additional file-system accesses, even if none of those files are
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    present. (Note that this would only be the case if
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    <code>.htaccess</code> files were enabled for <code>/</code>, which
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    is not usually the case.)</p>
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    <p>In the case of <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives, in
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    <code>.htaccess</code> context these regular expressions must be
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    re-compiled with every request to the directory, whereas in main
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    server configuration context they are compiled once and cached.
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    Additionally, the rules themselves are more complicated, as one must
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    work around the restrictions that come with per-directory context
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    and <code>mod_rewrite</code>. Consult the <a href="../rewrite/intro.html#htaccess">Rewrite Guide</a> for more
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    detail on this subject.</p>
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    <p>The second consideration is one of security. You are permitting
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    users to modify server configuration, which may result in changes over
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    which you have no control. Carefully consider whether you want to give
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    your users this privilege. Note also that giving users less
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    privileges than they need will lead to additional technical support
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    requests. Make sure you clearly tell your users what level of
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    privileges you have given them. Specifying exactly what you have set
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    <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> to, and pointing them
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    to the relevant documentation, will save yourself a lot of confusion
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    later.</p>
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    <p>Note that it is completely equivalent to put a <code>.htaccess</code>
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    file in a directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code> containing a
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    directive, and to put that same directive in a Directory section
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    <code><Directory /www/htdocs/example></code> in your main server
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    configuration:</p>
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    <p><code>.htaccess</code> file in <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>:</p>
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    <div class="example"><h3>Contents of .htaccess file in
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    <code>/www/htdocs/example</code></h3><p><code>
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        AddType text/example .exm
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    </code></p></div>
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    <div class="example"><h3>Section from your <code>httpd.conf</code>
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    file</h3><p><code>
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      <Directory /www/htdocs/example><br />
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      <span class="indent">
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        AddType text/example .exm<br />
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      </span>
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      </Directory>
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    </code></p></div>
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    <p>However, putting this configuration in your server configuration
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    file will result in less of a performance hit, as the configuration is
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    loaded once when Apache starts, rather than every time a file is
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    requested.</p>
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    <p>The use of <code>.htaccess</code> files can be disabled completely
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    by setting the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
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    directive to <code>none</code>:</p>
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    <div class="example"><p><code>
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      AllowOverride None
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    </code></p></div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="how" id="how">How directives are applied</a></h2>
 | 
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    <p>The configuration directives found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file
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						|
    are applied to the directory in which the <code>.htaccess</code> file
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						|
    is found, and to all subdirectories thereof. However, it is important
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						|
    to also remember that there may have been <code>.htaccess</code> files
 | 
						|
    in directories higher up. Directives are applied in the order that they
 | 
						|
    are found. Therefore, a <code>.htaccess</code> file in a particular
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						|
    directory may override directives found in <code>.htaccess</code> files
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						|
    found higher up in the directory tree. And those, in turn, may have
 | 
						|
    overridden directives found yet higher up, or in the main server
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						|
    configuration file itself.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
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    <p>Example:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
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    <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1</code> we have a
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    <code>.htaccess</code> file containing the following:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
       Options +ExecCGI
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						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
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 | 
						|
    <p>(Note: you must have "<code>AllowOverride Options</code>" in effect
 | 
						|
    to permit the use of the "<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code>" directive in
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> files.)</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code> we have
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						|
    a <code>.htaccess</code> file containing:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
       Options Includes
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						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Because of this second <code>.htaccess</code> file, in the directory
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						|
    <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code>, CGI execution is not
 | 
						|
    permitted, as only <code>Options Includes</code> is in effect, which
 | 
						|
    completely overrides any earlier setting that may have been in
 | 
						|
    place.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <h3><a name="merge" id="merge">Merging of .htaccess with the main
 | 
						|
    configuration files</a></h3>
 | 
						|
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						|
    <p>As discussed in the documentation on <a href="../sections.html">Configuration Sections</a>,
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> files can override the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections for
 | 
						|
    the corresponding directory, but will be overriden by other types
 | 
						|
    of configuration sections from the main configuration files. This
 | 
						|
    fact can be used to enforce certain configurations, even in the
 | 
						|
    presence of a liberal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> setting. For example, to
 | 
						|
    prevent script execution while allowing anything else to be set in
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> you can use:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
<Directory /www/htdocs><br />
 | 
						|
<span class="indent">
 | 
						|
Allowoverride All<br />
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						|
</span>
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						|
</Directory><br />
 | 
						|
<br />
 | 
						|
<Location /><br />
 | 
						|
<span class="indent">
 | 
						|
Options +IncludesNoExec -ExecCGI<br />
 | 
						|
</span>
 | 
						|
</Location>
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="note">This example assumes that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> is <code>/www/htdocs</code>.</div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
 | 
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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						|
<div class="section">
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						|
<h2><a name="auth" id="auth">Authentication example</a></h2>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>If you jumped directly to this part of the document to find out how
 | 
						|
    to do authentication, it is important to note one thing. There is a
 | 
						|
    common misconception that you are required to use
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> files in order to implement password
 | 
						|
    authentication. This is not the case. Putting authentication directives
 | 
						|
    in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>
 | 
						|
    section, in your main server configuration file, is the preferred way
 | 
						|
    to implement this, and <code>.htaccess</code> files should be used only
 | 
						|
    if you don't have access to the main server configuration file. See <a href="#when">above</a> for a discussion of when you should and should
 | 
						|
    not use <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Having said that, if you still think you need to use a
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> file, you may find that a configuration such as
 | 
						|
    what follows may work for you.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p><code>.htaccess</code> file contents:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
      AuthType Basic<br />
 | 
						|
      AuthName "Password Required"<br />
 | 
						|
      AuthUserFile /www/passwords/password.file<br />
 | 
						|
      AuthGroupFile /www/passwords/group.file<br />
 | 
						|
      Require Group admins
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride AuthConfig</code> must be in effect
 | 
						|
    for these directives to have any effect.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Please see the <a href="auth.html">authentication tutorial</a> for a
 | 
						|
    more complete discussion of authentication and authorization.</p>
 | 
						|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | 
						|
<div class="section">
 | 
						|
<h2><a name="ssi" id="ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></h2>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Another common use of <code>.htaccess</code> files is to enable
 | 
						|
    Server Side Includes for a particular directory. This may be done with
 | 
						|
    the following configuration directives, placed in a
 | 
						|
    <code>.htaccess</code> file in the desired directory:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
       Options +Includes<br />
 | 
						|
       AddType text/html shtml<br />
 | 
						|
       AddHandler server-parsed shtml
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
 | 
						|
    FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
 | 
						|
    effect.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Please see the <a href="ssi.html">SSI tutorial</a> for a more
 | 
						|
    complete discussion of server-side includes.</p>
 | 
						|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | 
						|
<div class="section">
 | 
						|
<h2><a name="cgi" id="cgi">CGI example</a></h2>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Finally, you may wish to use a <code>.htaccess</code> file to permit
 | 
						|
    the execution of CGI programs in a particular directory. This may be
 | 
						|
    implemented with the following configuration:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
       Options +ExecCGI<br />
 | 
						|
       AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Alternately, if you wish to have all files in the given directory be
 | 
						|
    considered to be CGI programs, this may be done with the following
 | 
						|
    configuration:</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
       Options +ExecCGI<br />
 | 
						|
       SetHandler cgi-script
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
 | 
						|
    FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
 | 
						|
    effect.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Please see the <a href="cgi.html">CGI tutorial</a> for a more
 | 
						|
    complete discussion of CGI programming and configuration.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | 
						|
<div class="section">
 | 
						|
<h2><a name="troubleshoot" id="troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></h2>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>When you put configuration directives in a <code>.htaccess</code>
 | 
						|
    file, and you don't get the desired effect, there are a number of
 | 
						|
    things that may be going wrong.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Most commonly, the problem is that <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> is not
 | 
						|
    set such that your configuration directives are being honored. Make
 | 
						|
    sure that you don't have a <code>AllowOverride None</code> in effect
 | 
						|
    for the file scope in question. A good test for this is to put garbage
 | 
						|
    in your <code>.htaccess</code> file and reload the page. If a server error is
 | 
						|
    not generated, then you almost certainly have <code>AllowOverride
 | 
						|
    None</code> in effect.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>If, on the other hand, you are getting server errors when trying to
 | 
						|
    access documents, check your Apache error log. It will likely tell you
 | 
						|
    that the directive used in your <code>.htaccess</code> file is not
 | 
						|
    permitted.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
    [Fri Sep 17 18:43:16 2010] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: DirectoryIndex not allowed here
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>This will indicate either that you've used a directive that is
 | 
						|
    never permitted in <code>.htaccess</code> files, or that you simply
 | 
						|
    don't have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> set to
 | 
						|
    a level sufficient for the directive you've used. Consult the
 | 
						|
    documentation for that particular directive to determine which is
 | 
						|
    the case.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>Alternately, it may tell you that you had a syntax error in your
 | 
						|
    usage of the directive itself.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <div class="example"><p><code>
 | 
						|
    [Sat Aug 09 16:22:34 2008] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: RewriteCond: bad flag delimiters
 | 
						|
    </code></p></div>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    <p>In this case, the error message should be specific to the
 | 
						|
    particular syntax error that you have committed.</p>
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
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 | 
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