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168 lines
13 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="es" xml:lang="es"><head>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
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<title>Como Cifrar su Tráfico - Servidor HTTP Apache Versión 2.5</title>
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<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
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<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
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<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
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</script>
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<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Módulos</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directivas</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">Preguntas Frecuentes</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glosario</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Mapa del sitio web</a></p>
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<p class="apache">Versión 2.5 del Servidor HTTP Apache</p>
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<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
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<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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<div id="path">
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">Servidor HTTP</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentación</a> > <a href="../">Versión 2.5</a> > <a href="./">How-To /
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Tutoriales</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Como Cifrar su Tráfico</h1>
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<div class="toplang">
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<p><span>Idiomas disponibles: </span><a href="../en/howto/encrypt.html" hreflang="en" rel="alternate" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="../es/howto/encrypt.html" title="Español"> es </a></p>
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</div>
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<p>En esta guía se explica cómo hacer que su servidor HTTPD Apache
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use un cifrado para transferir datos entre el servidor y sus visitantes. En vez
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de usar enlaces <code>http:</code>, usará del tipo<code>https:</code>, si todo
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está configurado correctamente, toda persona que visite su web, tendrá más
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privacidad y protección.</p>
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<p> Este manual está pensado para aquellos que no están muy familiarizados con
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SSL/TLS y cifrados, junto con toda la jerga técnica incomprensible (Estamos
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bromeando, este tema es bastante importante, con
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serios expertos en el tema, y problemas reales que resolver - pero sí, suena a
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jerga técnica incomprensible para todos aquellos que no hayan tratado con esto).
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Personas que han escuchado que su servidor http: no es del todo seguro a dia de
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hoy. Que los espías y los malos están escuchando. Que incluso las empresas
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legítimas están insertando datos en sus páginas web y vendiendo perfiles de
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visitantes.
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</p>
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<p>En esta guía nos centraremos en ayudarle para migrar su servidor httpd, para
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que deje de servir enlaces vía <code>http:</code> y los sirva vía
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<code>https:</code> ones, without you becoming a SSL expert first. You might
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get fascinated by all this crypto things and study it more and become a real
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expert. But you also might not, run a reasonably secure web server nevertheless
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and do other things good for mankind with your time. </p> <p> You
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will get a rough idea what roles these mysterious things called "certificate"
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and "private key" play and how they are used to let your visitors be sure
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they are talking to your server. You will <em>not</em> be told <em>how</em>
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this works, just how it is used: it's basically about passports. </p>
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</div>
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<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#protocol">Pequeña introducción a Certificados e.j: Pasaporte de Internet</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#buycert">Comprar un Certificado</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#freecert">Get a Free Certificate</a></li>
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</ul><h3>Consulte también</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../ssl/ssl_howto.html">SSL How-To</a></li><li><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></li><li><a href="../mod/mod_md.html">mod_md</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comentarios</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="protocol" id="protocol">Pequeña introducción a Certificados e.j: Pasaporte de Internet</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#protocol" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
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<p> The TLS protocol (formerly known as SSL) is a
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way a client and a server can talk to each other without anyone else
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listening, or better understanding a thing. It is what your browser uses when
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you open a https: link. </p> <p> In addition to having a private conversation
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with a server, your browser also needs to know that it really talks to the
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server - and not someone else acting like it. That, next to the encryption, is
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the other part of the TLS protocol. </p> <p> In order to do that, your server
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does not only need the software for TLS, e.g. the <a href="../mod/mod_http2.html">mod_ssl</a> module, but some sort of identity
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proof on the Internet. This is commonly referred to as a <em>certificate</em>.
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Basically, everyone has the same mod_ssl and can encrypt, but only your have
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<em>your</em> certificate and with that, you are you. </p> <p> A certificate
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is the digital equivalent of a passport. It contains two things: a stamp of
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approval from the people issuing the passport and a reference to your digital
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fingerprints, e.g. what is called a <em>private key</em> in encryption terms.
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</p> <p> When you configure your Apache httpd for https: links, you need to
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give it the certificate and the private key. If you never give the key to
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anyone else, only you will be able to prove to visitors that the certificate
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belongs to you. That way, a browser talking to your server a second time will
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be sure that it is indeed the very same server it talked to before. </p> <p>
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But how does it know that it is the real server, the first time it starts
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talking to someone? Here, the digital rubber stamping comes into play. The
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rubber stamp is done by someone else, using her own private key. That person
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has also a certificate, e.g. her own passport. The browser can make sure that
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this passport is based on the same key that was used to rubber stamp your
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server passport. Now, instead of making sure that your passport is correct, it
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must make sure that the passport of the person that says <em>your</em>
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passport is correct, is correct. </p> <p> And that passport is also rubber
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stamped digitally, by someone else with a key and a certificate. So the
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browser only needs to make sure that <em>that</em> one is correct that says it
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is correct to trust the one that says your server is correct. This trusting
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game can go to a few or many levels (usually less than 5). </p> <p> In the
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end, the browser will encounter a passport that is stamped by its own key.
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It's a Gloria Gaynor certificate that says "I am what I am!". The browser then
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either trust this Gloria or not. If not, your server is also not trusted.
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Otherwise, it is. Simple. </p> <p> The trust check for the Gloria Gaynors of
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the Internet is easy: your browser (or your operating system) comes with list
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of Gloria passports to trust, pre-installed. If it sees a Gloria certificate,
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it is either in this list or not to be trusted. </p> <p> This whole thing
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works as long as everyone keeps his private keys to himself. Anyone copying
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such a key can impersonate the key owner. And if the owner can rubber stamp
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passports, the impersonator can also do that. And all the passports stamped by
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an impersonator, all those certificates will look 100% valid,
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indistinguishable from the "real" ones. </p> <p> So, this trust model works,
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but it has its limits. That is why browser makers are so keen on having the
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correct Gloria Gaynor lists and threaten to expel anyone from it that is
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careless with her keys. </p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="buycert" id="buycert">Comprar un Certificado</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#buycert" class="permalink">¶</a></h2> <p> Bueno, pueds
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comprar uno. Hay muchas compañias vendiando pasaportes de Internet como
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servicio. En <a href="https://ccadb- public.secure.force.com/mozilla/IncludedCACertificateReport">esta lista de
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Mozilla,</a> podrás encontrar todas las compañias en las que el navegador
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Firefox confía. Escoge una, visita su pagina web y te diran los diferentes
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precios, y como hacer para comprobar tu identidad y quien dices ser quien
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eres, y así podrán generar tu pasaporte con confianza. </p> <p>
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They all have their own methods, also depending on what kind of passport you
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apply for, and it's probably some sort of click web interface in a browser.
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They may send you an email that you need to answer or do something else. In
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the end, they will show you how to generate your own, unique private key and
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issue you a stamped passport matching it. </p> <p> You then place
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the key in one file, the certificate in another. Put these on your server, make
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sure that only a trusted user can read the key file and add it to your httpd
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configuration. This is extensively covered in the <a href="../ssl/ssl_howto.html">SSL How-To</a>. </p> <p> </p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="freecert" id="freecert">Get a Free Certificate</a> <a title="Enlace permanente" href="#freecert" class="permalink">¶</a></h2> <p> Hay también
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compañias que ofrecen certificados gratuitos para servidores web. La pionera
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en esto es <a href="https://letsencrypt.org">Let's Encrypt</a> que es un
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servicio de la organización sin ánimo de lucro <a href="">(ISRG) Internet
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Security Research Group </a>, para "reducir las barreras financieras,
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tecnológicas y de educación, para securizar las comunicaciones en Internet."
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</p> <p> No sólo ofrencen certificados gratuitos, también han desaarrollado
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una interfáz que puede ser usada en su Apache Httpd para obtener uno. Aquí es
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donde <a href="../mod/mod_md.html">mod_md</a> entra en juego. </p> <p> (zoom
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out the camera on how to configure mod_md and virtual host...) </p> </div></div>
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<div class="bottomlang">
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<p><span>Idiomas disponibles: </span><a href="../en/howto/encrypt.html" hreflang="en" rel="alternate" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="../es/howto/encrypt.html" title="Español"> es </a></p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comentarios</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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