mirror of
https://github.com/apache/httpd.git
synced 2025-06-01 23:21:45 +03:00
ada7cc544a
git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/httpd/httpd/trunk@99310 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68
343 lines
19 KiB
XML
343 lines
19 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
|
|
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
|
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
|
|
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
|
|
-->
|
|
<title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title>
|
|
<link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
|
|
<link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
|
|
<link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" />
|
|
<link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
|
|
<body id="manual-page" class="no-sidebar"><div id="page-header">
|
|
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
|
|
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.1</p>
|
|
<img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div>
|
|
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div id="path">
|
|
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.1</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
|
|
<p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to
|
|
Apache in particular, and web serving in general. More information
|
|
on each concept is provided in the links.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><a name="authentication">Authentication</a></dt> <dd>The positive
|
|
identification of a network entity such as a server, a client, or a
|
|
user.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
|
|
Control</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
|
|
usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
|
|
Control</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in
|
|
a finite number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
|
|
<dfn>Ciphers</dfn>.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="apacheextensiontool">APache eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt> <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a href="#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects (<a href="#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the Apache Web
|
|
server.<br /> See: <a href="programs/apxs.html">Manual Page: apxs</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
|
|
as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
|
|
about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <em>Certificate
|
|
Authority</em> (called the issuer), plus the owner's public key and the
|
|
signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures using
|
|
CA certificates.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> <a name="ca">(CA)</a></dt> <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to
|
|
sign certificates for network entities it has authenticated using
|
|
secure means. Other network entities can check the signature to verify
|
|
that a CA has authenticated the bearer of a certificate.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
|
|
<a name="csr">(CSR)</a></dt> <dd>An unsigned certificate for
|
|
submission to a <em>Certification Authority</em>, which signs it with
|
|
the <em>Private Key</em> of their CA <em>Certificate</em>. Once the
|
|
CSR is signed, it becomes a real certificate.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="cipher">Cipher</a></dt> <dd>An algorithm or system for
|
|
data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt> <dd>The result after <a href="#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is passed through a <a href="#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS
|
|
Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="commongatewayinterface">Common Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt> <dd>A standard definition for an interface
|
|
between a web server and an external program that allows the external
|
|
program to service requests. The interface was originally defined by
|
|
<a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but
|
|
there is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC
|
|
project</a>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>See: <a href="#directive">Directive</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="configurationfile">Configuration File</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>A text file containing <a href="#directive">Directives</a>
|
|
that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="connect">CONNECT</a></dt> <dd>An HTTP <a href="#method">method</a> for proxying raw data channels over HTTP. It
|
|
can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL
|
|
protocol.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="context">Context</a></dt> <dd>An area in the <a href="#configurationfile">configuration files</a> where certain types
|
|
of <a href="#directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br /> See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms
|
|
Used to Describe Apache Directives</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="digitalsignature">Digital Signature</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
|
|
<em>Certification Authority</em> creates a signature by generating a
|
|
hash of the <em>Public Key</em> embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then
|
|
encrypting the hash with its own <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's
|
|
public key can decrypt the signature, verifying that the CA has
|
|
authenticated the network entity that owns the <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="directive">Directive</a></dt> <dd>A configuration command
|
|
that controls one or more aspects of Apache's behavior. Directives
|
|
are placed in the <a href="#configurationfile">Configuration
|
|
File</a><br /> See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive
|
|
Index</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic Shared Object</a> <a name="dso">(DSO)</a></dt> <dd><a href="#module">Modules</a> compiled
|
|
separately from the Apache httpd binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="environmentvariable">Environment Variable</a> <a name="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell
|
|
and used to store information and communicate between programs. Apache also
|
|
contains internal variables that are referred to as environment variables,
|
|
but are stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the
|
|
shell environment.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
|
|
with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
|
|
Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
|
|
resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
|
|
force.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="filter">Filter</a></dt> <dd>A process that is applied to
|
|
data that is sent or received by the server. Input filters process
|
|
data sent by the client to the server, while output filters process
|
|
documents on the server before they are sent to the client. For
|
|
example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter processes documents
|
|
for <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes</a>.<br /> See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified
|
|
Domain-Name</a> <a name="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt> <dd>The unique name of
|
|
a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain name that can
|
|
resolve to an IP address. For example, <code>www</code> is a hostname,
|
|
<code>example.com</code> is a domain name, and
|
|
<code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="handler">Handler</a></dt> <dd>An internal Apache
|
|
representation of the action to be performed when a file is
|
|
called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
|
|
type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
|
|
file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
|
|
<code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as <a href="#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="header">Header</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The part of the <a href="#http">HTTP</a> request and response that
|
|
is sent before the actual content, and that contains meta-information
|
|
describing the content.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name=".htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that is placed inside
|
|
the web tree and applies configuration <a href="#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is placed
|
|
and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold almost
|
|
any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The main Apache <a href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a>.
|
|
The default location is <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>,
|
|
but it may be moved using run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer
|
|
Protocol</a> <a name="http">(HTTP)</a></dt> <dd>The standard
|
|
transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache implements
|
|
version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The HyperText Transport Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
|
|
communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
|
|
over <a name="ssl">SSL</a>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="method">Method</a></dt> <dd>In the context of <a href="#http">HTTP</a>, an action to perform on a resource, specified
|
|
on the request line by the client. Some of the methods available in
|
|
HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>, and <code>PUT</code>.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
|
|
the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt> <dd>A way to describe the
|
|
kind of document being transmitted. Its name comes from that fact
|
|
that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose Internet Mail
|
|
Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type, separated
|
|
by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
|
|
<code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
|
|
HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code> <a href="#header">header</a>.<br /> See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="module">Module</a></dt> <dd>An independent part of a
|
|
program. Much of Apache's functionality is contained in modules that
|
|
you can choose to include or exclude. Modules that are compiled into
|
|
the Apache httpd binary are called <em>static modules</em>, while
|
|
modules that are stored separately and can be optionally loaded at
|
|
run-time are called <em>dynamic modules</em> or <a href="#dso">DSOs</a>. Modules that are included by default are called
|
|
<em>base modules</em>. Many modules are available for Apache that are
|
|
not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a href="#tarball">tarball</a>. These are referred to as <em>third-party
|
|
modules</em>.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic Number</a> (<a name="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code
|
|
that is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed
|
|
when internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant
|
|
parts of API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be
|
|
guaranteed any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be
|
|
at least recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work
|
|
with the new version of Apache.
|
|
</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
|
|
see <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt> <dd>The word or phrase
|
|
that protects private key files. It prevents unauthorized users from
|
|
encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret encryption/decryption
|
|
key used for <a name="cipher">Ciphers</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt> <dd>The secret key in a
|
|
<a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
|
|
used to decrypt incoming messages and sign outgoing ones.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="proxy">Proxy</a></dt> <dd>An intermediate server that
|
|
sits between the client and the <em>origin server</em>. It accepts
|
|
requests from clients, transmits those requests on to the origin
|
|
server, and then returns the response from the origin server to the
|
|
client. If several clients request the same content, the proxy
|
|
can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
|
|
from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="publickey">Public Key</a></dt> <dd>The publicly
|
|
available key in a <a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key
|
|
Cryptography</a> system, used to encrypt messages bound for its owner
|
|
and to decrypt signatures made by its owner.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which
|
|
use one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding
|
|
pair of such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric
|
|
Cryptography.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a> <a name="regex">(Regex)</a></dt> <dd>A way of
|
|
describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that begin with the
|
|
letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every sentence
|
|
with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular expressions
|
|
are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
|
|
attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible
|
|
ways - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images"
|
|
directory could be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>".
|
|
Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the
|
|
<a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a> library.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="#proxy">proxy</a> server that appears to the client as if it is
|
|
an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real origin
|
|
server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets Layer</a> <a name="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt> <dd>A protocol created by Netscape
|
|
Communications Corporation for general communication authentication
|
|
and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most popular usage is
|
|
<em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over SSL.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="serversideincludes">Server Side Includes</a> <a name="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt> <dd>A technique for embedding processing
|
|
directives inside HTML files.<br /> See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="session">Session</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by
|
|
Eric A. Young</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric Cryptography</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
|
|
for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code>
|
|
utility. Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives
|
|
or using pkzip.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="transportlayersecurity">Transport Layer Security</a> <a name="tls">(TLS)</a></dt> <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created
|
|
by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for general
|
|
communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. TLS
|
|
version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
|
|
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> <a name="url">(URL)</a></dt> <dd>The name/address of a resource on the
|
|
Internet. This is the common informal term for what is formally
|
|
called a <a href="#uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource
|
|
Identifier</a>. URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like
|
|
<code>http</code> or <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A
|
|
URL for this page is
|
|
<code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.1/glossary.html</code>.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> <a name="URI">(URI)</a></dt> <dd>A compact string of characters for
|
|
identifying an abstract or physical resource. It is formally defined
|
|
by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>.
|
|
URIs used on the world-wide web are commonly referred to
|
|
as <a href="#url">URLs</a>.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt> <dd>Serving
|
|
multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP virtual
|
|
hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
|
|
address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name
|
|
of the host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP
|
|
address.<br /> See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host
|
|
documentation</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><a name="x.509">X.509</a></dt> <dd>An authentication certificate
|
|
scheme recommended by the International Telecommunication Union
|
|
(ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
|
|
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<p class="apache">Maintained by the <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Apache HTTP Server Documentation Project</a></p>
|
|
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
|
|
</body></html> |