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608 lines
26 KiB
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608 lines
26 KiB
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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-->
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<title>suEXEC Support - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
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<link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
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<link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" />
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<link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
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<img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div>
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<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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<div id="path">
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>suEXEC Support</h1>
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<div class="toplang">
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/suexec.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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<a href="./ja/suexec.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
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<a href="./ko/suexec.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
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</div>
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<p>The <strong>suEXEC</strong> feature provides
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Apache users the ability
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to run <strong>CGI</strong> and <strong>SSI</strong> programs
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under user IDs different from the user ID of the calling
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web server. Normally, when a CGI or SSI program executes, it
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runs as the same user who is running the web server.</p>
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<p>Used properly, this feature can reduce
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considerably the security risks involved with allowing users to
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develop and run private CGI or SSI programs. However, if suEXEC
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is improperly configured, it can cause any number of problems
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and possibly create new holes in your computer's security. If
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you aren't familiar with managing <em>setuid root</em> programs
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and the security issues they present, we highly recommend that
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you not consider using suEXEC.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#before">Before we begin</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#model">suEXEC Security Model</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#install">Configuring & Installing
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suEXEC</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#enable">Enabling & Disabling
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suEXEC</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#usage">Using suEXEC</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#debug">Debugging suEXEC</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#jabberwock">Beware the Jabberwock:
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Warnings & Examples</a></li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="before" id="before">Before we begin</a></h2>
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<p>Before jumping head-first into this document,
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you should be aware of the assumptions made on the part of the
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Apache Group and this document.</p>
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<p>First, it is assumed that you are using a UNIX
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derivative operating system that is capable of
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<strong>setuid</strong> and <strong>setgid</strong> operations.
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All command examples are given in this regard. Other platforms,
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if they are capable of supporting suEXEC, may differ in their
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configuration.</p>
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<p>Second, it is assumed you are familiar with
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some basic concepts of your computer's security and its
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administration. This involves an understanding of
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<strong>setuid/setgid</strong> operations and the various
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effects they may have on your system and its level of
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security.</p>
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<p>Third, it is assumed that you are using an
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<strong>unmodified</strong> version of suEXEC code. All code
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for suEXEC has been carefully scrutinized and tested by the
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developers as well as numerous beta testers. Every precaution
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has been taken to ensure a simple yet solidly safe base of
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code. Altering this code can cause unexpected problems and new
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security risks. It is <strong>highly</strong> recommended you
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not alter the suEXEC code unless you are well versed in the
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particulars of security programming and are willing to share
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your work with the Apache Group for consideration.</p>
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<p>Fourth, and last, it has been the decision of
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the Apache Group to <strong>NOT</strong> make suEXEC part of
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the default installation of Apache. To this end, suEXEC
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configuration requires of the administrator careful attention
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to details. After due consideration has been given to the
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various settings for suEXEC, the administrator may install
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suEXEC through normal installation methods. The values for
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these settings need to be carefully determined and specified by
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the administrator to properly maintain system security during
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the use of suEXEC functionality. It is through this detailed
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process that the Apache Group hopes to limit suEXEC
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installation only to those who are careful and determined
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enough to use it.</p>
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<p>Still with us? Yes? Good. Let's move on!</p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="model" id="model">suEXEC Security Model</a></h2>
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<p>Before we begin configuring and installing
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suEXEC, we will first discuss the security model you are about
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to implement. By doing so, you may better understand what
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exactly is going on inside suEXEC and what precautions are
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taken to ensure your system's security.</p>
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<p><strong>suEXEC</strong> is based on a setuid
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"wrapper" program that is called by the main Apache web server.
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This wrapper is called when an HTTP request is made for a CGI
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or SSI program that the administrator has designated to run as
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a userid other than that of the main server. When such a
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request is made, Apache provides the suEXEC wrapper with the
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program's name and the user and group IDs under which the
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program is to execute.</p>
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<p>The wrapper then employs the following process
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to determine success or failure -- if any one of these
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conditions fail, the program logs the failure and exits with an
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error, otherwise it will continue:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the user executing this wrapper a valid user of
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this system?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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This is to ensure that the user executing the wrapper is
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truly a user of the system.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Was the wrapper called with the proper number of
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arguments?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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The wrapper will only execute if it is given the proper
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number of arguments. The proper argument format is known
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to the Apache web server. If the wrapper is not receiving
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the proper number of arguments, it is either being
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hacked, or there is something wrong with the suEXEC
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portion of your Apache binary.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is this valid user allowed to run the
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wrapper?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Is this user the user allowed to run this wrapper? Only
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one user (the Apache user) is allowed to execute this
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program.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Does the target CGI or SSI program have an unsafe
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hierarchical reference?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Does the target CGI or SSI program's path contain a leading
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'/' or have a '..' backreference? These are not allowed; the
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target CGI/SSI program must reside within suEXEC's document
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root (see <code>--with-suexec-docroot=<em>DIR</em></code>
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below).
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target user name valid?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Does the target user exist?
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target group name valid?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Does the target group exist?
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target user <em>NOT</em> superuser?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Presently, suEXEC does not allow <code><em>root</em></code>
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to execute CGI/SSI programs.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target userid <em>ABOVE</em> the minimum ID
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number?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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The minimum user ID number is specified during
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configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible
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userid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs.
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This is useful to block out "system" accounts.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target group <em>NOT</em> the superuser
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group?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Presently, suEXEC does not allow the <code><em>root</em></code>
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group to execute CGI/SSI programs.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target groupid <em>ABOVE</em> the minimum ID
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number?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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The minimum group ID number is specified during
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configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible
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groupid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs.
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This is useful to block out "system" groups.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Can the wrapper successfully become the target user
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and group?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Here is where the program becomes the target user and
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group via setuid and setgid calls. The group access list
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is also initialized with all of the groups of which the
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user is a member.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Can we change directory to the one in which the target
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CGI/SSI program resides?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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If it doesn't exist, it can't very well contain files. If we
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can't change directory to it, it might aswell not exist.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the directory within the Apache
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webspace?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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If the request is for a regular portion of the server, is
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the requested directory within suEXEC's document root? If
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the request is for a UserDir, is the requested directory
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within the directory configured as suEXEC's userdir (see
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<a href="#install">suEXEC's configuration options</a>)?
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the directory <em>NOT</em> writable by anyone
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else?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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We don't want to open up the directory to others; only
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the owner user may be able to alter this directories
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contents.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Does the target CGI/SSI program exist?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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If it doesn't exists, it can't very well be executed.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target CGI/SSI program <em>NOT</em> writable
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by anyone else?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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We don't want to give anyone other than the owner the
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ability to change the CGI/SSI program.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target CGI/SSI program <em>NOT</em> setuid or
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setgid?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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We do not want to execute programs that will then change
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our UID/GID again.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Is the target user/group the same as the program's
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user/group?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Is the user the owner of the file?
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Can we successfully clean the process environment
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to ensure safe operations?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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suEXEC cleans the process' environment by establishing a
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safe execution PATH (defined during configuration), as
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well as only passing through those variables whose names
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are listed in the safe environment list (also created
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during configuration).
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>Can we successfully become the target CGI/SSI program
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and execute?</strong>
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<p class="indent">
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Here is where suEXEC ends and the target CGI/SSI program begins.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<p>This is the standard operation of the
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suEXEC wrapper's security model. It is somewhat stringent and
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can impose new limitations and guidelines for CGI/SSI design,
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but it was developed carefully step-by-step with security in
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mind.</p>
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<p>For more information as to how this security
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model can limit your possibilities in regards to server
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configuration, as well as what security risks can be avoided
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with a proper suEXEC setup, see the <a href="#jabberwock">"Beware the Jabberwock"</a> section of this
|
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document.</p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="install" id="install">Configuring & Installing
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suEXEC</a></h2>
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<p>Here's where we begin the fun.</p>
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<p><strong>suEXEC configuration
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options</strong><br />
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</p>
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<dl>
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<dt><code>--enable-suexec</code></dt>
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<dd>This option enables the suEXEC feature which is never
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installed or activated by default. At least one
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<code>--with-suexec-xxxxx</code> option has to be provided
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together with the <code>--enable-suexec</code> option to let
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APACI accept your request for using the suEXEC feature.</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-bin=<em>PATH</em></code></dt>
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<dd>The path to the <code>suexec</code> binary must be hard-coded
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in the server for security reasons. Use this option to override
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the default path. <em>e.g.</em>
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<code>--with-suexec-bin=/usr/sbin/suexec</code></dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-caller=<em>UID</em></code></dt>
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<dd>The <a href="mod/mpm_common.html#user">username</a> under which
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Apache normally runs. This is the only user allowed to
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execute this program.</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-userdir=<em>DIR</em></code></dt>
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<dd>Define to be the subdirectory under users' home
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directories where suEXEC access should be allowed. All
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executables under this directory will be executable by suEXEC
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as the user so they should be "safe" programs. If you are
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using a "simple" UserDir directive (ie. one without a "*" in
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it) this should be set to the same value. suEXEC will not
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work properly in cases where the UserDir directive points to
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a location that is not the same as the user's home directory
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as referenced in the passwd file. Default value is
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"public_html".<br />
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If you have virtual hosts with a different UserDir for each,
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you will need to define them to all reside in one parent
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directory; then name that parent directory here. <strong>If
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this is not defined properly, "~userdir" cgi requests will
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not work!</strong></dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-docroot=<em>DIR</em></code></dt>
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<dd>Define as the DocumentRoot set for Apache. This will be
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the only hierarchy (aside from UserDirs) that can be used for
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suEXEC behavior. The default directory is the <code>--datadir</code>
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value with the suffix "/htdocs", <em>e.g.</em> if you configure
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with "<code>--datadir=/home/apache</code>" the directory
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"/home/apache/htdocs" is used as document root for the suEXEC
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wrapper.</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-uidmin=<em>UID</em></code></dt>
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<dd>Define this as the lowest UID allowed to be a target user
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for suEXEC. For most systems, 500 or 100 is common. Default
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value is 100.</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-gidmin=<em>GID</em></code></dt>
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<dd>Define this as the lowest GID allowed to be a target
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group for suEXEC. For most systems, 100 is common and
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therefore used as default value.</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-logfile=<em>FILE</em></code></dt>
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<dd>This defines the filename to which all suEXEC
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transactions and errors are logged (useful for auditing and
|
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debugging purposes). By default the logfile is named
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"suexec_log" and located in your standard logfile directory
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(<code>--logfiledir</code>).</dd>
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<dt><code>--with-suexec-safepath=<em>PATH</em></code></dt>
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<dd>Define a safe PATH environment to pass to CGI
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executables. Default value is
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"/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin".</dd>
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</dl>
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<p><strong>Compiling and installing the suEXEC
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wrapper</strong><br />
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If you have enabled the suEXEC feature with the
|
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<code>--enable-suexec</code> option the <code>suexec</code> binary
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(together with Apache itself) is automatically built if you execute
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the <code>make</code> command.<br />
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After all components have been built you can execute the
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command <code>make install</code> to install them. The binary image
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<code>suexec</code> is installed in the directory defined by the
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<code>--sbindir</code> option. The default location is
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"/usr/local/apache2/sbin/suexec".<br />
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Please note that you need <strong><em>root
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privileges</em></strong> for the installation step. In order
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for the wrapper to set the user ID, it must be installed as
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owner <code><em>root</em></code> and must have the setuserid
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execution bit set for file modes.</p>
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<p><strong>Setting paranoid permissions</strong><br />
|
|
Although the suEXEC wrapper will check to ensure that its
|
|
caller is the correct user as specified with the
|
|
<code>--with-suexec-caller</code> <code class="program"><a href="./programs/configure.html">configure</a></code>
|
|
option, there is
|
|
always the possibility that a system or library call suEXEC uses
|
|
before this check may be exploitable on your system. To counter
|
|
this, and because it is best-practise in general, you should use
|
|
filesystem permissions to ensure that only the group Apache
|
|
runs as may execute suEXEC.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If for example, your web server is configured to run as:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="example"><p><code>
|
|
User www<br />
|
|
Group webgroup<br />
|
|
</code></p></div>
|
|
|
|
<p>and <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> is installed at
|
|
"/usr/local/apache2/sbin/suexec", you should run:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="example"><p><code>
|
|
chgrp webgroup /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec<br />
|
|
chmod 4750 /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec<br />
|
|
</code></p></div>
|
|
|
|
<p>This will ensure that only the group Apache runs as can even
|
|
execute the suEXEC wrapper.</p>
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="enable" id="enable">Enabling & Disabling
|
|
suEXEC</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Upon startup of Apache, it looks for the file
|
|
<code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> in the directory defined by the
|
|
<code>--sbindir</code> option (default is
|
|
"/usr/local/apache/sbin/suexec"). If Apache finds a properly
|
|
configured suEXEC wrapper, it will print the following message
|
|
to the error log:</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="example"><p><code>
|
|
[notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: <var>/path/to/suexec</var>)
|
|
</code></p></div>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you don't see this message at server startup, the server is
|
|
most likely not finding the wrapper program where it expects
|
|
it, or the executable is not installed <em>setuid root</em>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you want to enable the suEXEC mechanism for the first time
|
|
and an Apache server is already running you must kill and
|
|
restart Apache. Restarting it with a simple HUP or USR1 signal
|
|
will not be enough. </p>
|
|
<p>If you want to disable suEXEC you should kill and restart
|
|
Apache after you have removed the <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> file.</p>
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="usage" id="usage">Using suEXEC</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Requests for CGI programs will call the suEXEC wrapper only if
|
|
they are for a virtual host containing a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_suexec.html#suexecusergroup">SuexecUserGroup</a></code> directive or if
|
|
they are processed by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>Virtual Hosts:</strong><br /> One way to use the suEXEC
|
|
wrapper is through the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_suexec.html#suexecusergroup">SuexecUserGroup</a></code> directive in
|
|
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost">VirtualHost</a></code> definitions. By
|
|
setting this directive to values different from the main server
|
|
user ID, all requests for CGI resources will be executed as the
|
|
<em>User</em> and <em>Group</em> defined for that <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code>. If this
|
|
directive is not specified for a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code> then the main server userid
|
|
is assumed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>User directories:</strong><br /> Requests that are
|
|
processed by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code> will call the suEXEC
|
|
wrapper to execute CGI programs under the userid of the requested
|
|
user directory. The only requirement needed for this feature to
|
|
work is for CGI execution to be enabled for the user and that the
|
|
script must meet the scrutiny of the <a href="#model">security
|
|
checks</a> above. See also the
|
|
<code>--with-suexec-userdir</code> <a href="#install">compile
|
|
time option</a>.</p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="debug" id="debug">Debugging suEXEC</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The suEXEC wrapper will write log information
|
|
to the file defined with the <code>--with-suexec-logfile</code>
|
|
option as indicated above. If you feel you have configured and
|
|
installed the wrapper properly, have a look at this log and the
|
|
error_log for the server to see where you may have gone astray.</p>
|
|
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="jabberwock" id="jabberwock">Beware the Jabberwock:
|
|
Warnings & Examples</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>NOTE!</strong> This section may not be
|
|
complete. For the latest revision of this section of the
|
|
documentation, see the Apache Group's <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/suexec.html">Online
|
|
Documentation</a> version.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are a few points of interest regarding
|
|
the wrapper that can cause limitations on server setup. Please
|
|
review these before submitting any "bugs" regarding suEXEC.</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>suEXEC Points Of Interest</strong></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Hierarchy limitations
|
|
|
|
<p class="indent">
|
|
For security and efficiency reasons, all suEXEC requests
|
|
must remain within either a top-level document root for
|
|
virtual host requests, or one top-level personal document
|
|
root for userdir requests. For example, if you have four
|
|
VirtualHosts configured, you would need to structure all
|
|
of your VHosts' document roots off of one main Apache
|
|
document hierarchy to take advantage of suEXEC for
|
|
VirtualHosts. (Example forthcoming.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
suEXEC's PATH environment variable
|
|
|
|
<p class="indent">
|
|
This can be a dangerous thing to change. Make certain
|
|
every path you include in this define is a
|
|
<strong>trusted</strong> directory. You don't want to
|
|
open people up to having someone from across the world
|
|
running a trojan horse on them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
Altering the suEXEC code
|
|
|
|
<p class="indent">
|
|
Again, this can cause <strong>Big Trouble</strong> if you
|
|
try this without knowing what you are doing. Stay away
|
|
from it if at all possible.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="bottomlang">
|
|
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/suexec.html" title="English"> en </a> |
|
|
<a href="./ja/suexec.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
|
|
<a href="./ko/suexec.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p>
|
|
</div><div id="footer">
|
|
<p class="apache">Copyright 2006 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
|
|
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
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