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Fix an AddHandler example. git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/httpd/httpd/trunk@86237 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68
565 lines
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565 lines
20 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Apache Server Frequently Asked Questions</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY
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LINK="#0000FF"
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ALINK="#FF0000"
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>
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<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->
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<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">Apache Server Frequently Asked Questions</H1>
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<P>
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$Revision: 1.6 $ ($Date: 2000/09/15 19:54:16 $)
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</P>
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<P>
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The latest version of this FAQ is always available from the main
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Apache web site, at
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<<A
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HREF="http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html"
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REL="Help"
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><SAMP>http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html</SAMP></A>>.
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</P>
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<!-- Notes about changes: -->
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<!-- - If adding a relative link to another part of the -->
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<!-- documentation, *do* include the ".html" portion. There's a -->
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<!-- good chance that the user will be reading the documentation -->
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<!-- on his own system, which may not be configured for -->
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<!-- multiviews. -->
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<!-- - When adding items, make sure they're put in the right place -->
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<!-- - verify that the numbering matches up. -->
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<!-- - *Don't* use <PRE></PRE> blocks - they don't appear -->
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<!-- correctly in a reliable way when this is converted to text -->
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<!-- with Lynx. Use <DL><DD><CODE>xxx<BR>xx</CODE></DD></DL> -->
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<!-- blocks inside a <P></P> instead. This is necessary to get -->
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<!-- the horizontal and vertical indenting right. -->
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<!-- - Don't forget to include an HR tag after the last /P tag -->
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<!-- but before the /LI in an item. -->
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<P>
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If you are reading a text-only version of this FAQ, you may find numbers
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enclosed in brackets (such as "[12]"). These refer to the list of
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reference URLs to be found at the end of the document. These references
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do not appear, and are not needed, for the hypertext version.
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</P>
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<H2>The Questions</H2>
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<OL TYPE="A">
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<!--#endif -->
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<!--#if expr="$TOC || $STANDALONE" -->
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<LI VALUE="6"><STRONG>Dynamic Content (CGI and SSI)</STRONG>
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<OL>
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<LI><A HREF="#CGIoutsideScriptAlias">How do I enable CGI execution
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in directories other than the ScriptAlias?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#premature-script-headers">What does it mean when my
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CGIs fail with "<SAMP>Premature end of script
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headers</SAMP>"?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#POSTnotallowed">Why do I keep getting "Method Not
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Allowed" for form POST requests?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#nph-scripts">How can I get my script's output without
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Apache buffering it? Why doesn't my server push work?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#cgi-spec">Where can I find the "CGI
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specification"?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#fastcgi">Why isn't FastCGI included with Apache any
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more?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#ssi-part-i">How do I enable SSI (parsed HTML)?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#ssi-part-ii">Why don't my parsed files get cached?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#ssi-part-iii">How can I have my script output parsed?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#ssi-part-iv">SSIs don't work for VirtualHosts and/or
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user home directories</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#errordocssi">How can I use <CODE>ErrorDocument</CODE>
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and SSI to simplify customized error messages?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#remote-user-var">Why is the environment variable
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<SAMP>REMOTE_USER</SAMP> not set?</A>
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</LI>
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<LI><A HREF="#user-cgi">How do I allow each of my user directories
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to have a cgi-bin directory?</A>
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</LI>
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</OL>
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</LI>
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<!--#endif -->
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<!--#if expr="$STANDALONE" -->
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</OL>
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<HR>
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<H2>The Answers</H2>
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<!--#endif -->
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<!--#if expr="! $TOC" -->
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<H3>F. Dynamic Content (CGI and SSI)</H3>
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<OL>
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<LI><A NAME="CGIoutsideScriptAlias">
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<STRONG>How do I enable CGI execution in directories other than
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the ScriptAlias?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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Apache recognizes all files in a directory named as a
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias"><SAMP>ScriptAlias</SAMP></A>
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as being eligible for execution rather than processing as normal
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documents. This applies regardless of the file name, so scripts in a
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ScriptAlias directory don't need to be named
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"<SAMP>*.cgi</SAMP>" or "<SAMP>*.pl</SAMP>" or
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whatever. In other words, <EM>all</EM> files in a ScriptAlias
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directory are scripts, as far as Apache is concerned.
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</P>
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<P>
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To persuade Apache to execute scripts in other locations, such as in
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directories where normal documents may also live, you must tell it how
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to recognize them - and also that it's okay to execute them. For
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this, you need to use something like the
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler"><SAMP>AddHandler</SAMP></A>
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directive.
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</P>
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<P>
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<OL>
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<LI>In an appropriate section of your server configuration files, add
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a line such as
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<P>
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<DL>
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<DD><CODE>AddHandler cgi-script cgi</CODE>
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The server will then recognize that all files in that location (and
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its logical descendants) that end in "<SAMP>.cgi</SAMP>"
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are script files, not documents.
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</P>
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</LI>
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<LI>Make sure that the directory location is covered by an
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<A HREF="../mod/core.html#options"><SAMP>Options</SAMP></A>
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declaration that includes the <SAMP>ExecCGI</SAMP> option.
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</LI>
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</OL>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In some situations, you might not want to actually
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allow all files named "<SAMP>*.cgi</SAMP>" to be executable.
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Perhaps all you want is to enable a particular file in a normal directory to
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be executable. This can be alternatively accomplished
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<EM>via</EM> <A HREF="../mod/mod_rewrite.html"><SAMP>mod_rewrite</SAMP></A>
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and the following steps:
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</P>
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<P>
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<OL>
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<LI>Locally add to the corresponding <SAMP>.htaccess</SAMP> file a ruleset
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similar to this one:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<DD><CODE>RewriteEngine on
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<BR>
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RewriteBase /~foo/bar/
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<BR>
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RewriteRule ^quux\.cgi$ - [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]</CODE>
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<P></P>
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</LI>
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<LI>Make sure that the directory location is covered by an
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<A HREF="../mod/core.html#options"><SAMP>Options</SAMP></A>
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declaration that includes the <SAMP>ExecCGI</SAMP> and
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<SAMP>FollowSymLinks</SAMP> option.
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</LI>
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</OL>
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<P></P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="premature-script-headers">
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<STRONG>What does it mean when my CGIs fail with
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"<SAMP>Premature end of script headers</SAMP>"?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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It means just what it says: the server was expecting a complete set of
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HTTP headers (one or more followed by a blank line), and didn't get
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them.
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</P>
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<P>
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The most common cause of this problem is the script dying before
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sending the complete set of headers, or possibly any at all, to the
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server. To see if this is the case, try running the script standalone
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from an interactive session, rather than as a script under the server.
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If you get error messages, this is almost certainly the cause of the
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"premature end of script headers" message. Even if the CGI
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runs fine from the command line, remember that the environment and
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permissions may be different when running under the web server. The
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CGI can only access resources allowed for the <A
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HREF="../mod/core.html#user"><CODE>User</CODE></A> and
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<A HREF="../mod/core.html#group"><CODE>Group</CODE></A> specified in
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your Apache configuration. In addition, the environment will not be
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the same as the one provided on the command line, but it can be
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adjusted using the directives provided by <A
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HREF="../mod/mod_env.html">mod_env</A>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The second most common cause of this (aside from people not
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outputting the required headers at all) is a result of an interaction
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with Perl's output buffering. To make Perl flush its buffers
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after each output statement, insert the following statements around
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the <CODE>print</CODE> or <CODE>write</CODE> statements that send your
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HTTP headers:
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</P>
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<P>
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<DL>
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<DD><CODE>{<BR>
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local ($oldbar) = $|;<BR>
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$cfh = select (STDOUT);<BR>
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$| = 1;<BR>
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#<BR>
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# print your HTTP headers here<BR>
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#<BR>
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$| = $oldbar;<BR>
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select ($cfh);<BR>
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}</CODE>
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This is generally only necessary when you are calling external
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programs from your script that send output to stdout, or if there will
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be a long delay between the time the headers are sent and the actual
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content starts being emitted. To maximize performance, you should
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turn buffer-flushing back <EM>off</EM> (with <CODE>$| = 0</CODE> or the
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equivalent) after the statements that send the headers, as displayed
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above.
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</P>
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<P>
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If your script isn't written in Perl, do the equivalent thing for
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whatever language you <EM>are</EM> using (<EM>e.g.</EM>, for C, call
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<CODE>fflush()</CODE> after writing the headers).
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</P>
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<P>
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Another cause for the "premature end of script headers"
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message are the RLimitCPU and RLimitMEM directives. You may
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get the message if the CGI script was killed due to a
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resource limit.
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</P>
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<P>
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In addition, a configuration problem in <A
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HREF="../suexec.html">suEXEC</A>, mod_perl, or another third party
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module can often interfere with the execution of your CGI and cause
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the "premature end of script headers" message.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="POSTnotallowed">
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<STRONG>Why do I keep getting "Method Not Allowed" for
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form POST requests?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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This is almost always due to Apache not being configured to treat the
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file you are trying to POST to as a CGI script. You can not POST
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to a normal HTML file; the operation has no meaning. See the FAQ
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entry on <A HREF="#CGIoutsideScriptAlias">CGIs outside ScriptAliased
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directories</A> for details on how to configure Apache to treat the
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file in question as a CGI.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="nph-scripts">
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<STRONG>How can I get my script's output without Apache buffering
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it? Why doesn't my server push work?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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As of Apache 1.3, CGI scripts are essentially not buffered. Every time
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your script does a "flush" to output data, that data gets relayed on to
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the client. Some scripting languages, for example Perl, have their own
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buffering for output - this can be disabled by setting the <CODE>$|</CODE>
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special variable to 1. Of course this does increase the overall number
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of packets being transmitted, which can result in a sense of slowness for
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the end user.
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</P>
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<P>Prior to 1.3, you needed to use "nph-" scripts to accomplish
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non-buffering. Today, the only difference between nph scripts and
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normal scripts is that nph scripts require the full HTTP headers to
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be sent.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="cgi-spec">
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<STRONG>Where can I find the "CGI specification"?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) specification can be found at
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the original NCSA site
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<<A HREF="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html">
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<SAMP>http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html</SAMP></A>>.
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This version hasn't been updated since 1995, and there have been
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some efforts to update it.
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</P>
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<P>
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A new draft is being worked on with the intent of making it an informational
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RFC; you can find out more about this project at
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<<A HREF="http://web.golux.com/coar/cgi/"
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><SAMP>http://web.golux.com/coar/cgi/</SAMP></A>>.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="fastcgi">
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<STRONG>Why isn't FastCGI included with Apache any more?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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The simple answer is that it was becoming too difficult to keep the
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version being included with Apache synchronized with the master copy
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at the
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<A HREF="http://www.fastcgi.com/"
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>FastCGI web site</A>. When a new version of Apache was released, the
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version of the FastCGI module included with it would soon be out of date.
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</P>
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<P>
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You can still obtain the FastCGI module for Apache from the master
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FastCGI web site.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
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<LI><A NAME="ssi-part-i">
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<STRONG>How do I enable SSI (parsed HTML)?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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SSI (an acronym for Server-Side Include) directives allow static HTML
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documents to be enhanced at run-time (<EM>e.g.</EM>, when delivered to
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a client by Apache). The format of SSI directives is covered
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in the <A HREF="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include manual</A>;
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suffice it to say that Apache supports not only SSI but
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xSSI (eXtended SSI) directives.
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</P>
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<P>
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Processing a document at run-time is called <EM>parsing</EM> it;
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hence the term "parsed HTML" sometimes used for documents
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that contain SSI instructions. Parsing tends to be
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resource-consumptive compared to serving static files, and is not
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enabled by default. It can also interfere with the cachability of
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your documents, which can put a further load on your server. (See
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the <A HREF="#ssi-part-ii">next question</A> for more information
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about this.)
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</P>
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<P>
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To enable SSI processing, you need to
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</P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Build your server with the
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_include.html"><SAMP>mod_include</SAMP></A>
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module. This is normally compiled in by default.
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</LI>
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<LI>Make sure your server configuration files have an
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<A HREF="../mod/core.html#options"><SAMP>Options</SAMP></A>
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directive which permits <SAMP>Includes</SAMP>.
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</LI>
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<LI>Make sure that the directory where you want the SSI documents to
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live is covered by the "server-parsed" content handler,
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either explicitly or in some ancestral location. That can be done
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with the following
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler"><SAMP>AddHandler</SAMP></A>
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directive:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<DD><CODE>AddHandler server-parsed .shtml</CODE>
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This indicates that all files ending in ".shtml" in that
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location (or its descendants) should be parsed. Note that using
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".html" will cause all normal HTML files to be parsed,
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which may put an inordinate load on your server.
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</P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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For additional information, see the <CITE>Apache Week</CITE> article on
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<A HREF="http://www.apacheweek.com/features/ssi" REL="Help"
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><CITE>Using Server Side Includes</CITE></A>.
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</P>
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<HR>
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|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="ssi-part-ii">
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<STRONG>Why don't my parsed files get cached?</STRONG>
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</A>
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<P>
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Since the server is performing run-time processing of your SSI
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directives, which may change the content shipped to the client, it
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can't know at the time it starts parsing what the final size of the
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result will be, or whether the parsed result will always be the same.
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This means that it can't generate <SAMP>Content-Length</SAMP> or
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<SAMP>Last-Modified</SAMP> headers. Caches commonly work by comparing
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the <SAMP>Last-Modified</SAMP> of what's in the cache with that being
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delivered by the server. Since the server isn't sending that header
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for a parsed document, whatever's doing the caching can't tell whether
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the document has changed or not - and so fetches it again to be on the
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safe side.
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</P>
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<P>
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You can work around this in some cases by causing an
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<SAMP>Expires</SAMP> header to be generated. (See the
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_expires.html" REL="Help"><SAMP>mod_expires</SAMP></A>
|
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documentation for more details.) Another possibility is to use the
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<A HREF="../mod/mod_include.html#xbithack" REL="Help"
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><SAMP>XBitHack Full</SAMP></A>
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mechanism, which tells Apache to send (under certain circumstances
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detailed in the XBitHack directive description) a
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<SAMP>Last-Modified</SAMP> header based upon the last modification
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time of the file being parsed. Note that this may actually be lying
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to the client if the parsed file doesn't change but the SSI-inserted
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content does; if the included content changes often, this can result
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in stale copies being cached.
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</P>
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<HR>
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</LI>
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="ssi-part-iii">
|
|
<STRONG>How can I have my script output parsed?</STRONG>
|
|
</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
So you want to include SSI directives in the output from your CGI
|
|
script, but can't figure out how to do it?
|
|
The short answer is "you can't." This is potentially
|
|
a security liability and, more importantly, it can not be cleanly
|
|
implemented under the current server API. The best workaround
|
|
is for your script itself to do what the SSIs would be doing.
|
|
After all, it's generating the rest of the content.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This is a feature The Apache Group hopes to add in the next major
|
|
release after 1.3.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="ssi-part-iv">
|
|
<STRONG>SSIs don't work for VirtualHosts and/or
|
|
user home directories.</STRONG>
|
|
</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This is almost always due to having some setting in your config file that
|
|
sets "Options Includes" or some other setting for your DocumentRoot
|
|
but not for other directories. If you set it inside a Directory
|
|
section, then that setting will only apply to that directory.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="errordocssi">
|
|
<STRONG>How can I use <CODE>ErrorDocument</CODE>
|
|
and SSI to simplify customized error messages?</STRONG>
|
|
</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Have a look at <A HREF="custom_errordocs.html">this document</A>.
|
|
It shows in example form how you can a combination of XSSI and
|
|
negotiation to tailor a set of <CODE>ErrorDocument</CODE>s to your
|
|
personal taste, and returning different internationalized error
|
|
responses based on the client's native language.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="remote-user-var">
|
|
<STRONG>Why is the environment variable
|
|
<SAMP>REMOTE_USER</SAMP> not set?</STRONG>
|
|
</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This variable is set and thus available in SSI or CGI scripts <STRONG>if and
|
|
only if</STRONG> the requested document was protected by access
|
|
authentication. For an explanation on how to implement these restrictions,
|
|
see
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.apacheweek.com/"><CITE>Apache Week</CITE></A>'s
|
|
articles on
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.apacheweek.com/features/userauth"
|
|
><CITE>Using User Authentication</CITE></A>
|
|
or
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.apacheweek.com/features/dbmauth"
|
|
><CITE>DBM User Authentication</CITE></A>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hint: When using a CGI script to receive the data of a HTML <SAMP>FORM</SAMP>
|
|
notice that protecting the document containing the <SAMP>FORM</SAMP> is not
|
|
sufficient to provide <SAMP>REMOTE_USER</SAMP> to the CGI script. You have
|
|
to protect the CGI script, too. Or alternatively only the CGI script (then
|
|
authentication happens only after filling out the form).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="user-cgi"><STRONG>How do I allow each of my user directories
|
|
to have a cgi-bin directory?</STRONG></A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Remember that CGI execution does not need to be restricted only to
|
|
cgi-bin directories. You can <A HREF="#CGIoutsideScriptAlias">allow
|
|
CGI script execution in arbitrary parts of your filesystem</A>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
There are many ways to give each user directory a cgi-bin directory
|
|
such that anything requested as
|
|
<SAMP>http://example.com/~user/cgi-bin/program</SAMP> will be
|
|
executed as a CGI script.
|
|
Two alternatives are:
|
|
<OL>
|
|
<LI>Place the cgi-bin directory next to the public_html directory:
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DD><CODE>ScriptAliasMatch ^/~([^/]*)/cgi-bin/(.*) /home/$1/cgi-bin/$2</CODE>
|
|
</DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
</P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>Place the cgi-bin directory underneath the public_html directory:
|
|
<P></p>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DD><CODE><Directory /home/*/public_html/cgi-bin><BR>
|
|
Options ExecCGI<BR>
|
|
SetHandler cgi-script<BR>
|
|
</Directory></CODE>
|
|
</DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<p></P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</OL>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
<!--#endif -->
|
|
<!--#if expr="$STANDALONE" -->
|
|
<!-- Don't forget to add HR tags at the end of each list item.. -->
|
|
|
|
<!--#include virtual="footer.html" -->
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|
|
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