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479 lines
22 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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-->
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<title>Using RewriteMap - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
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<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
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<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
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<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.js" type="text/javascript">
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</script>
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<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
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<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
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<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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<div id="path">
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Using RewriteMap</h1>
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<div class="toplang">
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewritemap.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
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</div>
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<p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
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<a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes
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the use of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive,
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and provides examples of each of the various <code>RewriteMap</code> types.</p>
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<div class="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your
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particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand
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them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your
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configuration.</div>
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</div>
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<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#int">int: Internal Function</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></li>
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<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#summary">Summary</a></li>
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</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li></ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
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<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
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<p>
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The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive
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defines an external function which can be called in the context of
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<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> or
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<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives to
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perform rewriting that is too complicated, or too specialized to be
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performed just by regular expressions. The source of this lookup can
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be any of the types listed in the sections below, and enumerated in
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the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> reference
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documentation.</p>
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<p>The syntax of the <code>RewriteMap</code> directive is as
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follows:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap <em>MapName</em> <em>MapType</em>:<em>MapSource</em></pre>
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<p>The <a id="mapfunc" name="mapfunc"><em>MapName</em></a> is an
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arbitray name that you assign to the map, and which you will use in
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directives later on. Arguments are passed to the map via the
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following syntax:</p>
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<p class="indent">
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<strong>
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<code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code> <em>LookupKey</em>
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<code>}</code> <br /> <code>${</code> <em>MapName</em> <code>:</code>
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<em>LookupKey</em> <code>|</code> <em>DefaultValue</em> <code>}</code>
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</strong>
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</p>
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<p>When such a construct occurs, the map <em>MapName</em> is
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consulted and the key <em>LookupKey</em> is looked-up. If the
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key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by
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<em>SubstValue</em>. If the key is not found then it is
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substituted by <em>DefaultValue</em> or by the empty string
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if no <em>DefaultValue</em> was specified.</p>
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<p>For example, you can define a
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<code class="directive">RewriteMap</code> as:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteMap examplemap txt:/path/to/file/map.txt</pre>
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<p>You would then be able to use this map in a
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<code class="directive">RewriteRule</code> as follows:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule ^/ex/(.*) ${examplemap:$1}</pre>
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<p>A default value can be specified in the event that nothing is found
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in the map:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule ^/ex/(.*) ${examplemap:$1|/not_found.html}</pre>
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<div class="note"><h3>Per-directory and .htaccess context</h3>
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<p>
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The <code>RewriteMap</code> directive may not be used in
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<Directory> sections or <code>.htaccess</code> files. You must
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declare the map in server or virtualhost context. You may use the map,
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once created, in your <code>RewriteRule</code> and
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<code>RewriteCond</code> directives in those scopes. You just can't
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<strong>declare</strong> it in those scopes.
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</p>
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</div>
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<p>The sections that follow describe the various <em>MapType</em>s that
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may be used, and give examples of each.</p>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="int" id="int">int: Internal Function</a></h2>
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<p>When a MapType of <code>int</code> is used, the MapSource is one
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of the available internal RewriteMap functions. Module authors can provide
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additional internal functions by registering them with the
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<code>ap_register_rewrite_mapfunc</code> API.
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The functions that are provided by default are:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>toupper</strong>:<br />
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Converts the key to all upper case.</li>
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<li><strong>tolower</strong>:<br />
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Converts the key to all lower case.</li>
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<li><strong>escape</strong>:<br />
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Translates special characters in the key to
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hex-encodings.</li>
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<li><strong>unescape</strong>:<br />
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Translates hex-encodings in the key back to
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special characters.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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To use one of these functions, create a <code>RewriteMap</code> referencing
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the int function, and then use that in your <code>RewriteRule</code>:
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</p>
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<p> <strong>Redirect a URI to an all-lowercase version of itself</strong></p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap lc int:tolower
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RewriteRule (.*?[A-Z]+.*) ${lc:$1} [R]
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</pre>
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<div class="note">
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<p>Please note that the example offered here is for
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illustration purposes only, and is not a recommendation. If you want
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to make URLs case-insensitive, consider using
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<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> instead.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="txt" id="txt">txt: Plain text maps</a></h2>
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<p>When a MapType of <code>txt</code> is used, the MapSource is a filesystem path to a
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plain-text mapping file, containing space-separated key/value pair
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per line. Optionally, a line may be contain a comment, starting with
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a '#' character.</p>
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<p>A valid text rewrite map file will have the following syntax:</p>
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<div class="example"><p><code>
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# Comment line<br />
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<strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong><br />
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<strong><em>MatchingKey</em> <em>SubstValue</em></strong> # comment<br />
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</code></p></div>
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<p>When the RewriteMap is invoked the argument is looked for in the
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first argument of a line, and, if found, the substitution value is
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returned.</p>
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<p>For example, we can use a mapfile to translate product names to
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product IDs for easier-to-remember URLs, using the following
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recipe:</p>
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<p><strong>Product to ID configuration</strong></p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap product2id txt:/etc/apache2/productmap.txt
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RewriteRule ^/product/(.*) /prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND} [PT]
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</pre>
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<p>We assume here that the <code>prods.php</code> script knows what
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to do when it received an argument of <code>id=NOTFOUND</code> when
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a product is not found in the lookup map.</p>
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<p>The file <code>/etc/apache2/productmap.txt</code> then contains
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the following:</p>
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<div class="example"><h3>Product to ID map</h3><p><code>
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##<br />
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## productmap.txt - Product to ID map file<br />
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##<br />
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<br />
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television 993<br />
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stereo 198<br />
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fishingrod 043<br />
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basketball 418<br />
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telephone 328
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</code></p></div>
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<p>Thus, when <code>http://example.com/product/television</code> is
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requested, the <code>RewriteRule</code> is applied, and the request
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is internally mapped to <code>/prods.php?id=993</code>.</p>
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<div class="note"><h3>Note: .htaccess files</h3>
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The example given is crafted to be used in server or virtualhost
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scope. If you're planning to use this in a <code>.htaccess</code>
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file, you'll need to remove the leading slash from the rewrite
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pattern in order for it to match anything:
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule ^product/(.*) /prods.php?id=${product2id:$1|NOTFOUND} [PT]</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3>
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<p>
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The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code>
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(modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is
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restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called
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by many requests.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="rnd" id="rnd">rnd: Randomized Plain Text</a></h2>
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|
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<p>When a MapType of <code>rnd</code> is used, the MapSource is a
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filesystem path to a plain-text mapping file, each line of which
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contains a key, and one or more values separated by <code>|</code>.
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One of these values will be chosen at random if the key is
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matched.</p>
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<p>For example, you can use the following map
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file and directives to provide a random load balancing between
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several back-end servers, via a reverse-proxy. Images are sent
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to one of the servers in the 'static' pool, while everything
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else is sent to one of the 'dynamic' pool.</p>
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<div class="example"><h3>Rewrite map file</h3><p><code>
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##<br />
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## map.txt -- rewriting map<br />
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##<br />
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<br />
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static www1|www2|www3|www4<br />
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dynamic www5|www6
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</code></p></div>
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<p><strong>Configuration directives</strong></p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap servers rnd:/path/to/file/map.txt
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RewriteRule ^/(.*\.(png|gif|jpg)) http://${servers:static}/$1 [NC,P,L]
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RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://${servers:dynamic}/$1 [P,L]
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</pre>
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<p>So, when an image is requested and the first of these rules is
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matched, <code>RewriteMap</code> looks up the string
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<code>static</code> in the map file, which returns one of the
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specified hostnames at random, which is then used in the
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<code>RewriteRule</code> target.</p>
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<p>If you wanted to have one of the servers more likely to be chosen
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(for example, if one of the server has more memory than the others,
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and so can handle more requests) simply list it more times in the
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map file.</p>
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<div class="example"><p><code>
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static www1|www1|www2|www3|www4
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</code></p></div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="dbm" id="dbm">dbm: DBM Hash File</a></h2>
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|
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<p>When a MapType of <code>dbm</code> is used, the MapSource is a
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filesystem path to a DBM database file containing key/value pairs to
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be used in the mapping. This works exactly the same way as the
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<code>txt</code> map, but is much faster, because a DBM is indexed,
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whereas a text file is not. This allows more rapid access to the
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desired key.</p>
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<p>You may optionally specify a particular dbm type:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap examplemap dbm=sdbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.dbm
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</pre>
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<p>The type can be sdbm, gdbm, ndbm or db.
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However, it is recommended that you just use the <a href="../programs/httxt2dbm.html">httxt2dbm</a> utility that is
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provided with Apache HTTP Server, as it will use the correct DBM library,
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matching the one that was used when httpd itself was built.</p>
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<p>To create a dbm file, first create a text map file as described
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in the <a href="#txt">txt</a> section. Then run
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<code>httxt2dbm</code>:</p>
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<div class="example"><p><code>
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$ httxt2dbm -i mapfile.txt -o mapfile.map
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</code></p></div>
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<p>You can then reference the resulting file in your
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<code>RewriteMap</code> directive:</p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap mapname dbm:/etc/apache/mapfile.map
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</pre>
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<div class="note">
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<p>Note that with some dbm types, more than one file is generated, with
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a common base name. For example, you may have two files named
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<code>mapfile.map.dir</code> and <code>mapfiile.map.pag</code>. This is
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normal, and you need only use the base name <code>mapfile.map</code> in
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your <code>RewriteMap</code> directive.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="note"><h3>Cached lookups</h3>
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<p>
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The looked-up keys are cached by httpd until the <code>mtime</code>
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(modified time) of the mapfile changes, or the httpd server is
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restarted. This ensures better performance on maps that are called
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by many requests.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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<div class="section">
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<h2><a name="prg" id="prg">prg: External Rewriting Program</a></h2>
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<p>When a MapType of <code>prg</code> is used, the MapSource is a
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filesystem path to an executable program which will providing the
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mapping behavior. This can be a compiled binary file, or a program
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in an interpreted language such as Perl or Python.</p>
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<p>This program is started once, when the Apache HTTP Server is
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started, and then communicates with the rewriting engine via
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<code>STDIN</code> and <code>STDOUT</code>. That is, for each map
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function lookup, it expects one argument via <code>STDIN</code>, and
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should return one new-line terminated response string on
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<code>STDOUT</code>. If there is no corresponding lookup value, the
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map program should return the four-character string
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"<code>NULL</code>" to indicate this.</p>
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<p>External rewriting programs are not started if they're defined in
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a context that does not have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriteengine">RewriteEngine</a></code> set to
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<code>on</code>.</p>
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<p>This feature utilizes the <code>rewrite-map</code> mutex,
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which is required for reliable communication with the program.
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The mutex mechanism and lock file can be configured with the
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<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#mutex">Mutex</a></code> directive.</p>
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<p>A simple example is shown here which will replace all dashes with
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underscores in a request URI.</p>
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<p><strong>Rewrite configuration</strong></p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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RewriteMap d2u prg:/www/bin/dash2under.pl<br />
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RewriteRule - ${d2u:%{REQUEST_URI}}
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</pre>
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<p><strong>dash2under.pl</strong></p>
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<pre class="prettyprint lang-perl">
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#!/usr/bin/perl
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$| = 1; # Turn off I/O buffering
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while (<STDIN>) {
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s/-/_/g; # Replace dashes with underscores
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print $_;
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}
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</pre>
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<div class="note"><h3>Caution!</h3>
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<ul>
|
|
<li>Keep your rewrite map program as simple as possible. If the program
|
|
hangs, it will cause httpd to wait indefinitely for a response from the
|
|
map, which will, in turn, cause httpd to stop responding to
|
|
requests.</li>
|
|
<li>Be sure to turn off buffering in your program. In Perl this is done
|
|
by the second line in the example script: <code>$| = 1;</code> This will
|
|
of course vary in other languages. Buffered I/O will cause httpd to wait
|
|
for the output, and so it will hang.</li>
|
|
<li>Remember that there is only one copy of the program, started at
|
|
server startup. All requests will need to go through this one bottleneck.
|
|
This can cause significant slowdowns if many requests must go through
|
|
this process, or if the script itself is very slow.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="dbd" id="dbd">dbd or fastdbd: SQL Query</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>When a MapType of <code>dbd</code> or <code>fastdbd</code> is
|
|
used, the MapSource is a SQL SELECT statement that takes a single
|
|
argument and returns a single value.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> will need to be configured to point at
|
|
the right database for this statement to be executed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are two forms of this MapType.
|
|
Using a MapType of <code>dbd</code> causes the query to be
|
|
executed with each map request, while using <code>fastdbd</code>
|
|
caches the database lookups internally. So, while
|
|
<code>fastdbd</code> is more efficient, and therefore faster, it
|
|
won't pick up on changes to the database until the server is
|
|
restarted.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>If a query returns more than one row, a random row from
|
|
the result set is used.</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
|
|
RewriteMap myquery "fastdbd:SELECT destination FROM rewrite WHERE source = %s"
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="section">
|
|
<h2><a name="summary" id="summary">Summary</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>The <code class="directive">RewriteMap</code> directive can occur more than
|
|
once. For each mapping-function use one
|
|
<code class="directive">RewriteMap</code> directive to declare its rewriting
|
|
mapfile.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>While you cannot <strong>declare</strong> a map in
|
|
per-directory context (<code>.htaccess</code> files or
|
|
<Directory> blocks) it is possible to
|
|
<strong>use</strong> this map in per-directory context. </p>
|
|
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="bottomlang">
|
|
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/rewritemap.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
|
|
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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