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			19 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
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			533 lines
		
	
	
		
			19 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			XML
		
	
	
	
	
	
| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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| <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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| <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
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|         XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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|               This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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|         XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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|       -->
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| <title>Advanced Techniques with mod_rewrite - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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| <link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
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| <link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
 | |
| <link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
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| <script src="../style/scripts/prettify.js" type="text/javascript">
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| </script>
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| 
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| <link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
 | |
| <body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
 | |
| <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
 | |
| <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
 | |
| <img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
 | |
| <div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
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| <div id="path">
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| <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Advanced Techniques with mod_rewrite</h1>
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| <div class="toplang">
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| <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/avoid.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
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| </div>
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| 
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| 
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| <p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
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| <a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It provides
 | |
| a few advanced techniques using mod_rewrite.</p>
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| 
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| <div class="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your
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| particular server configuration, so it's important that you understand
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| them, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your
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| configuration.</div>
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| 
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| </div>
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| <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sharding">URL-based sharding accross multiple backends</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#on-the-fly-content">On-the-fly Content-Regeneration</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#load-balancing">Load Balancing</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#autorefresh">Document With Autorefresh</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#structuredhomedirs">Structured Userdirs</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirectanchors">Redirecting Anchors</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#time-dependent">Time-Dependent Rewriting</a></li>
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| <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#setenvvars">Set Environment Variables Based On URL Parts</a></li>
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| </ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="rewritemap.html">Using RewriteMap</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li></ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
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| <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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| <div class="section">
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| <h2><a name="sharding" id="sharding">URL-based sharding accross multiple backends</a></h2>
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| 
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|   
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| 
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|   <dl>
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|     <dt>Description:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>A common technique for distributing the burden of
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|       server load or storage space is called "sharding".
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|       When using this method, a front-end server will use the
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|       url to consistently "shard" users or objects to separate
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|       backend servers.</p>
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|     </dd>
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| 
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|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>A mapping is maintained, from users to target servers, in
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|       external map files. They look like:</p>
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| 
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| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| user1  physical_host_of_user1<br />
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| user2  physical_host_of_user2<br />
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| :      :
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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|   <p>We put this into a <code>map.users-to-hosts</code> file. The
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|     aim is to map;</p>
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| 
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| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| /u/user1/anypath
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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|   <p>to</p>
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| 
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| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| http://physical_host_of_user1/u/user/anypath
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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|       <p>thus every URL path need not be valid on every backend physical
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|       host. The following ruleset does this for us with the help of the map
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|       files assuming that server0 is a default server which will be used if
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|       a user has no entry in the map:</p>
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| 
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| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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| RewriteEngine on
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| RewriteMap      users-to-hosts   txt:/path/to/map.users-to-hosts
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| RewriteRule   ^/u/([^/]+)/?(.*)   http://${users-to-hosts:$1|server0}/u/$1/$2
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| </pre>
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| 
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|     </dd>
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|   </dl>
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| 
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|   <p>See the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code>
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|   documentation for more discussion of the syntax of this directive.</p>
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| 
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| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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| <div class="section">
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| <h2><a name="on-the-fly-content" id="on-the-fly-content">On-the-fly Content-Regeneration</a></h2>
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| 
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|   
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| 
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|   <dl>
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|     <dt>Description:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>We wish to dynamically generate content, but store it
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|       statically once it is generated. This rule will check for the
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|       existence of the static file, and if it's not there, generate
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|       it. The static files can be removed periodically, if desired (say,
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|       via cron) and will be regenerated on demand.</p>
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|     </dd>
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| 
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|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       This is done via the following ruleset:
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| 
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| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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| # This example is valid in per-directory context only
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| RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}   !-U
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| RewriteRule ^(.+)\.html$          /regenerate_page.cgi   [PT,L]
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| </pre>
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| 
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| 
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|     <p>The <code>-U</code> operator determines whether the test string
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|     (in this case, <code>REQUEST_URI</code>) is a valid URL. It does
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|     this via a subrequest. In the event that this subrequest fails -
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|     that is, the requested resource doesn't exist - this rule invokes
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|     the CGI program <code>/regenerate_page.cgi</code>, which generates
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|     the requested resource and saves it into the document directory, so
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|     that the next time it is requested, a static copy can be served.</p>
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| 
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|     <p>In this way, documents that are infrequently updated can be served in
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|     static form. if documents need to be refreshed, they can be deleted
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|     from the document directory, and they will then be regenerated the
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|     next time they are requested.</p>
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|     </dd>
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|   </dl>
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| 
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| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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| <div class="section">
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| <h2><a name="load-balancing" id="load-balancing">Load Balancing</a></h2>
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| 
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|   
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| 
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|   <dl>
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|     <dt>Description:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>We wish to randomly distribute load across several servers
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|       using mod_rewrite.</p>
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|     </dd>
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| 
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|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>We'll use <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> and a list of servers
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|       to accomplish this.</p>
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| 
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| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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| RewriteEngine on
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| RewriteMap lb rnd:/path/to/serverlist.txt
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| RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://${lb:servers}/$1 [P,L]
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| </pre>
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| 
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| 
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| <p><code>serverlist.txt</code> will contain a list of the servers:</p>
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| 
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| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| ## serverlist.txt<br />
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| <br />
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| servers one.example.com|two.example.com|three.example.com<br />
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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| <p>If you want one particular server to get more of the load than the
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| others, add it more times to the list.</p>
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| 
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|    </dd>
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| 
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|    <dt>Discussion</dt>
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|    <dd>
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| <p>Apache comes with a load-balancing module -
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| <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code> - which is far more flexible and
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| featureful than anything you can cobble together using mod_rewrite.</p>
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|    </dd>
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|   </dl>
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| 
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| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
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| <div class="section">
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| <h2><a name="autorefresh" id="autorefresh">Document With Autorefresh</a></h2>
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| 
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|   
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| 
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| 
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| 
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|   <dl>
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|     <dt>Description:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>Wouldn't it be nice, while creating a complex web page, if
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|       the web browser would automatically refresh the page every
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|       time we save a new version from within our editor?
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|       Impossible?</p>
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|     </dd>
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| 
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|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
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| 
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|     <dd>
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|       <p>No! We just combine the MIME multipart feature, the
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|       web server NPH feature, and the URL manipulation power of
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|       <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>. First, we establish a new
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|       URL feature: Adding just <code>:refresh</code> to any
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|       URL causes the 'page' to be refreshed every time it is
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|       updated on the filesystem.</p>
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| 
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| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
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| RewriteRule   ^(/[uge]/[^/]+/?.*):refresh  /internal/cgi/apache/nph-refresh?f=$1
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| </pre>
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| 
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| 
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|       <p>Now when we reference the URL</p>
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| 
 | |
| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| /u/foo/bar/page.html:refresh
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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|       <p>this leads to the internal invocation of the URL</p>
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| 
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| <div class="example"><p><code>
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| /internal/cgi/apache/nph-refresh?f=/u/foo/bar/page.html
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| </code></p></div>
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| 
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|       <p>The only missing part is the NPH-CGI script. Although
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|       one would usually say "left as an exercise to the reader"
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|       ;-) I will provide this, too.</p>
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| 
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| <pre class="prettyprint lang-perl">
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| #!/sw/bin/perl
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| ##
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| ##  nph-refresh -- NPH/CGI script for auto refreshing pages
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| ##  Copyright (c) 1997 Ralf S. Engelschall, All Rights Reserved.
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| ##
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| $| = 1;
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| 
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| #   split the QUERY_STRING variable
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| @pairs = split( /&/, $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} );
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| foreach $pair (@pairs) {
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|     ( $name, $value ) = split( /=/, $pair );
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|     $name =~ tr/A-Z/a-z/;
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|     $name = 'QS_' . $name;
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|     $value =~ s/%([a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9])/pack("C", hex($1))/eg;
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|     eval "\$$name = \"$value\"";
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| }
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| $QS_s = 1    if ( $QS_s eq '' );
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| $QS_n = 3600 if ( $QS_n eq '' );
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| if ( $QS_f eq '' ) {
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|     print "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\n";
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|     print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
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|     print "<b>ERROR</b>: No file given\n";
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|     exit(0);
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| }
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| if ( !-f $QS_f ) {
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|     print "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\n";
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|     print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
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|     print "<b>ERROR</b>: File $QS_f not found\n";
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|     exit(0);
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| }
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| 
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| sub print_http_headers_multipart_begin {
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|     print "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\n";
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|     $bound = "ThisRandomString12345";
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|     print "Content-type: multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary=$bound\n";
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|     &print_http_headers_multipart_next;
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| }
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| 
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| sub print_http_headers_multipart_next {
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|     print "\n--$bound\n";
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| }
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| 
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| sub print_http_headers_multipart_end {
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|     print "\n--$bound--\n";
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| }
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| 
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| sub displayhtml {
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|     local ($buffer) = @_;
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|     $len = length($buffer);
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|     print "Content-type: text/html\n";
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|     print "Content-length: $len\n\n";
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|     print $buffer;
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| }
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| 
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| sub readfile {
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|     local ($file) = @_;
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|     local ( *FP, $size, $buffer, $bytes );
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|     ( $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $size ) = stat($file);
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|     $size = sprintf( "%d", $size );
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|     open( FP, "<$file" );
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|     $bytes = sysread( FP, $buffer, $size );
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|     close(FP);
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|     return $buffer;
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| }
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| 
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| $buffer = &readfile($QS_f);
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| &print_http_headers_multipart_begin;
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| &displayhtml($buffer);
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| 
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| sub mystat {
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|     local ($file) = $_[0];
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|     local ($time);
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| 
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|     ( $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $x, $mtime ) = stat($file);
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|     return $mtime;
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| }
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| 
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| $mtimeL = &mystat($QS_f);
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| $mtime  = $mtime;
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| for ( $n = 0 ; $n & lt ; $QS_n ; $n++ ) {
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|     while (1) {
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|         $mtime = &mystat($QS_f);
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|         if ( $mtime ne $mtimeL ) {
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|             $mtimeL = $mtime;
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|             sleep(2);
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|             $buffer = &readfile($QS_f);
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|             &print_http_headers_multipart_next;
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|             &displayhtml($buffer);
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|             sleep(5);
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|             $mtimeL = &mystat($QS_f);
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|             last;
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|         }
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|         sleep($QS_s);
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|     }
 | |
| }
 | |
| 
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| &print_http_headers_multipart_end;
 | |
| 
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| exit(0);
 | |
| 
 | |
| ##EOF##
 | |
| </pre>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
|   </dl>
 | |
| 
 | |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | |
| <div class="section">
 | |
| <h2><a name="structuredhomedirs" id="structuredhomedirs">Structured Userdirs</a></h2>
 | |
| 
 | |
|   
 | |
| 
 | |
|   <dl>
 | |
|     <dt>Description:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>Some sites with thousands of users use a
 | |
|       structured homedir layout, <em>i.e.</em> each homedir is in a
 | |
|       subdirectory which begins (for instance) with the first
 | |
|       character of the username. So, <code>/~larry/anypath</code>
 | |
|       is <code>/home/<strong>l</strong>/larry/public_html/anypath</code>
 | |
|       while <code>/~waldo/anypath</code> is
 | |
|       <code>/home/<strong>w</strong>/waldo/public_html/anypath</code>.</p>
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>We use the following ruleset to expand the tilde URLs
 | |
|       into the above layout.</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
 | |
| RewriteEngine on
 | |
| RewriteRule   ^/~(<strong>([a-z])</strong>[a-z0-9]+)(.*)  /home/<strong>$2</strong>/$1/public_html$3
 | |
| </pre>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
|   </dl>
 | |
| 
 | |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | |
| <div class="section">
 | |
| <h2><a name="redirectanchors" id="redirectanchors">Redirecting Anchors</a></h2>
 | |
| 
 | |
|   
 | |
| 
 | |
|   <dl>
 | |
|     <dt>Description:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|     <p>By default, redirecting to an HTML anchor doesn't work,
 | |
|     because mod_rewrite escapes the <code>#</code> character,
 | |
|     turning it into <code>%23</code>. This, in turn, breaks the
 | |
|     redirection.</p>
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>Use the <code>[NE]</code> flag on the
 | |
|       <code>RewriteRule</code>. NE stands for No Escape.
 | |
|       </p>
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dt>Discussion:</dt>
 | |
|     <dd>This technique will of course also work with other
 | |
|     special characters that mod_rewrite, by default, URL-encodes.</dd>
 | |
|   </dl>
 | |
| 
 | |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | |
| <div class="section">
 | |
| <h2><a name="time-dependent" id="time-dependent">Time-Dependent Rewriting</a></h2>
 | |
| 
 | |
|   
 | |
| 
 | |
|   <dl>
 | |
|     <dt>Description:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>We wish to use mod_rewrite to serve different content based on
 | |
|       the time of day.</p>
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>There are a lot of variables named <code>TIME_xxx</code>
 | |
|       for rewrite conditions. In conjunction with the special
 | |
|       lexicographic comparison patterns <code><STRING</code>,
 | |
|       <code>>STRING</code> and <code>=STRING</code> we can
 | |
|       do time-dependent redirects:</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
 | |
| RewriteEngine on
 | |
| RewriteCond   %{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN} >0700
 | |
| RewriteCond   %{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN} <1900
 | |
| RewriteRule   ^foo\.html$             foo.day.html [L]
 | |
| RewriteRule   ^foo\.html$             foo.night.html
 | |
| </pre>
 | |
| 
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <p>This provides the content of <code>foo.day.html</code>
 | |
|       under the URL <code>foo.html</code> from
 | |
|       <code>07:01-18:59</code> and at the remaining time the
 | |
|       contents of <code>foo.night.html</code>.</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <div class="warning"><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code>, intermediate proxies
 | |
|       and browsers may each cache responses and cause the either page to be
 | |
|       shown outside of the time-window configured.
 | |
|       <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_expires.html">mod_expires</a></code> may be used to control this
 | |
|       effect. You are, of course, much better off simply serving the
 | |
|       content dynamically, and customizing it based on the time of day.</div>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
|   </dl>
 | |
| 
 | |
| </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
 | |
| <div class="section">
 | |
| <h2><a name="setenvvars" id="setenvvars">Set Environment Variables Based On URL Parts</a></h2>
 | |
| 
 | |
|   
 | |
| 
 | |
|   <dl>
 | |
|     <dt>Description:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>At time, we want to maintain some kind of status when we
 | |
|       perform a rewrite. For example, you want to make a note that
 | |
|       you've done that rewrite, so that you can check later to see if a
 | |
|       request can via that rewrite. One way to do this is by setting an
 | |
|       environment variable.</p>
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dt>Solution:</dt>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <dd>
 | |
|       <p>Use the [E] flag to set an environment variable.</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
 | |
| RewriteEngine on
 | |
| RewriteRule   ^/horse/(.*)   /pony/$1 [E=<strong>rewritten:1</strong>]
 | |
| </pre>
 | |
| 
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <p>Later in your ruleset you might check for this environment
 | |
|     variable using a RewriteCond:</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
| <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
 | |
| RewriteCond %{ENV:rewritten} =1
 | |
| </pre>
 | |
| 
 | |
| 
 | |
|     <p>Note that environment variables do not survive an external
 | |
|     redirect. You might consider using the [CO] flag to set a
 | |
|     cookie.</p>
 | |
| 
 | |
|     </dd>
 | |
|   </dl>
 | |
| 
 | |
| </div></div>
 | |
| <div class="bottomlang">
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| <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/avoid.html" title="English"> en </a></p>
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