MatrixRTC: Refactor | Introduce a new Encryption manager (used with experimental to device transport) (#4799)

* refactor: New encryption manager BasicEncryptionManager for todevice

fixup: bad do not commit

* fix: ToDevice transport not setting the sent_ts

* test: BasicEncryptionManager add statistics tests

* code review

* feat: Encryption manager just reshare on new joiner

* refactor: Rename BasicEncryptionManger to RTCEncryptionManager

* fixup: RTC experimental todevice should use new encryption mgr

* fixup: use proper logger hierarchy

* fixup: RTC rollout first key asap even if no members to send to

* fixup: RTC add test for first key use

* fixup! emitting outbound key before anyone registered

* fix: quick patch for transport switch, need test

* test: RTC encryption manager, add test for transport switch

* post rebase fix

* Remove bad corepack commit

* review: cleaning, renaming

* review: cleaning and renaming

* stop using root logger in favor of a parent logger

* post merge fix broken test

* remove corepack again

* fix reverted changes after a merge

* review: Properly deprecate getEncryptionKeys

* review: rename ensureMediaKeyDistribution to ensureKeyDistribution

* review: use OutdatedKeyFilter instead of KeyBuffer

spec/unit/matrixrtc/MatrixRTCSession.spec.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import { MatrixRTCSession, MatrixRTCSessionEvent } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/
 import { type EncryptionKeysEventContent } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/types";
 import { secureRandomString } from "../../../src/randomstring";
 import { makeMockEvent, makeMockRoom, makeMockRoomState, membershipTemplate, makeKey } from "./mocks";
+import { RTCEncryptionManager } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/RTCEncryptionManager.ts";
 
 const mockFocus = { type: "mock" };
 
@@ -745,11 +746,27 @@ describe("MatrixRTCSession", () => {
                     expect(sendKeySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
                     // check that we send the key with index 1 even though the send gets delayed when leaving.
                     // this makes sure we do not use an index that is one too old.
-                    expect(sendKeySpy).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.any(String), 1, sess.memberships);
+                    expect(sendKeySpy).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+                        expect.any(String),
+                        1,
+                        sess.memberships.map((m) => ({
+                            userId: m.sender,
+                            deviceId: m.deviceId,
+                            membershipTs: m.createdTs(),
+                        })),
+                    );
                     // fake a condition in which we send another encryption key event.
                     // this could happen do to someone joining the call.
                     (sess as unknown as any).encryptionManager.sendEncryptionKeysEvent();
-                    expect(sendKeySpy).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.any(String), 1, sess.memberships);
+                    expect(sendKeySpy).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+                        expect.any(String),
+                        1,
+                        sess.memberships.map((m) => ({
+                            userId: m.sender,
+                            deviceId: m.deviceId,
+                            membershipTs: m.createdTs(),
+                        })),
+                    );
                     jest.advanceTimersByTime(7000);
 
                     const secondKeysPayload = await keysSentPromise2;
@@ -862,10 +879,14 @@ describe("MatrixRTCSession", () => {
                         manageMediaKeys: true,
                         useExperimentalToDeviceTransport: true,
                     });
+                    sess.onRTCSessionMemberUpdate();
 
                     await keySentPromise;
 
                     expect(sendToDeviceMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+                    // Access private to test
+                    expect(sess["encryptionManager"]).toBeInstanceOf(RTCEncryptionManager);
                 } finally {
                     jest.useRealTimers();
                 }

spec/unit/matrixrtc/OutdatedKeyFilter.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+import { OutdatedKeyFilter } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/utils.ts";
+import { type InboundEncryptionSession } from "../../../src/matrixrtc";
+
+describe("OutdatedKeyFilter Test", () => {
+    it("Should buffer and disambiguate keys by timestamp", () => {
+        const filter = new OutdatedKeyFilter();
+
+        const aKey = fakeInboundSessionWithTimestamp(1000);
+        const olderKey = fakeInboundSessionWithTimestamp(300);
+        // Simulate receiving out of order keys
+
+        expect(filter.isOutdated(aKey.participantId, aKey)).toBe(false);
+        // Then we receive the most recent key out of order
+        const isOutdated = filter.isOutdated(aKey.participantId, olderKey);
+        // this key is older and should be ignored even if received after
+        expect(isOutdated).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    function fakeInboundSessionWithTimestamp(ts: number): InboundEncryptionSession {
+        return {
+            keyIndex: 0,
+            creationTS: ts,
+            participantId: "@alice:localhost|ABCDE",
+            key: new Uint8Array(16),
+        };
+    }
+});

spec/unit/matrixrtc/RTCEncrytionManager.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+import { type Mocked } from "jest-mock";
+
+import { RTCEncryptionManager } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/RTCEncryptionManager.ts";
+import { type CallMembership, type Statistics } from "../../../src/matrixrtc";
+import { type ToDeviceKeyTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/ToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
+import { KeyTransportEvents, type KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/IKeyTransport.ts";
+import { membershipTemplate, mockCallMembership } from "./mocks.ts";
+import { decodeBase64, TypedEventEmitter } from "../../../src";
+import { RoomAndToDeviceTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/RoomAndToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
+import { type RoomKeyTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/RoomKeyTransport.ts";
+import type { Logger } from "../../../src/logger.ts";
+
+describe("RTCEncryptionManager", () => {
+    // The manager being tested
+    let encryptionManager: RTCEncryptionManager;
+    let getMembershipMock: jest.Mock;
+    let mockTransport: Mocked<ToDeviceKeyTransport>;
+    let statistics: Statistics;
+    let onEncryptionKeysChanged: jest.Mock;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        statistics = {
+            counters: {
+                roomEventEncryptionKeysSent: 0,
+                roomEventEncryptionKeysReceived: 0,
+            },
+            totals: {
+                roomEventEncryptionKeysReceivedTotalAge: 0,
+            },
+        };
+        getMembershipMock = jest.fn().mockReturnValue([]);
+        onEncryptionKeysChanged = jest.fn();
+        mockTransport = {
+            start: jest.fn(),
+            stop: jest.fn(),
+            sendKey: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            on: jest.fn(),
+            off: jest.fn(),
+        } as unknown as Mocked<ToDeviceKeyTransport>;
+
+        encryptionManager = new RTCEncryptionManager(
+            "@alice:example.org",
+            "DEVICE01",
+            getMembershipMock,
+            mockTransport,
+            statistics,
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged,
+        );
+    });
+
+    it("should start and stop the transport properly", () => {
+        encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+
+        expect(mockTransport.start).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(mockTransport.on).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(mockTransport.on).toHaveBeenCalledWith(KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys, expect.any(Function));
+        encryptionManager.leave();
+        expect(mockTransport.stop).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(mockTransport.off).toHaveBeenCalledWith(KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys, expect.any(Function));
+    });
+
+    describe("Sharing Keys", () => {
+        it("Set up my key asap even if no key distribution is needed", () => {
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue([]);
+
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            // After join it is too early, key might be lost as no one is listening yet
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+            // The key should have been rolled out immediately
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalled();
+        });
+
+        it("Should distribute keys to members on join", async () => {
+            const members = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+                aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It is the first key
+                0,
+                members.map((m) => ({ userId: m.sender, deviceId: m.deviceId, membershipTs: m.createdTs() })),
+            );
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+            // The key should have been rolled out immediately
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalled();
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(Uint8Array<ArrayBufferLike>),
+                0,
+                "@alice:example.org:DEVICE01",
+            );
+        });
+
+        it("Should re-distribute keys to members whom callMemberhsip ts has changed", async () => {
+            let members = [aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE", 1000)];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It is the first key
+                0,
+                [
+                    {
+                        userId: "@bob:example.org",
+                        deviceId: "BOBDEVICE",
+                        membershipTs: 1000,
+                    },
+                ],
+            );
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+            // The key should have been rolled out immediately
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+            mockTransport.sendKey.mockClear();
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged.mockClear();
+
+            members = [aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE", 2000)];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            // There are no membership change but the callMembership ts has changed (reset?)
+            // Resend the key
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // Re send the same key to that user
+                0,
+                [
+                    {
+                        userId: "@bob:example.org",
+                        deviceId: "BOBDEVICE",
+                        membershipTs: 2000,
+                    },
+                ],
+            );
+        });
+
+        it("Should not rotate key when a user join", async () => {
+            jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+            const members = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            // initial rollout
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It is the first key
+                0,
+                members.map((m) => ({ userId: m.sender, deviceId: m.deviceId, membershipTs: m.createdTs() })),
+            );
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged.mockClear();
+            mockTransport.sendKey.mockClear();
+
+            const updatedMembers = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+                aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(updatedMembers);
+
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(updatedMembers);
+
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It should not have incremented the key index
+                0,
+                // And send it to the newly joined only
+                [{ userId: "@carl:example.org", deviceId: "CARLDEVICE", membershipTs: 1000 }],
+            );
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+
+            expect(statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysSent).toBe(2);
+        });
+
+        it("Should not resend keys when no changes", async () => {
+            jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+            const members = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            // initial rollout
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+            await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged.mockClear();
+            mockTransport.sendKey.mockClear();
+
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(50);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        });
+
+        it("Should rotate key when a user leaves and delay the rollout", async () => {
+            jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+            const members = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+                aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It is the first key
+                0,
+                members.map((m) => ({ userId: m.sender, deviceId: m.deviceId, membershipTs: m.createdTs() })),
+            );
+            // initial rollout
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalled();
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged.mockClear();
+
+            const updatedMembers = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(updatedMembers);
+
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(updatedMembers);
+
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
+            // The is rotated but not rolled out yet to give time for the key to be sent
+            expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(String),
+                // It should have incremented the key index
+                1,
+                // And send it to the updated members
+                updatedMembers.map((m) => ({ userId: m.sender, deviceId: m.deviceId, membershipTs: m.createdTs() })),
+            );
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
+
+            // now should be rolled out
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                expect.any(Uint8Array<ArrayBufferLike>),
+                1,
+                "@alice:example.org:DEVICE01",
+            );
+
+            expect(statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysSent).toBe(2);
+        });
+    });
+
+    describe("Receiving Keys", () => {
+        beforeEach(() => {
+            const emitter = new TypedEventEmitter<KeyTransportEvents, KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap>();
+            mockTransport = {
+                start: jest.fn(),
+                stop: jest.fn(),
+                sendKey: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+                on: emitter.on.bind(emitter),
+                off: emitter.off.bind(emitter),
+                emit: emitter.emit.bind(emitter),
+            } as unknown as Mocked<ToDeviceKeyTransport>;
+            encryptionManager = new RTCEncryptionManager(
+                "@alice:example.org",
+                "DEVICE01",
+                getMembershipMock,
+                mockTransport,
+                statistics,
+                onEncryptionKeysChanged,
+            );
+        });
+
+        it("should accept keys from transport", async () => {
+            jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+            const members = [
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+                aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+                aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+            ];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+            mockTransport.emit(
+                KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+                "@bob:example.org",
+                "BOBDEVICE",
+                "AAAAAAAAAAA",
+                0 /* KeyId */,
+                0 /* Timestamp */,
+            );
+            mockTransport.emit(
+                KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+                "@bob:example.org",
+                "BOBDEVICE2",
+                "BBBBBBBBBBB",
+                4 /* KeyId */,
+                0 /* Timestamp */,
+            );
+            mockTransport.emit(
+                KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+                "@carl:example.org",
+                "CARLDEVICE",
+                "CCCCCCCCCC",
+                8 /* KeyId */,
+                0 /* Timestamp */,
+            );
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                decodeBase64("AAAAAAAAAAA"),
+                0,
+                "@bob:example.org:BOBDEVICE",
+            );
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                decodeBase64("BBBBBBBBBBB"),
+                4,
+                "@bob:example.org:BOBDEVICE2",
+            );
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                decodeBase64("CCCCCCCCCC"),
+                8,
+                "@carl:example.org:CARLDEVICE",
+            );
+
+            expect(statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysReceived).toBe(3);
+        });
+
+        it("Should support quick re-joiner if keys received out of order", async () => {
+            jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+            const members = [aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE")];
+            getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+            // Let's join
+            encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+            // Simulate Carl leaving then joining back, and key received out of order
+            const initialKey0TimeStamp = 1000;
+            const newKey0TimeStamp = 2000;
+
+            mockTransport.emit(
+                KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+                "@carol:example.org",
+                "CAROLDEVICE",
+                "BBBBBBBBBBB",
+                0 /* KeyId */,
+                newKey0TimeStamp,
+            );
+
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(20);
+
+            mockTransport.emit(
+                KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+                "@carol:example.org",
+                "CAROLDEVICE",
+                "AAAAAAAAAAA",
+                0 /* KeyId */,
+                initialKey0TimeStamp,
+            );
+
+            await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(20);
+
+            // The latest key used for carol should be the one with the latest timestamp
+
+            expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+                decodeBase64("BBBBBBBBBBB"),
+                0,
+                "@carol:example.org:CAROLDEVICE",
+            );
+        });
+    });
+
+    it("Should only rotate once again if several membership changes during a rollout", async () => {
+        jest.useFakeTimers();
+
+        let members = [
+            aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+            aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+            aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+        ];
+        getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+        // Let's join
+        encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+        encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+        // The initial rollout
+        expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+            expect.any(Uint8Array<ArrayBufferLike>),
+            0,
+            "@alice:example.org:DEVICE01",
+        );
+        onEncryptionKeysChanged.mockClear();
+
+        // Trigger a key rotation with a leaver
+        members = [aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"), aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2")];
+        getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+        // This should start a new key rollout
+        encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+        // Now simulate a new leaver
+        members = [aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE")];
+        getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+        // The key `1` rollout is in progress
+        encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(members);
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+        // And another one ( plus a joiner)
+        const lastMembership = [aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE3")];
+        getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(lastMembership);
+        // The key `1` rollout is still in progress
+        encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate(lastMembership);
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+        // Let all rollouts finish
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(2000);
+
+        // There should 2 rollout. The `1` rollout, then just one additional one
+        // that has "buffered" the 2 membership changes with leavers
+        expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+        expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+            expect.any(Uint8Array<ArrayBufferLike>),
+            1,
+            "@alice:example.org:DEVICE01",
+        );
+        expect(onEncryptionKeysChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+            expect.any(Uint8Array<ArrayBufferLike>),
+            2,
+            "@alice:example.org:DEVICE01",
+        );
+
+        // Key `2` should only be distributed to the last membership
+        expect(mockTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+            expect.any(String),
+            2,
+            // And send only to the last membership
+            [
+                {
+                    userId: "@bob:example.org",
+                    deviceId: "BOBDEVICE3",
+                    membershipTs: 1000,
+                },
+            ],
+        );
+    });
+
+    it("Should re-distribute key on transport switch", async () => {
+        const toDeviceEmitter = new TypedEventEmitter<KeyTransportEvents, KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap>();
+        const mockToDeviceTransport = {
+            start: jest.fn(),
+            stop: jest.fn(),
+            sendKey: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            on: toDeviceEmitter.on.bind(toDeviceEmitter),
+            off: toDeviceEmitter.off.bind(toDeviceEmitter),
+            emit: toDeviceEmitter.emit.bind(toDeviceEmitter),
+            setParentLogger: jest.fn(),
+        } as unknown as Mocked<ToDeviceKeyTransport>;
+
+        const roomEmitter = new TypedEventEmitter<KeyTransportEvents, KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap>();
+        const mockRoomTransport = {
+            start: jest.fn(),
+            stop: jest.fn(),
+            sendKey: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            on: roomEmitter.on.bind(roomEmitter),
+            off: roomEmitter.off.bind(roomEmitter),
+            emit: roomEmitter.emit.bind(roomEmitter),
+            setParentLogger: jest.fn(),
+        } as unknown as Mocked<RoomKeyTransport>;
+
+        const mockLogger = {
+            debug: jest.fn(),
+            warn: jest.fn(),
+        } as unknown as Mocked<Logger>;
+
+        const transport = new RoomAndToDeviceTransport(mockToDeviceTransport, mockRoomTransport, {
+            getChild: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(mockLogger),
+        } as unknown as Mocked<Logger>);
+
+        encryptionManager = new RTCEncryptionManager(
+            "@alice:example.org",
+            "DEVICE01",
+            getMembershipMock,
+            transport,
+            statistics,
+            onEncryptionKeysChanged,
+        );
+
+        const members = [
+            aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE"),
+            aCallMembership("@bob:example.org", "BOBDEVICE2"),
+            aCallMembership("@carl:example.org", "CARLDEVICE"),
+        ];
+        getMembershipMock.mockReturnValue(members);
+
+        // Let's join
+        encryptionManager.join(undefined);
+        encryptionManager.onMembershipsUpdate([]);
+        await jest.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+
+        // Should have sent the key to the toDevice transport
+        expect(mockToDeviceTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(mockRoomTransport.sendKey).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+        // Simulate receiving a key by room transport
+        roomEmitter.emit(
+            KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys,
+            "@bob:example.org",
+            "BOBDEVICE",
+            "AAAAAAAAAAA",
+            0 /* KeyId */,
+            0 /* Timestamp */,
+        );
+
+        await jest.runOnlyPendingTimersAsync();
+
+        // The key should have beed re-distributed to the room transport
+        expect(mockRoomTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(mockToDeviceTransport.sendKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+            expect.any(String),
+            // It is the first key re-distributed
+            0,
+            // to all the members
+            members.map((m) => ({ userId: m.sender, deviceId: m.deviceId, membershipTs: m.createdTs() })),
+        );
+    });
+
+    function aCallMembership(userId: string, deviceId: string, ts: number = 1000): CallMembership {
+        return mockCallMembership(
+            Object.assign({}, membershipTemplate, { device_id: deviceId, created_ts: ts }),
+            "!room:id",
+            userId,
+        );
+    }
+});

spec/unit/matrixrtc/RoomAndToDeviceTransport.spec.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ limitations under the License.
 
 import { type Mocked } from "jest-mock";
 
-import { makeKey, makeMockEvent, makeMockRoom, membershipTemplate, mockCallMembership } from "./mocks";
+import { makeKey, makeMockEvent, makeMockRoom } from "./mocks";
 import { EventType, type IRoomTimelineData, type Room, RoomEvent, type MatrixClient } from "../../../src";
 import { ToDeviceKeyTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/ToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
 import {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import {
     mockClientMethodsEvents,
     mockClientMethodsUser,
 } from "../../test-utils/client.ts";
-import { type Statistics } from "../../../src/matrixrtc";
+import { type ParticipantDeviceInfo, type Statistics } from "../../../src/matrixrtc";
 import { KeyTransportEvents } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/IKeyTransport.ts";
 import { type Logger } from "../../../src/logger.ts";
 import { RoomAndToDeviceEvents, RoomAndToDeviceTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/RoomAndToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ describe("RoomAndToDeviceTransport", () => {
     });
     it("only sends to device keys when sending a key", async () => {
         transport.start();
-        await transport.sendKey("1235", 0, [mockCallMembership(membershipTemplate, roomId, "@alice:example.org")]);
+        await transport.sendKey("1235", 0, [
+            { userId: "@alice:example.org", deviceId: "ALICEDEVICE", membershipTs: 1234 },
+        ]);
         expect(toDeviceSendKeySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
         expect(roomSendKeySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(0);
         expect(transport.enabled.room).toBeFalsy();
@@ -118,7 +120,9 @@ describe("RoomAndToDeviceTransport", () => {
         expect(transport.enabled.room).toBeTruthy();
         expect(transport.enabled.toDevice).toBeFalsy();
 
-        await transport.sendKey("1235", 0, [mockCallMembership(membershipTemplate, roomId, "@alice:example.org")]);
+        await transport.sendKey("1235", 0, [
+            { userId: "@alice:example.org", deviceId: "AlICEDEV", membershipTs: 1234 },
+        ]);
         expect(sendEventMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
         expect(roomSendKeySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
         expect(toDeviceSendKeySpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(0);
@@ -132,7 +136,11 @@ describe("RoomAndToDeviceTransport", () => {
         });
 
         transport.start();
-        const membership = mockCallMembership(membershipTemplate, roomId, "@alice:example.org");
+        const membership: ParticipantDeviceInfo = {
+            userId: "@alice:example.org",
+            deviceId: "ALICEDEVICE",
+            membershipTs: 1234,
+        };
         const onTransportEnabled = jest.fn();
         transport.on(RoomAndToDeviceEvents.EnabledTransportsChanged, onTransportEnabled);
 

spec/unit/matrixrtc/ToDeviceKeyTransport.spec.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ limitations under the License.
 
 import { type Mocked } from "jest-mock";
 
-import { makeMockEvent, membershipTemplate, mockCallMembership } from "./mocks";
+import { makeMockEvent } from "./mocks";
 import { ClientEvent, EventType, type MatrixClient } from "../../../src";
 import { ToDeviceKeyTransport } from "../../../src/matrixrtc/ToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
 import { getMockClientWithEventEmitter } from "../../test-utils/client.ts";
@@ -61,21 +61,9 @@ describe("ToDeviceKeyTransport", () => {
         const keyBase64Encoded = "ABCDEDF";
         const keyIndex = 2;
         await transport.sendKey(keyBase64Encoded, keyIndex, [
-            mockCallMembership(
-                Object.assign({}, membershipTemplate, { device_id: "BOBDEVICE" }),
-                roomId,
-                "@bob:example.org",
-            ),
-            mockCallMembership(
-                Object.assign({}, membershipTemplate, { device_id: "CARLDEVICE" }),
-                roomId,
-                "@carl:example.org",
-            ),
-            mockCallMembership(
-                Object.assign({}, membershipTemplate, { device_id: "MATDEVICE" }),
-                roomId,
-                "@mat:example.org",
-            ),
+            { userId: "@bob:example.org", deviceId: "BOBDEVICE", membershipTs: 1234 },
+            { userId: "@carl:example.org", deviceId: "CARLDEVICE", membershipTs: 1234 },
+            { userId: "@mat:example.org", deviceId: "MATDEVICE", membershipTs: 1234 },
         ]);
 
         expect(mockClient.encryptAndSendToDevice).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
@@ -100,6 +88,7 @@ describe("ToDeviceKeyTransport", () => {
                     call_id: "",
                     scope: "m.room",
                 },
+                sent_ts: expect.any(Number),
             },
         );
 
@@ -153,11 +142,7 @@ describe("ToDeviceKeyTransport", () => {
         const keyBase64Encoded = "ABCDEDF";
         const keyIndex = 2;
         await transport.sendKey(keyBase64Encoded, keyIndex, [
-            mockCallMembership(
-                Object.assign({}, membershipTemplate, { device_id: "MYDEVICE" }),
-                roomId,
-                "@alice:example.org",
-            ),
+            { userId: "@alice:example.org", deviceId: "MYDEVICE", membershipTs: 1234 },
         ]);
 
         transport.start();

src/matrixrtc/EncryptionManager.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { safeGetRetryAfterMs } from "../http-api/errors.ts";
 import { type CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
 import { type KeyTransportEventListener, KeyTransportEvents, type IKeyTransport } from "./IKeyTransport.ts";
 import { isMyMembership, type Statistics } from "./types.ts";
+import { getParticipantId } from "./utils.ts";
 import {
     type EnabledTransports,
     RoomAndToDeviceEvents,
@@ -42,6 +43,10 @@ export interface IEncryptionManager {
      *
      * @returns A map where the keys are identifiers and the values are arrays of
      * objects containing encryption keys and their associated timestamps.
+     * @deprecated This method is used internally for testing. It is also used to re-emit keys when there is a change
+     * of RTCSession (matrixKeyProvider#setRTCSession) -Not clear why/when switch RTCSession would occur-. Note that if we switch focus, we do keep the same RTC session,
+     * so no need to re-emit. But it requires the encryption manager to store all keys of all participants, and this is already done
+     * by the key provider. We don't want to add another layer of key storage.
      */
     getEncryptionKeys(): Map<string, Array<{ key: Uint8Array; timestamp: number }>>;
 }
@@ -82,6 +87,7 @@ export class EncryptionManager implements IEncryptionManager {
     private latestGeneratedKeyIndex = -1;
     private joinConfig: EncryptionConfig | undefined;
     private logger: Logger;
+
     public constructor(
         private userId: string,
         private deviceId: string,
@@ -280,7 +286,18 @@ export class EncryptionManager implements IEncryptionManager {
 
         try {
             this.statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysSent += 1;
-            await this.transport.sendKey(encodeUnpaddedBase64(keyToSend), keyIndexToSend, this.getMemberships());
+            const targets = this.getMemberships()
+                .filter((membership) => {
+                    return membership.sender != undefined;
+                })
+                .map((membership) => {
+                    return {
+                        userId: membership.sender!,
+                        deviceId: membership.deviceId,
+                        membershipTs: membership.createdTs(),
+                    };
+                });
+            await this.transport.sendKey(encodeUnpaddedBase64(keyToSend), keyIndexToSend, targets);
             this.logger.debug(
                 `sendEncryptionKeysEvent participantId=${this.userId}:${this.deviceId} numKeys=${myKeys.length} currentKeyIndex=${this.latestGeneratedKeyIndex} keyIndexToSend=${keyIndexToSend}`,
                 this.encryptionKeys,
@@ -408,8 +425,6 @@ export class EncryptionManager implements IEncryptionManager {
     };
 }
 
-const getParticipantId = (userId: string, deviceId: string): string => `${userId}:${deviceId}`;
-
 function keysEqual(a: Uint8Array | undefined, b: Uint8Array | undefined): boolean {
     if (a === b) return true;
     return !!a && !!b && a.length === b.length && a.every((x, i) => x === b[i]);

src/matrixrtc/IKeyTransport.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */
 
-import { type CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
+import { type ParticipantDeviceInfo } from "./types.ts";
 
 export enum KeyTransportEvents {
     ReceivedKeys = "received_keys",
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export interface IKeyTransport {
      * @param index
      * @param members - The participants that should get they key
      */
-    sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: CallMembership[]): Promise<void>;
+    sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: ParticipantDeviceInfo[]): Promise<void>;
 
     /** Subscribe to keys from this transport. */
     on(event: KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys, listener: KeyTransportEventListener): this;

src/matrixrtc/MatrixRTCSession.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { logDurationSync } from "../utils.ts";
 import { type Statistics } from "./types.ts";
 import { RoomKeyTransport } from "./RoomKeyTransport.ts";
 import type { IMembershipManager } from "./IMembershipManager.ts";
+import { RTCEncryptionManager } from "./RTCEncryptionManager.ts";
 import {
     RoomAndToDeviceEvents,
     type RoomAndToDeviceEventsHandlerMap,
@@ -399,6 +400,7 @@ export class MatrixRTCSession extends TypedEventEmitter<
             // Create Encryption manager
             let transport;
             if (joinConfig?.useExperimentalToDeviceTransport) {
+                this.logger.info("Using experimental to-device transport for encryption keys");
                 this.logger.info("Using to-device with room fallback transport for encryption keys");
                 const [uId, dId] = [this.client.getUserId()!, this.client.getDeviceId()!];
                 const [room, client, statistics] = [this.roomSubset, this.client, this.statistics];
@@ -409,20 +411,40 @@ export class MatrixRTCSession extends TypedEventEmitter<
 
                 // Expose the changes so the ui can display the currently used transport.
                 this.reEmitter.reEmit(transport, [RoomAndToDeviceEvents.EnabledTransportsChanged]);
+                this.encryptionManager = new RTCEncryptionManager(
+                    this.client.getUserId()!,
+                    this.client.getDeviceId()!,
+                    () => this.memberships,
+                    transport,
+                    this.statistics,
+                    (keyBin: Uint8Array, encryptionKeyIndex: number, participantId: string) => {
+                        this.emit(
+                            MatrixRTCSessionEvent.EncryptionKeyChanged,
+                            keyBin,
+                            encryptionKeyIndex,
+                            participantId,
+                        );
+                    },
+                    this.logger,
+                );
             } else {
                 transport = new RoomKeyTransport(this.roomSubset, this.client, this.statistics);
+                this.encryptionManager = new EncryptionManager(
+                    this.client.getUserId()!,
+                    this.client.getDeviceId()!,
+                    () => this.memberships,
+                    transport,
+                    this.statistics,
+                    (keyBin: Uint8Array, encryptionKeyIndex: number, participantId: string) => {
+                        this.emit(
+                            MatrixRTCSessionEvent.EncryptionKeyChanged,
+                            keyBin,
+                            encryptionKeyIndex,
+                            participantId,
+                        );
+                    },
+                );
             }
-            this.encryptionManager = new EncryptionManager(
-                this.client.getUserId()!,
-                this.client.getDeviceId()!,
-                () => this.memberships,
-                transport,
-                this.statistics,
-                (keyBin: Uint8Array, encryptionKeyIndex: number, participantId: string) => {
-                    this.emit(MatrixRTCSessionEvent.EncryptionKeyChanged, keyBin, encryptionKeyIndex, participantId);
-                },
-                this.logger,
-            );
         }
 
         // Join!

src/matrixrtc/RTCEncryptionManager.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+import { type IEncryptionManager } from "./EncryptionManager.ts";
+import { type EncryptionConfig } from "./MatrixRTCSession.ts";
+import { type CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
+import { decodeBase64, encodeBase64 } from "../base64.ts";
+import { type IKeyTransport, type KeyTransportEventListener, KeyTransportEvents } from "./IKeyTransport.ts";
+import { type Logger } from "../logger.ts";
+import { sleep } from "../utils.ts";
+import type {
+    InboundEncryptionSession,
+    OutboundEncryptionSession,
+    ParticipantDeviceInfo,
+    ParticipantId,
+    Statistics,
+} from "./types.ts";
+import { getParticipantId, OutdatedKeyFilter } from "./utils.ts";
+import {
+    type EnabledTransports,
+    RoomAndToDeviceEvents,
+    RoomAndToDeviceTransport,
+} from "./RoomAndToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
+
+/**
+ * RTCEncryptionManager is used to manage the encryption keys for a call.
+ *
+ * It is responsible for distributing the keys to the other participants and rotating the keys if needed.
+ *
+ * This manager when used with to-device transport will share the existing key only to new joiners, and rotate
+ * if there is a leaver.
+ *
+ * XXX In the future we want to distribute a ratcheted key not the current one for new joiners.
+ */
+export class RTCEncryptionManager implements IEncryptionManager {
+    // The current per-sender media key for this device
+    private outboundSession: OutboundEncryptionSession | null = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that there is only one distribute operation at a time for that call.
+     */
+    private currentKeyDistributionPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
+    /**
+     * The time to wait before using the outbound session after it has been distributed.
+     * This is to ensure that the key is delivered to all participants before it is used.
+     * When creating the first key, this is set to 0, so that the key can be used immediately.
+     */
+    private delayRolloutTimeMillis = 1000;
+    /**
+     * If a new key distribution is being requested while one is going on, we will set this flag to true.
+     * This will ensure that a new round is started after the current one.
+     * @private
+     */
+    private needToEnsureKeyAgain = false;
+
+    /**
+     * There is a possibility that keys arrive in the wrong order.
+     * For example, after a quick join/leave/join, there will be 2 keys of index 0 distributed, and
+     * if they are received in the wrong order, the stream won't be decryptable.
+     * For that reason we keep a small buffer of keys for a limited time to disambiguate.
+     * @private
+     */
+    private keyBuffer = new OutdatedKeyFilter();
+
+    private logger: Logger | undefined = undefined;
+
+    public constructor(
+        private userId: string,
+        private deviceId: string,
+        private getMemberships: () => CallMembership[],
+        private transport: IKeyTransport,
+        private statistics: Statistics,
+        // Callback to notify the media layer of new keys
+        private onEncryptionKeysChanged: (
+            keyBin: Uint8Array,
+            encryptionKeyIndex: number,
+            participantId: ParticipantId,
+        ) => void,
+        parentLogger?: Logger,
+    ) {
+        this.logger = parentLogger?.getChild(`[EncryptionManager]`);
+    }
+
+    public getEncryptionKeys(): Map<string, Array<{ key: Uint8Array; timestamp: number }>> {
+        // This is deprecated should be ignored. Only used by tests?
+        return new Map();
+    }
+
+    public join(joinConfig: EncryptionConfig | undefined): void {
+        this.logger?.info(`Joining room`);
+        this.delayRolloutTimeMillis = joinConfig?.useKeyDelay ?? 1000;
+        this.transport.on(KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys, this.onNewKeyReceived);
+        // Deprecate RoomKeyTransport: this can get removed.
+        if (this.transport instanceof RoomAndToDeviceTransport) {
+            this.transport.on(RoomAndToDeviceEvents.EnabledTransportsChanged, this.onTransportChanged);
+        }
+
+        this.transport.start();
+    }
+
+    public leave(): void {
+        this.transport.off(KeyTransportEvents.ReceivedKeys, this.onNewKeyReceived);
+        this.transport.stop();
+    }
+
+    // Temporary for backwards compatibility
+    // TODO: Remove this in the future
+    private onTransportChanged: (enabled: EnabledTransports) => void = () => {
+        this.logger?.info("Transport change detected, restarting key distribution");
+        if (this.currentKeyDistributionPromise) {
+            this.currentKeyDistributionPromise
+                .then(() => {
+                    if (this.outboundSession) {
+                        this.outboundSession.sharedWith = [];
+                        this.ensureKeyDistribution();
+                    }
+                })
+                .catch((e) => {
+                    this.logger?.error("Failed to restart key distribution", e);
+                });
+        } else {
+            if (this.outboundSession) {
+                this.outboundSession.sharedWith = [];
+                this.ensureKeyDistribution();
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * Will ensure that a new key is distributed and used to encrypt our media.
+     * If there is already a key distribution in progress, it will schedule a new distribution round just after the current one is completed.
+     * If this function is called repeatedly while a distribution is in progress,
+     * the calls will be coalesced to a single new distribution (that will start just after the current one has completed).
+     */
+    private ensureKeyDistribution(): void {
+        if (this.currentKeyDistributionPromise == null) {
+            this.logger?.debug(`No active rollout, start a new one`);
+            // start a rollout
+            this.currentKeyDistributionPromise = this.rolloutOutboundKey().then(() => {
+                this.logger?.debug(`Rollout completed`);
+                this.currentKeyDistributionPromise = null;
+                if (this.needToEnsureKeyAgain) {
+                    this.logger?.debug(`New Rollout needed`);
+                    this.needToEnsureKeyAgain = false;
+                    // rollout a new one
+                    this.ensureKeyDistribution();
+                }
+            });
+        } else {
+            // There is a rollout in progress, but a key rotation is requested (could be caused by a membership change)
+            // Remember that a new rotation is needed after the current one.
+            this.logger?.debug(`Rollout in progress, a new rollout will be started after the current one`);
+            this.needToEnsureKeyAgain = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public onNewKeyReceived: KeyTransportEventListener = (userId, deviceId, keyBase64Encoded, index, timestamp) => {
+        this.logger?.debug(`Received key over transport ${userId}:${deviceId} at index ${index}`);
+
+        // We received a new key, notify the video layer of this new key so that it can decrypt the frames properly.
+        const participantId = getParticipantId(userId, deviceId);
+        const keyBin = decodeBase64(keyBase64Encoded);
+        const candidateInboundSession: InboundEncryptionSession = {
+            key: keyBin,
+            participantId,
+            keyIndex: index,
+            creationTS: timestamp,
+        };
+
+        const outdated = this.keyBuffer.isOutdated(participantId, candidateInboundSession);
+        if (!outdated) {
+            this.onEncryptionKeysChanged(
+                candidateInboundSession.key,
+                candidateInboundSession.keyIndex,
+                candidateInboundSession.participantId,
+            );
+            this.statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysReceived += 1;
+        } else {
+            this.logger?.info(`Received an out of order key for ${userId}:${deviceId}, dropping it`);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the membership of the call changes.
+     * This encryption manager is very basic, it will rotate the key everytime this is called.
+     * @param oldMemberships
+     */
+    public onMembershipsUpdate(oldMemberships: CallMembership[]): void {
+        this.logger?.trace(`onMembershipsUpdate`);
+
+        // Ensure the key is distributed. This will be no-op if the key is already being distributed to everyone.
+        // If there is an ongoing distribution, it will be completed before a new one is started.
+        this.ensureKeyDistribution();
+    }
+
+    private async rolloutOutboundKey(): Promise<void> {
+        const isFirstKey = this.outboundSession == null;
+        if (isFirstKey) {
+            // create the first key
+            this.outboundSession = {
+                key: this.generateRandomKey(),
+                creationTS: Date.now(),
+                sharedWith: [],
+                keyId: 0,
+            };
+            this.onEncryptionKeysChanged(
+                this.outboundSession.key,
+                this.outboundSession.keyId,
+                getParticipantId(this.userId, this.deviceId),
+            );
+        }
+        // get current memberships
+        const toShareWith: ParticipantDeviceInfo[] = this.getMemberships()
+            .filter((membership) => {
+                return membership.sender != undefined;
+            })
+            .map((membership) => {
+                return {
+                    userId: membership.sender!,
+                    deviceId: membership.deviceId,
+                    membershipTs: membership.createdTs(),
+                };
+            });
+
+        let alreadySharedWith = this.outboundSession?.sharedWith ?? [];
+
+        // Some users might have rotate their membership event (formally called fingerprint) meaning they might have
+        // clear their key. Reset the `alreadySharedWith` flag for them.
+        alreadySharedWith = alreadySharedWith.filter(
+            (x) =>
+                // If there was a member with same userId and deviceId but different membershipTs, we need to clear it
+                !toShareWith.some(
+                    (o) => x.userId == o.userId && x.deviceId == o.deviceId && x.membershipTs != o.membershipTs,
+                ),
+        );
+
+        const anyLeft = alreadySharedWith.filter(
+            (x) =>
+                !toShareWith.some(
+                    (o) => x.userId == o.userId && x.deviceId == o.deviceId && x.membershipTs == o.membershipTs,
+                ),
+        );
+        const anyJoined = toShareWith.filter(
+            (x) =>
+                !alreadySharedWith.some(
+                    (o) => x.userId == o.userId && x.deviceId == o.deviceId && x.membershipTs == o.membershipTs,
+                ),
+        );
+
+        let toDistributeTo: ParticipantDeviceInfo[] = [];
+        let outboundKey: OutboundEncryptionSession;
+        let hasKeyChanged = false;
+        if (anyLeft.length > 0) {
+            // We need to rotate the key
+            const newOutboundKey: OutboundEncryptionSession = {
+                key: this.generateRandomKey(),
+                creationTS: Date.now(),
+                sharedWith: [],
+                keyId: this.nextKeyIndex(),
+            };
+            hasKeyChanged = true;
+
+            this.logger?.info(`creating new outbound key index:${newOutboundKey.keyId}`);
+            // Set this new key as the current one
+            this.outboundSession = newOutboundKey;
+
+            // Send
+            toDistributeTo = toShareWith;
+            outboundKey = newOutboundKey;
+        } else if (anyJoined.length > 0) {
+            // keep the same key
+            // XXX In the future we want to distribute a ratcheted key not the current one
+            toDistributeTo = anyJoined;
+            outboundKey = this.outboundSession!;
+        } else {
+            // no changes
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            this.logger?.trace(`Sending key...`);
+            await this.transport.sendKey(encodeBase64(outboundKey.key), outboundKey.keyId, toDistributeTo);
+            this.statistics.counters.roomEventEncryptionKeysSent += 1;
+            outboundKey.sharedWith.push(...toDistributeTo);
+            this.logger?.trace(
+                `key index:${outboundKey.keyId} sent to ${outboundKey.sharedWith.map((m) => `${m.userId}:${m.deviceId}`).join(",")}`,
+            );
+            if (hasKeyChanged) {
+                // Delay a bit before using this key
+                // It is recommended not to start using a key immediately but instead wait for a short time to make sure it is delivered.
+                this.logger?.trace(`Delay Rollout for key:${outboundKey.keyId}...`);
+                await sleep(this.delayRolloutTimeMillis);
+                this.logger?.trace(`...Delayed rollout of index:${outboundKey.keyId} `);
+                this.onEncryptionKeysChanged(
+                    outboundKey.key,
+                    outboundKey.keyId,
+                    getParticipantId(this.userId, this.deviceId),
+                );
+            }
+        } catch (err) {
+            this.logger?.error(`Failed to rollout key`, err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nextKeyIndex(): number {
+        if (this.outboundSession) {
+            return (this.outboundSession!.keyId + 1) % 256;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private generateRandomKey(): Uint8Array {
+        const key = new Uint8Array(16);
+        globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues(key);
+        return key;
+    }
+}

src/matrixrtc/RoomAndToDeviceKeyTransport.ts

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ limitations under the License.
 
 import { logger as rootLogger, type Logger } from "../logger.ts";
 import { KeyTransportEvents, type KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap, type IKeyTransport } from "./IKeyTransport.ts";
-import { type CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
 import type { RoomKeyTransport } from "./RoomKeyTransport.ts";
 import { NotSupportedError, type ToDeviceKeyTransport } from "./ToDeviceKeyTransport.ts";
 import { TypedEventEmitter } from "../models/typed-event-emitter.ts";
+import { type ParticipantDeviceInfo } from "./types.ts";
 
 // Deprecate RoomAndToDeviceTransport: This whole class is only a stop gap until we remove RoomKeyTransport.
 export interface EnabledTransports {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export class RoomAndToDeviceTransport
         this.toDeviceTransport.stop();
     }
 
-    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: CallMembership[]): Promise<void> {
+    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: ParticipantDeviceInfo[]): Promise<void> {
         this.logger.debug(
             `Sending key with index ${index} to call members (count=${members.length}) via:` +
                 (this._enabled.room ? "room transport" : "") +

src/matrixrtc/RoomKeyTransport.ts

@@ -15,13 +15,12 @@ limitations under the License.
 */
 
 import type { MatrixClient } from "../client.ts";
-import type { EncryptionKeysEventContent, Statistics } from "./types.ts";
+import { type EncryptionKeysEventContent, type ParticipantDeviceInfo, type Statistics } from "./types.ts";
 import { EventType } from "../@types/event.ts";
 import { type MatrixError } from "../http-api/errors.ts";
 import { logger as rootLogger, type Logger } from "../logger.ts";
 import { KeyTransportEvents, type KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap, type IKeyTransport } from "./IKeyTransport.ts";
 import { type MatrixEvent } from "../models/event.ts";
-import { type CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
 import { TypedEventEmitter } from "../models/typed-event-emitter.ts";
 import { type Room, RoomEvent } from "../models/room.ts";
 
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ export class RoomKeyTransport
     }
 
     /** implements {@link IKeyTransport#sendKey} */
-    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: CallMembership[]): Promise<void> {
+    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: ParticipantDeviceInfo[]): Promise<void> {
         // members not used in room transports as the keys are sent to all room members
         const content: EncryptionKeysEventContent = {
             keys: [

src/matrixrtc/ToDeviceKeyTransport.ts

@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ import { type WidgetApiResponseError } from "matrix-widget-api";
 import { TypedEventEmitter } from "../models/typed-event-emitter.ts";
 import { type IKeyTransport, KeyTransportEvents, type KeyTransportEventsHandlerMap } from "./IKeyTransport.ts";
 import { type Logger, logger as rootLogger } from "../logger.ts";
-import type { CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
-import type { EncryptionKeysToDeviceEventContent, Statistics } from "./types.ts";
+import { type EncryptionKeysToDeviceEventContent, type ParticipantDeviceInfo, type Statistics } from "./types.ts";
 import { ClientEvent, type MatrixClient } from "../client.ts";
 import type { MatrixEvent } from "../models/event.ts";
 import { EventType } from "../@types/event.ts";
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ export class ToDeviceKeyTransport
     implements IKeyTransport
 {
     private logger: Logger = rootLogger;
+
     public setParentLogger(parentLogger: Logger): void {
         this.logger = parentLogger.getChild(`[ToDeviceKeyTransport]`);
     }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export class ToDeviceKeyTransport
         this.client.off(ClientEvent.ToDeviceEvent, this.onToDeviceEvent);
     }
 
-    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: CallMembership[]): Promise<void> {
+    public async sendKey(keyBase64Encoded: string, index: number, members: ParticipantDeviceInfo[]): Promise<void> {
         const content: EncryptionKeysToDeviceEventContent = {
             keys: {
                 index: index,
@@ -81,24 +81,18 @@ export class ToDeviceKeyTransport
                 application: "m.call",
                 scope: "m.room",
             },
+            sent_ts: Date.now(),
         };
 
         const targets = members
-            .filter((member) => {
-                // filter malformed call members
-                if (member.sender == undefined || member.deviceId == undefined) {
-                    this.logger.warn(`Malformed call member: ${member.sender}|${member.deviceId}`);
-                    return false;
-                }
-                // Filter out me
-                return !(member.sender == this.userId && member.deviceId == this.deviceId);
-            })
             .map((member) => {
                 return {
-                    userId: member.sender!,
+                    userId: member.userId!,
                     deviceId: member.deviceId!,
                 };
-            });
+            })
+            // filter out me
+            .filter((member) => !(member.userId == this.userId && member.deviceId == this.deviceId));
 
         if (targets.length > 0) {
             await this.client

src/matrixrtc/types.ts

@@ -16,11 +16,44 @@ limitations under the License.
 import type { IMentions } from "../matrix.ts";
 import type { CallMembership } from "./CallMembership.ts";
 
+export type ParticipantId = string;
+
 export interface EncryptionKeyEntry {
     index: number;
     key: string;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The mxID, deviceId and membership timestamp of a RTC session participant.
+ */
+export type ParticipantDeviceInfo = {
+    userId: string;
+    deviceId: string;
+    membershipTs: number;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A type representing the information needed to decrypt video streams.
+ */
+export type InboundEncryptionSession = {
+    key: Uint8Array;
+    participantId: ParticipantId;
+    keyIndex: number;
+    creationTS: number;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The information about the key used to encrypt video streams.
+ */
+export type OutboundEncryptionSession = {
+    key: Uint8Array;
+    creationTS: number;
+    // The devices that this key is shared with.
+    sharedWith: Array<ParticipantDeviceInfo>;
+    // This is an index acting as the id of the key
+    keyId: number;
+};
+
 export interface EncryptionKeysEventContent {
     keys: EncryptionKeyEntry[];
     device_id: string;
@@ -28,13 +61,15 @@ export interface EncryptionKeysEventContent {
     sent_ts?: number;
 }
 
+/**
+ * THe content of a to-device event that contains encryption keys.
+ */
 export interface EncryptionKeysToDeviceEventContent {
     keys: { index: number; key: string };
     member: {
-        // id: ParticipantId,
         // TODO Remove that it is claimed, need to get the sealed sender from decryption info
+        // Or add some validation on it based on the encryption info
         claimed_device_id: string;
-        // user_id: string
     };
     room_id: string;
     session: {

src/matrixrtc/utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+import type { InboundEncryptionSession, ParticipantId } from "./types.ts";
+
+/**
+ * Detects when a key for a given index is outdated.
+ */
+export class OutdatedKeyFilter {
+    // Map of participantId -> keyIndex -> timestamp
+    private tsBuffer: Map<ParticipantId, Map<number, number>> = new Map();
+
+    public constructor() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Check if there is a recent key with the same keyId (index) and then use the creationTS to decide what to
+     * do with the key. If the key received is older than the one already in the buffer, it is ignored.
+     * @param participantId
+     * @param item
+     */
+    public isOutdated(participantId: ParticipantId, item: InboundEncryptionSession): boolean {
+        if (!this.tsBuffer.has(participantId)) {
+            this.tsBuffer.set(participantId, new Map<number, number>());
+        }
+
+        const latestTimestamp = this.tsBuffer.get(participantId)?.get(item.keyIndex);
+        if (latestTimestamp && latestTimestamp > item.creationTS) {
+            // The existing key is more recent, ignore this one
+            return true;
+        }
+        this.tsBuffer.get(participantId)!.set(item.keyIndex, item.creationTS);
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+export function getParticipantId(userId: string, deviceId: string): ParticipantId {
+    return `${userId}:${deviceId}`;
+}