diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ec07521c..2079f8be 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2564,9 +2564,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.3",
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
- "futures-util",
  "hmac",
- "http",
  "k256",
  "mas-iana",
  "p256",
@@ -2584,7 +2582,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "signature",
  "thiserror",
  "tokio",
- "tower",
  "tracing",
  "url",
 ]
diff --git a/crates/jose/Cargo.toml b/crates/jose/Cargo.toml
index 8f8b41d6..d612ec68 100644
--- a/crates/jose/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/jose/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ crypto-mac = { version = "0.11.1", features = ["std"] }
 digest = "0.10.3"
 ecdsa = { version = "0.14.4", features = ["sign", "verify", "pem", "pkcs8"] }
 elliptic-curve = { version = "0.12.3", features = ["ecdh", "pem"] }
-futures-util = "0.3.23"
 hmac = "0.12.1"
-http = "0.2.8"
 k256 = { version = "0.11.2", features = ["ecdsa", "pem", "pkcs8"] }
 p256 = { version = "0.11.1", features = ["ecdsa", "pem", "pkcs8"] }
 p384 = { version = "0.11.2", features = ["ecdsa", "pem", "pkcs8"] }
@@ -32,9 +30,11 @@ serde_with = { version = "2.0.0", features = ["base64"] }
 sha2 = "0.10.2"
 signature = "1.6.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.32"
-tokio = { version = "1.20.1", features = ["macros", "rt", "sync"] }
-tower = { version = "0.4.13", features = ["util"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.20.1", features = [] }
 tracing = "0.1.36"
 url = { version = "2.2.2", features = ["serde"] }
 
 mas-iana = { path = "../iana" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1.20.1", features = ["rt", "macros"] }
diff --git a/crates/jose/src/constraints.rs b/crates/jose/src/constraints.rs
index 8e95ebbe..c542185b 100644
--- a/crates/jose/src/constraints.rs
+++ b/crates/jose/src/constraints.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
-use futures_util::future::Either;
 use mas_iana::jose::{JsonWebKeyType, JsonWebKeyUse, JsonWebSignatureAlg};
 
 use crate::JsonWebSignatureHeader;
@@ -96,40 +95,6 @@ pub trait Constrainable {
     fn kty(&self) -> JsonWebKeyType;
 }
 
-impl<L, R> Constrainable for Either<L, R>
-where
-    L: Constrainable,
-    R: Constrainable,
-{
-    fn algs(&self) -> Option<Vec<JsonWebSignatureAlg>> {
-        match self {
-            Either::Left(l) => l.algs(),
-            Either::Right(r) => r.algs(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn kid(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        match self {
-            Either::Left(l) => l.kid(),
-            Either::Right(r) => r.kid(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn use_(&self) -> Option<JsonWebKeyUse> {
-        match self {
-            Either::Left(l) => l.use_(),
-            Either::Right(r) => r.use_(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn kty(&self) -> JsonWebKeyType {
-        match self {
-            Either::Left(l) => l.kty(),
-            Either::Right(r) => r.kty(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a> Constraint<'a> {
     fn decide<T: Constrainable>(&self, constrainable: &T) -> ConstraintDecision {
         match self {
diff --git a/crates/jose/src/lib.rs b/crates/jose/src/lib.rs
index 8d51434d..daa45aec 100644
--- a/crates/jose/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/jose/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ mod keystore;
 pub mod signer;
 pub mod verifier;
 
-pub use futures_util::future::Either;
-
 pub use self::{
     jwt::{DecodedJsonWebToken, JsonWebSignatureHeader, JsonWebTokenParts, Jwt, JwtSignatureError},
     keystore::{SigningKeystore, StaticKeystore, VerifyingKeystore},