diff --git a/crates/axum-utils/src/client_authorization.rs b/crates/axum-utils/src/client_authorization.rs
index 6710dd35..706f21ee 100644
--- a/crates/axum-utils/src/client_authorization.rs
+++ b/crates/axum-utils/src/client_authorization.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ use sqlx::PgExecutor;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};
 
+use crate::http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory;
+
 static JWT_BEARER_CLIENT_ASSERTION: &str = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:client-assertion-type:jwt-bearer";
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ impl Credentials {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, err)]
     pub async fn verify<S: StorageBackend>(
         &self,
+        http_client_factory: &HttpClientFactory,
         encrypter: &Encrypter,
         method: &OAuthClientAuthenticationMethod,
         client: &Client<S>,
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ impl Credentials {
                     .as_ref()
                     .ok_or(CredentialsVerificationError::InvalidClientConfig)?;
 
-                let jwks = fetch_jwks(jwks)
+                let jwks = fetch_jwks(http_client_factory, jwks)
                     .await
                     .map_err(|_| CredentialsVerificationError::JwksFetchFailed)?;
 
@@ -166,7 +169,10 @@ impl Credentials {
     }
 }
 
-async fn fetch_jwks(jwks: &JwksOrJwksUri) -> Result<PublicJsonWebKeySet, BoxError> {
+async fn fetch_jwks(
+    http_client_factory: &HttpClientFactory,
+    jwks: &JwksOrJwksUri,
+) -> Result<PublicJsonWebKeySet, BoxError> {
     let uri = match jwks {
         JwksOrJwksUri::Jwks(j) => return Ok(j.clone()),
         JwksOrJwksUri::JwksUri(u) => u,
@@ -177,7 +183,8 @@ async fn fetch_jwks(jwks: &JwksOrJwksUri) -> Result<PublicJsonWebKeySet, BoxErro
         .body(mas_http::EmptyBody::new())
         .unwrap();
 
-    let mut client = mas_http::client("fetch-jwks")
+    let mut client = http_client_factory
+        .client("fetch-jwks")
         .await?
         .response_body_to_bytes()
         .json_response::<PublicJsonWebKeySet>();
diff --git a/crates/axum-utils/src/http_client_factory.rs b/crates/axum-utils/src/http_client_factory.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25f5b155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/axum-utils/src/http_client_factory.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use axum::body::Full;
+use mas_http::{
+    BodyToBytesResponseLayer, ClientInitError, ClientLayer, ClientService, HttpService,
+    TracedClient,
+};
+use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
+use tower::{
+    util::{MapErrLayer, MapRequestLayer},
+    BoxError, Layer,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct HttpClientFactory {
+    semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
+}
+
+impl HttpClientFactory {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(concurrency_limit: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            semaphore: Arc::new(Semaphore::new(concurrency_limit)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a new HTTP client
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the client failed to initialise
+    pub async fn client<B>(
+        &self,
+        operation: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<ClientService<TracedClient<B>>, ClientInitError>
+    where
+        B: axum::body::HttpBody + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        B::Data: Send,
+    {
+        let client = mas_http::make_traced_client::<B>().await?;
+        let layer = ClientLayer::with_semaphore(operation, self.semaphore.clone());
+        Ok(layer.layer(client))
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a new [`HttpService`], suitable for [`mas_oidc_client`]
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the client failed to initialise
+    pub async fn http_service(
+        &self,
+        operation: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<HttpService, ClientInitError> {
+        let client = self.client(operation).await?;
+        let client = (
+            MapErrLayer::new(BoxError::from),
+            MapRequestLayer::new(|req: http::Request<_>| req.map(Full::new)),
+            BodyToBytesResponseLayer::default(),
+        )
+            .layer(client);
+
+        Ok(HttpService::new(client))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/axum-utils/src/lib.rs b/crates/axum-utils/src/lib.rs
index 4897e0ba..d03fe4db 100644
--- a/crates/axum-utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/axum-utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ pub mod client_authorization;
 pub mod cookies;
 pub mod csrf;
 pub mod fancy_error;
+pub mod http_client_factory;
 pub mod jwt;
 pub mod session;
 pub mod user_authorization;
diff --git a/crates/cli/src/commands/debug.rs b/crates/cli/src/commands/debug.rs
index 00007d86..f15123d1 100644
--- a/crates/cli/src/commands/debug.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/src/commands/debug.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use clap::Parser;
 use hyper::{Response, Uri};
 use mas_config::PolicyConfig;
+use mas_handlers::HttpClientFactory;
 use mas_http::HttpServiceExt;
 use mas_policy::PolicyFactory;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
@@ -66,13 +67,14 @@ impl Options {
     #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
     pub async fn run(&self, root: &super::Options) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         use Subcommand as SC;
+        let http_client_factory = HttpClientFactory::new(10);
         match &self.subcommand {
             SC::Http {
                 show_headers,
                 json: false,
                 url,
             } => {
-                let mut client = mas_http::client("cli-debug-http").await?;
+                let mut client = http_client_factory.client("cli-debug-http").await?;
                 let request = hyper::Request::builder()
                     .uri(url)
                     .body(hyper::Body::empty())?;
@@ -96,7 +98,8 @@ impl Options {
                 json: true,
                 url,
             } => {
-                let mut client = mas_http::client("cli-debug-http")
+                let mut client = http_client_factory
+                    .client("cli-debug-http")
                     .await?
                     .response_body_to_bytes()
                     .json_response();
diff --git a/crates/cli/src/commands/server.rs b/crates/cli/src/commands/server.rs
index bc042de5..cf4dd5fc 100644
--- a/crates/cli/src/commands/server.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/src/commands/server.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use futures_util::stream::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use mas_config::RootConfig;
 use mas_email::Mailer;
-use mas_handlers::{AppState, MatrixHomeserver};
+use mas_handlers::{AppState, HttpClientFactory, MatrixHomeserver};
 use mas_http::ServerLayer;
 use mas_listener::{server::Server, shutdown::ShutdownStream};
 use mas_policy::PolicyFactory;
@@ -187,6 +187,9 @@ impl Options {
 
         let graphql_schema = mas_handlers::graphql_schema(&pool);
 
+        // Maximum 50 outgoing HTTP requests at a time
+        let http_client_factory = HttpClientFactory::new(50);
+
         let state = AppState {
             pool,
             templates,
@@ -197,6 +200,7 @@ impl Options {
             homeserver,
             policy_factory,
             graphql_schema,
+            http_client_factory,
         };
 
         let mut fd_manager = listenfd::ListenFd::from_env();
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/app_state.rs b/crates/handlers/src/app_state.rs
index fb8a149d..daea4ae0 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/app_state.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/app_state.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use axum::extract::FromRef;
+use mas_axum_utils::http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory;
 use mas_email::Mailer;
 use mas_keystore::{Encrypter, Keystore};
 use mas_policy::PolicyFactory;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ pub struct AppState {
     pub homeserver: MatrixHomeserver,
     pub policy_factory: Arc<PolicyFactory>,
     pub graphql_schema: mas_graphql::Schema,
+    pub http_client_factory: HttpClientFactory,
 }
 
 impl FromRef<AppState> for PgPool {
@@ -90,3 +92,8 @@ impl FromRef<AppState> for Arc<PolicyFactory> {
         input.policy_factory.clone()
     }
 }
+impl FromRef<AppState> for HttpClientFactory {
+    fn from_ref(input: &AppState) -> Self {
+        input.http_client_factory.clone()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/lib.rs b/crates/handlers/src/lib.rs
index 974d849b..36d993bb 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/lib.rs
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ mod oauth2;
 mod upstream_oauth2;
 mod views;
 
-pub use compat::MatrixHomeserver;
+pub use mas_axum_utils::http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory;
 
-pub use self::{app_state::AppState, graphql::schema as graphql_schema};
+pub use self::{app_state::AppState, compat::MatrixHomeserver, graphql::schema as graphql_schema};
 
 #[must_use]
 pub fn healthcheck_router<S, B>() -> Router<S, B>
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ where
     Arc<PolicyFactory>: FromRef<S>,
     PgPool: FromRef<S>,
     Encrypter: FromRef<S>,
+    HttpClientFactory: FromRef<S>,
 {
     // All those routes are API-like, with a common CORS layer
     Router::new()
@@ -235,6 +236,7 @@ where
     Templates: FromRef<S>,
     Mailer: FromRef<S>,
     Keystore: FromRef<S>,
+    HttpClientFactory: FromRef<S>,
 {
     Router::new()
         .route(
@@ -363,6 +365,8 @@ async fn test_state(pool: PgPool) -> Result<AppState, anyhow::Error> {
 
     let graphql_schema = graphql_schema(&pool);
 
+    let http_client_factory = HttpClientFactory::new(10);
+
     Ok(AppState {
         pool,
         templates,
@@ -373,6 +377,7 @@ async fn test_state(pool: PgPool) -> Result<AppState, anyhow::Error> {
         homeserver,
         policy_factory,
         graphql_schema,
+        http_client_factory,
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/introspection.rs b/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/introspection.rs
index 75f898a3..2a122ec6 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/introspection.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/introspection.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@
 
 use axum::{extract::State, response::IntoResponse, Json};
 use hyper::StatusCode;
-use mas_axum_utils::client_authorization::{ClientAuthorization, CredentialsVerificationError};
+use mas_axum_utils::{
+    client_authorization::{ClientAuthorization, CredentialsVerificationError},
+    http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory,
+};
 use mas_data_model::{TokenFormatError, TokenType};
 use mas_iana::oauth::{OAuthClientAuthenticationMethod, OAuthTokenTypeHint};
 use mas_keystore::Encrypter;
@@ -155,6 +158,7 @@ const INACTIVE: IntrospectionResponse = IntrospectionResponse {
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 pub(crate) async fn post(
+    State(http_client_factory): State<HttpClientFactory>,
     State(pool): State<PgPool>,
     State(encrypter): State<Encrypter>,
     client_authorization: ClientAuthorization<IntrospectionRequest>,
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn post(
 
     client_authorization
         .credentials
-        .verify(&encrypter, method, &client)
+        .verify(&http_client_factory, &encrypter, method, &client)
         .await?;
 
     let form = if let Some(form) = client_authorization.form {
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/token.rs b/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/token.rs
index bf37121d..725e0f04 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/token.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/oauth2/token.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ use axum::{extract::State, response::IntoResponse, Json};
 use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, Utc};
 use headers::{CacheControl, HeaderMap, HeaderMapExt, Pragma};
 use hyper::StatusCode;
-use mas_axum_utils::client_authorization::{ClientAuthorization, CredentialsVerificationError};
+use mas_axum_utils::{
+    client_authorization::{ClientAuthorization, CredentialsVerificationError},
+    http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory,
+};
 use mas_data_model::{AuthorizationGrantStage, Client, TokenType};
 use mas_iana::jose::JsonWebSignatureAlg;
 use mas_jose::{
@@ -191,6 +194,7 @@ impl From<JwtSignatureError> for RouteError {
 
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, err)]
 pub(crate) async fn post(
+    State(http_client_factory): State<HttpClientFactory>,
     State(key_store): State<Keystore>,
     State(url_builder): State<UrlBuilder>,
     State(pool): State<PgPool>,
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn post(
 
     client_authorization
         .credentials
-        .verify(&encrypter, method, &client)
+        .verify(&http_client_factory, &encrypter, method, &client)
         .await?;
 
     let form = client_authorization.form.ok_or(RouteError::BadRequest)?;
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/authorize.rs b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/authorize.rs
index f473582b..c6b94049 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/authorize.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/authorize.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use axum::{
 };
 use axum_extra::extract::{cookie::Cookie, PrivateCookieJar};
 use hyper::StatusCode;
+use mas_axum_utils::http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory;
 use mas_http::ClientInitError;
 use mas_keystore::Encrypter;
 use mas_oidc_client::{
@@ -30,8 +31,6 @@ use sqlx::PgPool;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use ulid::Ulid;
 
-use super::http_service;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 pub(crate) enum RouteError {
     #[error("Provider not found")]
@@ -89,6 +88,7 @@ impl IntoResponse for RouteError {
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn get(
+    State(http_client_factory): State<HttpClientFactory>,
     State(pool): State<PgPool>,
     State(url_builder): State<UrlBuilder>,
     cookie_jar: PrivateCookieJar<Encrypter>,
@@ -103,7 +103,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get(
         .to_option()?
         .ok_or(RouteError::ProviderNotFound)?;
 
-    let http_service = http_service("upstream-discover").await?;
+    let http_service = http_client_factory
+        .http_service("upstream-discover")
+        .await?;
 
     // First, discover the provider
     let metadata =
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/callback.rs b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/callback.rs
index 11e6b2e9..632a150b 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/callback.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/callback.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use axum::{
 };
 use axum_extra::extract::PrivateCookieJar;
 use hyper::StatusCode;
+use mas_axum_utils::http_client_factory::HttpClientFactory;
 use mas_http::ClientInitError;
 use mas_keystore::{Encrypter, Keystore};
 use mas_oidc_client::{
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ use sqlx::PgPool;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use ulid::Ulid;
 
-use super::{client_credentials_for_provider, http_service, ProviderCredentialsError};
+use super::{client_credentials_for_provider, ProviderCredentialsError};
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 pub struct QueryParams {
@@ -144,8 +145,9 @@ impl IntoResponse for RouteError {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_lines, clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub(crate) async fn get(
+    State(http_client_factory): State<HttpClientFactory>,
     State(pool): State<PgPool>,
     State(url_builder): State<UrlBuilder>,
     State(encrypter): State<Encrypter>,
@@ -195,13 +197,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn get(
         CodeOrError::Code { code } => code,
     };
 
-    let http_service = http_service("upstream-code-exchange").await?;
+    let http_service = http_client_factory
+        .http_service("upstream-discover")
+        .await?;
 
     // XXX: we shouldn't discover on-the-fly
     // Discover the provider
     let metadata =
         mas_oidc_client::requests::discovery::discover(&http_service, &provider.issuer).await?;
 
+    let http_service = http_client_factory
+        .http_service("upstream-fetch-jwks")
+        .await?;
+
     // Fetch the JWKS
     let jwks =
         mas_oidc_client::requests::jose::fetch_jwks(&http_service, metadata.jwks_uri()).await?;
@@ -231,6 +239,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get(
         client_id: &provider.client_id,
     };
 
+    let http_service = http_client_factory
+        .http_service("upstream-exchange-code")
+        .await?;
+
     let (response, _id_token) =
         mas_oidc_client::requests::authorization_code::access_token_with_authorization_code(
             &http_service,
diff --git a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/mod.rs b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/mod.rs
index 9147f6ee..4cb889bc 100644
--- a/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/handlers/src/upstream_oauth2/mod.rs
@@ -13,17 +13,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 use anyhow::Context;
-use axum::body::Full;
 use mas_data_model::UpstreamOAuthProvider;
-use mas_http::{BodyToBytesResponseLayer, ClientInitError, ClientLayer, HttpService};
 use mas_iana::{jose::JsonWebSignatureAlg, oauth::OAuthClientAuthenticationMethod};
 use mas_keystore::{Encrypter, Keystore};
 use mas_oidc_client::types::client_credentials::{ClientCredentials, JwtSigningMethod};
 use thiserror::Error;
-use tower::{
-    util::{MapErrLayer, MapRequestLayer},
-    BoxError, Layer,
-};
 use url::Url;
 
 pub(crate) mod authorize;
@@ -101,15 +95,3 @@ fn client_credentials_for_provider(
 
     Ok(client_credentials)
 }
-
-async fn http_service(operation: &'static str) -> Result<HttpService, ClientInitError> {
-    let client = (
-        MapErrLayer::new(BoxError::from),
-        MapRequestLayer::new(|req: hyper::Request<_>| req.map(Full::new)),
-        BodyToBytesResponseLayer::default(),
-        ClientLayer::new(operation),
-    )
-        .layer(mas_http::make_untraced_client().await?);
-
-    Ok(HttpService::new(client))
-}
diff --git a/crates/http/src/client.rs b/crates/http/src/client.rs
index c20dbb21..19d9d726 100644
--- a/crates/http/src/client.rs
+++ b/crates/http/src/client.rs
@@ -22,13 +22,7 @@ use hyper_rustls::{HttpsConnector, HttpsConnectorBuilder};
 use thiserror::Error;
 use tower::Layer;
 
-use crate::{
-    layers::{
-        client::{ClientLayer, ClientService},
-        otel::{TraceDns, TraceLayer},
-    },
-    BoxError,
-};
+use crate::layers::otel::{TraceDns, TraceLayer};
 
 #[cfg(all(not(feature = "webpki-roots"), not(feature = "native-roots")))]
 compile_error!("enabling the 'client' feature requires also enabling the 'webpki-roots' or the 'native-roots' features");
@@ -97,15 +91,6 @@ pub enum NativeRootsInitError {
     JoinError(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
 }
 
-/// A wrapper over a boxed error that implements ``std::error::Error``.
-/// This is helps converting to ``anyhow::Error`` with the `?` operator
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
-#[error(transparent)]
-pub struct ClientError {
-    #[from]
-    inner: BoxError,
-}
-
 #[derive(Error, Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum ClientInitError {
     #[cfg(feature = "native-roots")]
@@ -121,8 +106,8 @@ impl From<NativeRootsInitError> for ClientInitError {
 }
 
 impl From<Infallible> for ClientInitError {
-    fn from(_: Infallible) -> Self {
-        unreachable!()
+    fn from(e: Infallible) -> Self {
+        match e {}
     }
 }
 
@@ -149,8 +134,8 @@ async fn make_tls_config() -> Result<rustls::ClientConfig, ClientInitError> {
     Ok(tls_config)
 }
 
-type UntracedClient<B> = hyper::Client<UntracedConnector, B>;
-type TracedClient<B> = hyper::Client<TracedConnector, B>;
+pub type UntracedClient<B> = hyper::Client<UntracedConnector, B>;
+pub type TracedClient<B> = hyper::Client<TracedConnector, B>;
 
 /// Create a basic Hyper HTTP & HTTPS client without any tracing
 ///
@@ -166,7 +151,12 @@ where
     Ok(Client::builder().build(https))
 }
 
-async fn make_traced_client<B>() -> Result<TracedClient<B>, ClientInitError>
+/// Create a basic Hyper HTTP & HTTPS client which traces DNS requests
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// Returns an error if it failed to load the TLS certificates
+pub async fn make_traced_client<B>() -> Result<TracedClient<B>, ClientInitError>
 where
     B: http_body::Body + Send + 'static,
     B::Data: Send,
@@ -175,8 +165,8 @@ where
     Ok(Client::builder().build(https))
 }
 
-type UntracedConnector = HttpsConnector<HttpConnector<GaiResolver>>;
-type TracedConnector = HttpsConnector<HttpConnector<TraceDns<GaiResolver>>>;
+pub type UntracedConnector = HttpsConnector<HttpConnector<GaiResolver>>;
+pub type TracedConnector = HttpsConnector<HttpConnector<TraceDns<GaiResolver>>>;
 
 /// Create a traced HTTP and HTTPS connector
 ///
@@ -214,23 +204,3 @@ fn make_connector<R>(
         .enable_http2()
         .wrap_connector(http)
 }
-
-/// Create a traced HTTP client, with a default timeout, which follows redirects
-///
-/// # Errors
-///
-/// Returns an error if it failed to initialize
-pub async fn client<B>(
-    operation: &'static str,
-) -> Result<ClientService<TracedClient<B>>, ClientInitError>
-where
-    B: http_body::Body + Default + Send + 'static,
-    B::Data: Send,
-    B::Error: Into<BoxError>,
-{
-    let client = make_traced_client().await?;
-
-    let client = ClientLayer::new(operation).layer(client);
-
-    Ok(client)
-}
diff --git a/crates/http/src/lib.rs b/crates/http/src/lib.rs
index 74165ced..d343f516 100644
--- a/crates/http/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/http/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,14 +31,17 @@ mod layers;
 mod service;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "client")]
-pub use self::client::{client, make_traced_connector, make_untraced_client, ClientInitError};
+pub use self::client::{
+    make_traced_client, make_traced_connector, make_untraced_client, ClientInitError, TracedClient,
+    TracedConnector, UntracedClient, UntracedConnector,
+};
 pub use self::{
     ext::{set_propagator, CorsLayerExt, ServiceExt as HttpServiceExt},
     layers::{
         body_to_bytes_response::{self, BodyToBytesResponse, BodyToBytesResponseLayer},
         bytes_to_body_request::{self, BytesToBodyRequest, BytesToBodyRequestLayer},
         catch_http_codes::{self, CatchHttpCodes, CatchHttpCodesLayer},
-        client::ClientLayer,
+        client::{ClientLayer, ClientService},
         form_urlencoded_request::{self, FormUrlencodedRequest, FormUrlencodedRequestLayer},
         json_request::{self, JsonRequest, JsonRequestLayer},
         json_response::{self, JsonResponse, JsonResponseLayer},
@@ -48,6 +51,4 @@ pub use self::{
     service::{BoxCloneSyncService, HttpService},
 };
 
-pub(crate) type BoxError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
-
 pub type EmptyBody = http_body::Empty<bytes::Bytes>;