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Merge pull request #4429 from arpadpanyik-arm/convertSequences_Neon

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Improve speed of ZSTD_compressSequencesAndLiterals using Neon
This commit is contained in:
Yann Collet
2025-07-13 23:52:48 -08:00
committed by GitHub
parent c768d7b94b 703f855734
commit afa96bbf25
3 changed files with 435 additions and 21 deletions
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4
.github/workflows/dev-short-tests.yml vendored
View File

@@ -434,8 +434,8 @@ jobs:
make clean
LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j check
LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j -C tests test-cli-tests
CFLAGS="-march=armv8.2-a+sve2" LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j check
CFLAGS="-march=armv8.2-a+sve2" LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j -C tests test-cli-tests
CFLAGS="-O3 -march=armv8.2-a+sve2" LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j check
CFLAGS="-O3 -march=armv8.2-a+sve2" LDFLAGS="-static" CC=$XCC QEMU_SYS=$XEMU make -j -C tests test-cli-tests
# This test is only compatible with standard libraries that support BTI (Branch Target Identification).
# Unfortunately, the standard library provided on Ubuntu 24.04 does not have this feature enabled.
# make clean

243
lib/compress/zstd_compress.c
View File

@@ -56,6 +56,14 @@
# define ZSTD_HASHLOG3_MAX 17
#endif
/*-*************************************
* Forward declarations
***************************************/
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(SeqDef* dstSeqs, const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences);
/*-*************************************
* Helper functions
***************************************/
@@ -7118,7 +7126,7 @@ size_t ZSTD_compressSequences(ZSTD_CCtx* cctx,
}
#if defined(__AVX2__)
#if defined(ZSTD_ARCH_X86_AVX2)
#include <immintrin.h> /* AVX2 intrinsics */
@@ -7138,7 +7146,7 @@ size_t ZSTD_compressSequences(ZSTD_CCtx* cctx,
* @returns > 0 if there is one long length (> 65535),
* indicating the position, and type.
*/
static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
SeqDef* dstSeqs,
const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences)
@@ -7298,7 +7306,7 @@ static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
* @returns > 0 if there is one long length (> 65535),
* indicating the position, and type.
*/
static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(SeqDef* dstSeqs, const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs, size_t nbSequences) {
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(SeqDef* dstSeqs, const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs, size_t nbSequences) {
size_t longLen = 0;
/* RVV depends on the specific definition of target structures */
@@ -7375,9 +7383,131 @@ static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(SeqDef* dstSeqs, const ZSTD_Sequence*
* but since this implementation is targeting modern systems (>= Sapphire Rapid),
* it's not useful to develop and maintain code for older pre-AVX2 platforms */
#else /* no AVX2 */
#elif defined(ZSTD_ARCH_ARM_NEON) && (defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64))
static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
SeqDef* dstSeqs,
const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences)
{
size_t longLen = 0;
size_t n = 0;
/* Neon permutation depends on the specific definition of target structures. */
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(ZSTD_Sequence) == 16);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, offset) == 0);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, litLength) == 4);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, matchLength) == 8);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(SeqDef) == 8);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(SeqDef, offBase) == 0);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(SeqDef, litLength) == 4);
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(SeqDef, mlBase) == 6);
if (nbSequences > 3) {
static const ZSTD_ALIGNED(16) U32 constAddition[4] = {
ZSTD_REP_NUM, 0, -MINMATCH, 0
};
static const ZSTD_ALIGNED(16) U8 constMask[16] = {
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25
};
static const ZSTD_ALIGNED(16) U16 constCounter[8] = {
1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2
};
const uint32x4_t vaddition = vld1q_u32(constAddition);
const uint8x16_t vmask = vld1q_u8(constMask);
uint16x8_t vcounter = vld1q_u16(constCounter);
uint16x8_t vindex01 = vdupq_n_u16(0);
uint16x8_t vindex23 = vdupq_n_u16(0);
do {
/* Load 4 ZSTD_Sequence (64 bytes). */
const uint32x4_t vin0 = vld1q_u32(&inSeqs[n + 0].offset);
const uint32x4_t vin1 = vld1q_u32(&inSeqs[n + 1].offset);
const uint32x4_t vin2 = vld1q_u32(&inSeqs[n + 2].offset);
const uint32x4_t vin3 = vld1q_u32(&inSeqs[n + 3].offset);
/* Add {ZSTD_REP_NUM, 0, -MINMATCH, 0} to each vector. */
const uint8x16x2_t vadd01 = { {
vreinterpretq_u8_u32(vaddq_u32(vin0, vaddition)),
vreinterpretq_u8_u32(vaddq_u32(vin1, vaddition)),
} };
const uint8x16x2_t vadd23 = { {
vreinterpretq_u8_u32(vaddq_u32(vin2, vaddition)),
vreinterpretq_u8_u32(vaddq_u32(vin3, vaddition)),
} };
/* Shuffle and pack bytes so each vector contains 2 SeqDef structures. */
const uint8x16_t vout01 = vqtbl2q_u8(vadd01, vmask);
const uint8x16_t vout23 = vqtbl2q_u8(vadd23, vmask);
/* Pack the upper 16-bits of 32-bit lanes for overflow check. */
uint16x8_t voverflow01 = vuzp2q_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vadd01.val[0]),
vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vadd01.val[1]));
uint16x8_t voverflow23 = vuzp2q_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vadd23.val[0]),
vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vadd23.val[1]));
/* Store 4 SeqDef structures. */
vst1q_u32(&dstSeqs[n + 0].offBase, vreinterpretq_u32_u8(vout01));
vst1q_u32(&dstSeqs[n + 2].offBase, vreinterpretq_u32_u8(vout23));
/* Create masks in case of overflow. */
voverflow01 = vcgtzq_s16(vreinterpretq_s16_u16(voverflow01));
voverflow23 = vcgtzq_s16(vreinterpretq_s16_u16(voverflow23));
/* Update overflow indices. */
vindex01 = vbslq_u16(voverflow01, vcounter, vindex01);
vindex23 = vbslq_u16(voverflow23, vcounter, vindex23);
/* Update counter for overflow check. */
vcounter = vaddq_u16(vcounter, vdupq_n_u16(4));
n += 4;
} while(n < nbSequences - 3);
/* Fixup indices in the second vector, we saved an additional counter
in the loop to update the second overflow index, we need to add 2
here when the indices are not 0. */
{ uint16x8_t nonzero = vtstq_u16(vindex23, vindex23);
vindex23 = vsubq_u16(vindex23, nonzero);
vindex23 = vsubq_u16(vindex23, nonzero);
}
/* Merge indices in the vectors, maximums are needed. */
vindex01 = vmaxq_u16(vindex01, vindex23);
vindex01 = vmaxq_u16(vindex01, vextq_u16(vindex01, vindex01, 4));
/* Compute `longLen`, maximums of matchLength and litLength
with a preference on litLength. */
{ U64 maxLitMatchIndices = vgetq_lane_u64(vreinterpretq_u64_u16(vindex01), 0);
size_t maxLitIndex = (maxLitMatchIndices >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
size_t maxMatchIndex = (maxLitMatchIndices >> 32) & 0xFFFF;
longLen = maxLitIndex > maxMatchIndex ? maxLitIndex + nbSequences
: maxMatchIndex;
}
}
/* Handle remaining elements. */
for (; n < nbSequences; n++) {
dstSeqs[n].offBase = OFFSET_TO_OFFBASE(inSeqs[n].offset);
dstSeqs[n].litLength = (U16)inSeqs[n].litLength;
dstSeqs[n].mlBase = (U16)(inSeqs[n].matchLength - MINMATCH);
/* Check for long length > 65535. */
if (UNLIKELY(inSeqs[n].matchLength > 65535 + MINMATCH)) {
assert(longLen == 0);
longLen = n + 1;
}
if (UNLIKELY(inSeqs[n].litLength > 65535)) {
assert(longLen == 0);
longLen = n + nbSequences + 1;
}
}
return longLen;
}
#else /* No vectorization. */
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
SeqDef* dstSeqs,
const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences)
@@ -7388,7 +7518,7 @@ static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(
dstSeqs[n].offBase = OFFSET_TO_OFFBASE(inSeqs[n].offset);
dstSeqs[n].litLength = (U16)inSeqs[n].litLength;
dstSeqs[n].mlBase = (U16)(inSeqs[n].matchLength - MINMATCH);
/* check for long length > 65535 */
/* Check for long length > 65535. */
if (UNLIKELY(inSeqs[n].matchLength > 65535+MINMATCH)) {
assert(longLen == 0);
longLen = n + 1;
@@ -7604,29 +7734,104 @@ BlockSummary ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(const ZSTD_Sequence* seqs, size_t nbSeqs)
#else
/*
* The function assumes `litMatchLength` is a packed 64-bit value where the
* lower 32 bits represent the match length. The check varies based on the
* system's endianness:
* - On little-endian systems, it verifies if the entire 64-bit value is at most
* 0xFFFFFFFF, indicating the match length (lower 32 bits) is zero.
* - On big-endian systems, it directly checks if the lower 32 bits are zero.
*
* @returns 1 if the match length is zero, 0 otherwise.
*/
FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE int matchLengthHalfIsZero(U64 litMatchLength)
{
if (MEM_isLittleEndian()) {
return litMatchLength <= 0xFFFFFFFFULL;
} else {
return (U32)litMatchLength == 0;
}
}
BlockSummary ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(const ZSTD_Sequence* seqs, size_t nbSeqs)
{
size_t totalMatchSize = 0;
size_t litSize = 0;
size_t n;
/* Use multiple accumulators for efficient use of wide out-of-order machines. */
U64 litMatchSize0 = 0;
U64 litMatchSize1 = 0;
U64 litMatchSize2 = 0;
U64 litMatchSize3 = 0;
size_t n = 0;
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, litLength) + 4 == offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, matchLength));
ZSTD_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, matchLength) + 4 == offsetof(ZSTD_Sequence, rep));
assert(seqs);
for (n=0; n<nbSeqs; n++) {
totalMatchSize += seqs[n].matchLength;
litSize += seqs[n].litLength;
if (seqs[n].matchLength == 0) {
if (nbSeqs > 3) {
/* Process the input in 4 independent streams to reach high throughput. */
do {
/* Load `litLength` and `matchLength` as a packed `U64`. It is safe
* to use 64-bit unsigned arithmetic here because the sum of `litLength`
* and `matchLength` cannot exceed the block size, so the 32-bit
* subparts will never overflow. */
U64 litMatchLength = MEM_read64(&seqs[n].litLength);
litMatchSize0 += litMatchLength;
if (matchLengthHalfIsZero(litMatchLength)) {
assert(seqs[n].offset == 0);
goto _out;
}
litMatchLength = MEM_read64(&seqs[n + 1].litLength);
litMatchSize1 += litMatchLength;
if (matchLengthHalfIsZero(litMatchLength)) {
n += 1;
assert(seqs[n].offset == 0);
goto _out;
}
litMatchLength = MEM_read64(&seqs[n + 2].litLength);
litMatchSize2 += litMatchLength;
if (matchLengthHalfIsZero(litMatchLength)) {
n += 2;
assert(seqs[n].offset == 0);
goto _out;
}
litMatchLength = MEM_read64(&seqs[n + 3].litLength);
litMatchSize3 += litMatchLength;
if (matchLengthHalfIsZero(litMatchLength)) {
n += 3;
assert(seqs[n].offset == 0);
goto _out;
}
n += 4;
} while(n < nbSeqs - 3);
}
for (; n < nbSeqs; n++) {
U64 litMatchLength = MEM_read64(&seqs[n].litLength);
litMatchSize0 += litMatchLength;
if (matchLengthHalfIsZero(litMatchLength)) {
assert(seqs[n].offset == 0);
break;
goto _out;
}
}
if (n==nbSeqs) {
BlockSummary bs;
/* At this point n == nbSeqs, so no end terminator. */
{ BlockSummary bs;
bs.nbSequences = ERROR(externalSequences_invalid);
return bs;
}
_out:
litMatchSize0 += litMatchSize1 + litMatchSize2 + litMatchSize3;
{ BlockSummary bs;
bs.nbSequences = n+1;
bs.blockSize = litSize + totalMatchSize;
bs.litSize = litSize;
bs.nbSequences = n + 1;
if (MEM_isLittleEndian()) {
bs.litSize = (U32)litMatchSize0;
bs.blockSize = bs.litSize + (litMatchSize0 >> 32);
} else {
bs.litSize = litMatchSize0 >> 32;
bs.blockSize = bs.litSize + (U32)litMatchSize0;
}
return bs;
}
}

209
tests/fuzzer.c
View File

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
#include "zstd_internal.h" /* ZSTD_WORKSPACETOOLARGE_MAXDURATION, ZSTD_WORKSPACETOOLARGE_FACTOR, KB, MB */
#include "threading.h" /* ZSTD_pthread_create, ZSTD_pthread_join */
#include "compress/hist.h" /* HIST_count_wksp */
#include "compress/zstd_compress_internal.h" /* ZSTD_get1BlockSummary */
/*-************************************
@@ -769,6 +770,210 @@ static void test_blockSplitter_incompressibleExpansionProtection(unsigned testNb
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
}
size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes(SeqDef* dstSeqs, const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences);
static size_t convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(
SeqDef* dstSeqs,
const ZSTD_Sequence* inSeqs,
size_t nbSequences)
{
size_t longLen = 0;
size_t n;
for (n=0; n<nbSequences; n++) {
dstSeqs[n].offBase = OFFSET_TO_OFFBASE(inSeqs[n].offset);
dstSeqs[n].litLength = (U16)inSeqs[n].litLength;
dstSeqs[n].mlBase = (U16)(inSeqs[n].matchLength - MINMATCH);
/* Check for long length > 65535. */
if (UNLIKELY(inSeqs[n].matchLength > 65535+MINMATCH)) {
assert(longLen == 0);
longLen = n + 1;
}
if (UNLIKELY(inSeqs[n].litLength > 65535)) {
assert(longLen == 0);
longLen = n + nbSequences + 1;
}
}
return longLen;
}
static unsigned test_convertSequences_noRepcodes(unsigned seed, unsigned testNb)
{
ZSTD_Sequence nsrc[12];
SeqDef ndst[12], rdst[12];
size_t ref, ret, i, j;
seed += 0xDEADBEEF;
for (i = 0; i < COUNTOF(nsrc); ++i) {
seed = 48271 * ((unsigned)i + seed);
nsrc[i].offset = (seed & 0xFFFF) | 1; /* Offset shall not be zero. */
seed = 48271 * ((unsigned)i + seed);
nsrc[i].litLength = seed & 0xFFFF;
seed = 48271 * ((unsigned)i + seed);
nsrc[i].matchLength = (seed & 0xFFFFFF) % (65536 + MINMATCH);
seed = 48271 * ((unsigned)i + seed);
nsrc[i].rep = seed & 0xFF;
}
/* For near overflow and proper negative value handling. */
nsrc[5].matchLength = 65535 + MINMATCH;
nsrc[6].litLength = 65535;
nsrc[6].matchLength = 0;
nsrc[7].litLength = 0;
nsrc[7].matchLength = MINMATCH;
for (i = 0; i <= COUNTOF(nsrc); ++i) {
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : convertSequences_noRepcodes with %u inputs : ",
testNb++, (unsigned)i);
memset(ndst, 0, sizeof(ndst));
memset(rdst, 0, sizeof(rdst));
ref = convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(rdst, nsrc, i);
ret = convertSequences_noRepcodes(ndst, nsrc, i);
CHECK_EQ(ret, ref);
CHECK_EQ(memcmp(rdst, ndst, sizeof(ndst)), 0);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
}
nsrc[7].matchLength = 65536 + MINMATCH;
for (i = 8; i <= COUNTOF(nsrc); ++i) {
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : convertSequences_noRepcodes with %u inputs and "
"matchLength overflow : ",
testNb++, (unsigned)i);
memset(ndst, 0, sizeof(ndst));
memset(rdst, 0, sizeof(rdst));
ref = convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(rdst, nsrc, i);
ret = convertSequences_noRepcodes(ndst, nsrc, i);
CHECK_EQ(ret, ref);
CHECK_EQ(memcmp(rdst, ndst, sizeof(ndst)), 0);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
assert(COUNTOF(nsrc) > 8);
for (j = 4; j < 8; ++j) {
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : convertSequences_noRepcodes with %u inputs and "
"matchLength overflow #%u : ",
testNb++, (unsigned)i, (unsigned)(i - j));
memset(ndst, 0, sizeof(ndst));
memset(rdst, 0, sizeof(rdst));
ref = convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(rdst, nsrc + j, i - j);
ret = convertSequences_noRepcodes(ndst, nsrc + j, i - j);
CHECK_EQ(ret, ref);
CHECK_EQ(memcmp(rdst, ndst, sizeof(ndst)), 0);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
}
}
nsrc[7].matchLength = 1;
nsrc[7].litLength = 65536;
for (i = 8; i <= COUNTOF(nsrc); ++i) {
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : convertSequences_noRepcodes with %u inputs and "
"litLength overflow: ",
testNb++, (unsigned)i);
memset(ndst, 0, sizeof(ndst));
memset(rdst, 0, sizeof(rdst));
ref = convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(rdst, nsrc, i);
ret = convertSequences_noRepcodes(ndst, nsrc, i);
CHECK_EQ(ret, ref);
CHECK_EQ(memcmp(rdst, ndst, sizeof(ndst)), 0);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
assert(COUNTOF(nsrc) > 8);
for (j = 4; j < 8; ++j) {
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : convertSequences_noRepcodes with %u inputs and "
"litLength overflow #%u: ",
testNb++, (unsigned)i, (unsigned)(i - j));
memset(ndst, 0, sizeof(ndst));
memset(rdst, 0, sizeof(rdst));
ref = convertSequences_noRepcodes_ref(rdst, nsrc + j, i - j);
ret = convertSequences_noRepcodes(ndst, nsrc + j, i - j);
CHECK_EQ(ret, ref);
CHECK_EQ(memcmp(rdst, ndst, sizeof(ndst)), 0);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
}
}
return testNb;
}
static unsigned test_get1BlockSummary(unsigned testNb)
{
static const ZSTD_Sequence nseqs[] = {
{ 10, 2, 4, 1 },
{ 20, 3, 5, 2 },
{ 30, 6, 8, 3 },
{ 40, 7, 9, 4 },
{ 50, 10, 12, 5 },
{ 60, 11, 13, 6 },
{ 0, 14, 0, 7 },
{ 70, 15, 17, 8 },
{ 80, 16, 18, 9 },
{ 90, 19, 21, 1 },
{ 99, 20, 22, 2 },
};
static const BlockSummary blocks[] = {
{ 7, 104, 53 },
{ 6, 98, 51 },
{ 5, 90, 48 },
{ 4, 76, 42 },
{ 3, 60, 35 },
{ 2, 38, 25 },
{ 1, 14, 14 },
};
size_t i;
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : ZSTD_get1BlockSummary with empty array : ", testNb++);
{
BlockSummary bs = ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(nseqs, 0);
CHECK_EQ(bs.nbSequences, ERROR(externalSequences_invalid));
}
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : ZSTD_get1BlockSummary with 1 literal only : ", testNb++);
{
static const ZSTD_Sequence seqs[] = { { 0, 5, 0, 0 } };
BlockSummary bs = ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(seqs, 1);
CHECK_EQ(bs.nbSequences, 1);
CHECK_EQ(bs.litSize, 5);
CHECK_EQ(bs.blockSize, 5);
}
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : ZSTD_get1BlockSummary with no terminator : ", testNb++);
{
static const ZSTD_Sequence seqs[] = { { 10, 2, 4, 0 }, { 20, 3, 5, 0 } };
BlockSummary bs = ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(seqs, 2);
CHECK_EQ(bs.nbSequences, ERROR(externalSequences_invalid));
}
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : ZSTD_get1BlockSummary with rep ignored : ", testNb++);
{
static const ZSTD_Sequence seqs[] = {
{ 10, 2, 4, 2 },
{ 10, 3, 5, 2 },
{ 0, 7, 0, 3 },
};
BlockSummary bs = ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(seqs, 3);
CHECK_EQ(bs.nbSequences, 3);
CHECK_EQ(bs.litSize, 2 + 3 + 7);
CHECK_EQ(bs.blockSize, (4 + 5) + (2 + 3 + 7));
}
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
assert(COUNTOF(nseqs) > COUNTOF(blocks));
for (i = 0; i < COUNTOF(blocks); ++i) {
BlockSummary bs;
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3u : ZSTD_get1BlockSummary with %u inputs : ",
testNb++, (unsigned)(COUNTOF(nseqs) - i));
bs = ZSTD_get1BlockSummary(nseqs + i, COUNTOF(nseqs) - i);
CHECK_EQ(bs.nbSequences, blocks[i].nbSequences);
CHECK_EQ(bs.litSize, blocks[i].litSize);
CHECK_EQ(bs.blockSize, blocks[i].blockSize);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
}
return testNb;
}
/* ============================================================= */
static int basicUnitTests(U32 const seed, double compressibility)
@@ -4004,6 +4209,10 @@ static int basicUnitTests(U32 const seed, double compressibility)
}
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "OK \n");
testNb = test_convertSequences_noRepcodes(seed, testNb);
testNb = test_get1BlockSummary(testNb);
DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "test%3i : ZSTD_compressSequencesAndLiterals : ", testNb++);
{
const size_t srcSize = 497000;