[lib] Fix NULL pointer dereference

When the output buffer is `NULL` with size 0, but the frame content size
is non-zero, we will write to the NULL pointer because our bounds check
underflowed.

This was exposed by a recent PR that allowed an empty frame into the
single-pass shortcut in streaming mode.

* Fix the bug.
* Fix another NULL dereference in zstd-v1.
* Overflow checks in 32-bit mode.
* Add a dedicated test.
* Expose the bug in the dedicated simple_decompress fuzzer.
* Switch all mallocs in fuzzers to return NULL for size=0.
* Fix a new timeout in a fuzzer.

Neither clang nor gcc show a decompression speed regression on x86-64.
On x86-32 clang is slightly positive and gcc loses 2.5% of speed.

Credit to OSS-Fuzz.

tests/fuzz/fuzz_helpers.c

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2020, Facebook, Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under both the BSD-style license (found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree) and the GPLv2 (found
+ * in the COPYING file in the root directory of this source tree).
+ * You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.
+ */
+#include "fuzz_helpers.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void* FUZZ_malloc(size_t size)
+{
+    if (size > 0) {
+        void* const mem = malloc(size);
+        FUZZ_ASSERT(mem);
+        return mem;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+int FUZZ_memcmp(void const* lhs, void const* rhs, size_t size)
+{
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return memcmp(lhs, rhs, size);
+}