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A page for each applet in the kit, plus .so stubs for aliases such as egrep and unxz. Each was written from the pinned busybox-w32 source with the kit's patches and configuration, then checked against the source and by experiment. The NOTES sections cover Windows behavior. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
387 lines
7.5 KiB
Groff
387 lines
7.5 KiB
Groff
.TH SPLIT 1 2026-10-19 "w64devkit" "w64devkit Manual"
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.SH NAME
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split \- split a file into pieces
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B split
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.RB [ \-b
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.IR count ]
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.RB [ \-l
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.IR count ]
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.RB [ \-a
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.IR length ]
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.RI [ input
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.RI [ prefix ]]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B split
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copies
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.I input
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to a series of new files, called pieces, each holding a fixed number of
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lines or bytes.
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By default a piece holds 1000 lines.
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With no
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.IR input ,
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or when it is
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.BR \- ,
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.B split
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reads standard input.
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To give a
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.I prefix
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and still read standard input, name the input
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.BR \- .
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This
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.B split
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is a busybox applet; see
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.BR busybox (1).
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.PP
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A piece is created when there is data to put in it, and replaces a file
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of the same name without warning.
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Empty input creates no pieces.
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Data is copied byte for byte, and
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.B split
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writes nothing to standard output.
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.SS Piece names
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A piece is named
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.I prefix
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followed by a suffix of lowercase letters.
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The prefix is
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.B x
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by default, and the suffix is 2 letters long unless
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.B \-a
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says otherwise.
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The suffixes run in order from
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.B aa
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to
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.BR az ,
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then
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.B ba
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to
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.BR bz ,
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and so on to
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.BR zz ,
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so the names sort in the order of the data.
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.PP
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Each letter of suffix multiplies the number of pieces by 26: 26 pieces
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for 1 letter, 676 for 2, and 17576 for 3.
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If there is more data after the last name is used,
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.B split
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reports
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.B suffixes exhausted
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and exits with status 1.
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The pieces written until then remain.
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.PP
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The
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.I prefix
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may include a directory, which must exist.
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The prefix and the suffix together must not be longer than 255 bytes,
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directory included.
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Otherwise
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.B split
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reports
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.B suffix too long
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and writes nothing.
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.SS Counts
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A count is a decimal number.
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Hexadecimal, a sign, and white space are not accepted, and leading zeros
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are allowed.
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A count for
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.B \-b
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may be followed by one of the lowercase suffixes
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.BR b ,
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.BR k ,
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.BR m ,
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or
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.BR g ,
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which multiply it by 512, 1024, 1048576, or 1073741824.
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A count for
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.B \-l
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cannot have a suffix.
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.PP
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A count that is malformed or out of range is an error, reported before
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the input is opened.
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The largest count for
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.B \-l
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is 9223372036854775807.
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A
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.B \-b
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count, after its suffix multiplies it, may be up to
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18446744073709551615, but one above 9223372036854775807 does not work:
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.B split
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writes empty or partial pieces, and may hang.
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.PP
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A count of 0 is accepted and is not useful.
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.B "\-b\ 0"
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creates empty pieces until the names run out, and then fails.
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.B "\-l\ 0"
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puts all the input in one piece.
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.PP
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With
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.BR \-l ,
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a piece holds
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.I count
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lines, and a line ends at an LF.
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A CR is an ordinary byte.
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The last piece holds what remains, and a last line without an LF is
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written as it is.
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With
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.BR \-b ,
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every piece except the last holds exactly
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.I count
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bytes, and a piece may end in the middle of a line or of a UTF-8
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character.
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.SH OPTIONS
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Options may follow the operands, unless
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
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is set.
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An option's argument may be attached, as in
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.BR \-l100 ,
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or be the next argument.
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.B \-\-
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ends the options.
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Long options are not accepted.
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An unknown option, a missing option argument, or more than two operands
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prints the usage message on standard error and exits with status 1.
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.TP
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.BI "\-b " count
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Split by bytes: each piece except the last holds
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.I count
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bytes.
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The count may have a suffix; see
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.BR Counts .
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.IP
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If both
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.B \-b
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and
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.B \-l
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are given, the input is split by bytes, and the count is the argument of
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whichever came last.
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That argument is also checked as a line count, so it cannot have a
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suffix if
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.B \-l
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is given anywhere: in
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.BR "\-l\ 5\ \-b\ 1k" ,
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the
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.B 1k
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is an error, and
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.B "\-b\ 1k\ \-l\ 5"
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splits into 5-byte pieces.
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.TP
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.BI "\-l " count
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Split by lines: each piece except the last holds
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.I count
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lines.
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The default, when neither
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.B \-b
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nor
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.B \-l
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is given, is 1000 lines.
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.TP
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.BI "\-a " length
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Make the suffix
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.I length
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letters long.
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The default is 2.
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It is a decimal number from 0 to 2147483647, and an error if the name
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would be too long; see
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.BR "Piece names" .
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A length of 0 is not rejected, but there is then no suffix: the first
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piece is named
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.I prefix
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itself, and each later one steps the last character of
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.I prefix
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up to
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.BR z .
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With the default prefix that gives at most three pieces, named
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.BR x ,
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.BR y ,
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and
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.BR z .
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.TP
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.B \-\-help
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Print a usage message on standard output and exit with status 0.
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It is recognized only as the first argument.
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.SH ENVIRONMENT
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.TP
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.B BB_GLOBBING
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Unless it is
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.BR 0 ,
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the C runtime expands wildcards in the operands when
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.B split
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starts as a new program, which serves commands typed in
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.BR cmd.exe .
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A busybox process started with it unset sets it to
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.B 0
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for its children, so commands run from the kit's shell receive their
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operands as the shell expanded them.
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.TP
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.B BB_UMASK
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A file mode creation mask in octal.
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When it includes the owner write bit,
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.BR 200 ,
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the pieces that
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.B split
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creates are read-only.
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A later run cannot replace them: it fails with
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.BR "Permission denied" .
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.TP
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
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If set, the first operand ends the options.
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.PP
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Variables that affect every busybox applet are described in
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.BR busybox (1).
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.SH EXIT STATUS
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.TP
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.B 0
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Success.
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.TP
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.B 1
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An invalid option, count, or number of operands, the
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.I input
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could not be opened or read, the name would be too long, a piece could
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not be created or written, or the suffixes ran out.
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.PP
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Errors are reported on standard error as
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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split: \fImessage\fR
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.EE
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.RE
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.PP
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Pieces written before an error remain.
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.SH EXAMPLES
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Split a log into pieces of 10000 lines, named
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.BR part_aa ,
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.BR part_ab ,
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and so on:
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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$ split \-l 10000 big.log part_
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.EE
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.RE
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.PP
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Split a file into 1 MiB pieces, then join them again:
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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$ split \-b 1m archive.zip archive.zip.
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$ cat archive.zip.?? >copy.zip
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.EE
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.RE
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.PP
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Split standard input into pieces of 3 lines.
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The input is named
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.B \-
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so that a prefix can follow it:
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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$ seq 1 7 | split \-l 3 \- n_
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$ cat n_ab
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4
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5
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6
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.EE
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.RE
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.PP
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Put the pieces in an existing directory, with 3 letters of suffix:
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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$ split \-a 3 \-l 500 data.csv out/data_
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.EE
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.RE
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.PP
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Split a large file into 2 GiB pieces:
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.PP
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.RS 4
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.EX
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$ split \-b 2g backup.tar backup.tar.
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.EE
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.RE
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.SH NOTES
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Differences from GNU
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.BR split :
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.IP \(bu 2
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The only options are
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.BR \-a ,
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.BR \-b ,
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.BR \-l ,
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and
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.BR \-\-help .
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There are no long options, and none of GNU's
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.BR \-C ,
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.BR \-d ,
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.BR \-e ,
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.BR \-n ,
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.BR \-t ,
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.BR \-u ,
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.BR \-x ,
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.BR \-\-additional\-suffix ,
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.BR \-\-filter ,
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or
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.BR \-\-verbose .
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.IP \(bu 2
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Suffixes are always lowercase letters.
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Without
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.BR \-a ,
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GNU
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.B split
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lengthens them when the names run out, but this one fails after 676
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pieces.
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.IP \(bu 2
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.B "\-a\ 0"
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means no suffix, not the default length.
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.IP \(bu 2
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The only
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.B \-b
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suffixes are lowercase
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.BR b ,
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.BR k ,
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.BR m ,
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and
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.BR g .
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GNU suffixes such as
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.BR K ,
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.BR KB ,
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and
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.B MB
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are errors.
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.IP \(bu 2
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Counts of 0 are not rejected.
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.PP
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Files and standard streams are binary, so CR LF line endings and Ctrl-Z
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characters are copied unchanged, and lines end only at LF.
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.PP
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File names may use drive letters, backslashes, and forward slashes, in
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the
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.I input
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and in the
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.IR prefix .
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They may contain any Unicode characters on Windows 10 version 1903 and
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later, and are limited to the system code page on earlier versions.
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A full path of 260 characters or more, counting the current directory
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for a relative name, fails with
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.BR "No such file or directory" ,
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even when the name passes the 255-byte check.
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The device names
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.IR /dev/null ,
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.IR /dev/zero ,
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.IR /dev/urandom ,
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.IR /dev/stdin ,
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.IR /dev/tty
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(the console), and
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.I /dev/fd/N
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work as an
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.I input
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on Windows as on Unix.
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A directory as the
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.I input
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fails with
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.BR "Permission denied" .
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.BR busybox (1),
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.BR cat (1),
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.BR dd (1),
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.BR head (1)
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