From 3b0c4306384053bdc144d9bc390125465106027a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Krzysztof Stachowiak <krzysztof.stachowiak@arm.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2019 14:24:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Unify the example programs' termination

This is done to account for platforms, for which we want custom behavior
upon the program termination, hence we call `mbedtls_exit()` instead of
returning from `main()`.

For the sake of consistency, introduces the modifications have been made
to the test and utility examples as well. These, while less likely to be
used in the low level environments, won't suffer from such a change.
---
 programs/aes/aescrypt2.c              |  4 ++--
 programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c         |  4 ++--
 programs/hash/generic_sum.c           | 10 +++++-----
 programs/hash/hello.c                 |  6 +++---
 programs/pkey/dh_client.c             |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c           |  6 +++---
 programs/pkey/dh_server.c             |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c       |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/ecdsa.c                 |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/gen_key.c               |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/key_app.c               |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c        |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c              |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/pk_sign.c               |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/pk_verify.c             |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c           |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c           |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c              |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c          |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c        |  4 ++--
 programs/random/gen_entropy.c         |  8 ++++----
 programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c |  8 ++++----
 programs/random/gen_random_havege.c   |  8 ++++----
 programs/ssl/dtls_client.c            |  5 +++--
 programs/ssl/dtls_server.c            |  5 +++--
 programs/ssl/mini_client.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c            |  6 +++---
 programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c        |  6 +++---
 programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c        |  4 ++--
 programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c     |  4 ++--
 programs/ssl/ssl_server.c             |  4 ++--
 programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c            |  6 +++---
 programs/test/benchmark.c             |  4 ++--
 programs/test/udp_proxy.c             |  5 +++--
 programs/test/zeroize.c               |  8 +++++---
 programs/util/pem2der.c               |  4 ++--
 programs/util/strerror.c              |  8 +++++---
 programs/x509/cert_app.c              |  4 ++--
 programs/x509/cert_req.c              |  4 ++--
 programs/x509/cert_write.c            |  4 ++--
 programs/x509/crl_app.c               |  4 ++--
 programs/x509/req_app.c               |  4 ++--
 47 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
index 8242ea7c9e..bb300822a7 100644
--- a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
+++ b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_AES_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C "
                     "and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C "
                     "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -465,6 +465,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_aes_free( &aes_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &sha_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
index a5acf5b8bf..83731d0e67 100644
--- a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
+++ b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -562,6 +562,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_cipher_free( &cipher_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C && MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
index 709a149e0e..97f7a46f9e 100644
--- a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
+++ b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     /*
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( md_info == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Message Digest '%s' not found\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
     if( mbedtls_md_setup( &md_ctx, md_info, 0 ) )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Failed to initialize context.\n" );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     ret = 0;
@@ -237,6 +237,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 exit:
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/hash/hello.c b/programs/hash/hello.c
index 55a0c7e74b..66fd315543 100644
--- a/programs/hash/hello.c
+++ b/programs/hash/hello.c
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_MD5_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  MD5('%s') = ", str );
 
     if( ( ret = mbedtls_md5_ret( (unsigned char *) str, 13, digest ) ) != 0 )
-        return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
+        mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
 
     for( i = 0; i < 16; i++ )
         mbedtls_printf( "%02x", digest[i] );
@@ -70,6 +70,6 @@ int main( void )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
+    mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_MD5_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
index 86b260ca03..90fc4e546c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int main( void )
            "and/or MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
index bf5482ed0a..5293f899cc 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_GENPRIME not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int main( int argc, char **argv )
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     for( i = 1; i < argc; i++ )
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_GENPRIME */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
index c011774853..06676c08d2 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int main( void )
            "and/or MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
index 9f849dd29d..e79dce09a9 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
                     "MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED and/or "
                     "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C "
                     "not defined\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDH_C && MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
index b851c3173a..b898b6275e 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 #if defined(VERBOSE)
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
           ECPARAMS */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
index 23e4e145c6..04e88bb78d 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C"
             "not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
         * MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app.c b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
index 7939309919..442e1732da 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -311,6 +311,6 @@ cleanup:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
index 60964292b9..b0b831a11c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -436,6 +436,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
index ecdcd329a1..8163781370 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -112,6 +112,6 @@ cleanup:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
index bf425079e2..c80928d214 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
index a32b147615..1850d93ef4 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
index 47a098a1a1..f27d8ea260 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
index a6bfe3f297..e6d7d4c419 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
index ff71bd0553..6e675c657c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -207,6 +207,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
index 4a71c15dd1..48f01abbc0 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
index d556c19021..4d1da9bbaa 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_GENPRIME and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_GENPRIME && MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
index 9bcd7a6270..570a64490e 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
index 42209e27c1..b65225e59e 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
index 94f0ef9ce9..0cbce682e5 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
index 148cd5110b..f788ff1566 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
index 6ae63b725d..e19ab61d0a 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -99,6 +99,6 @@ cleanup:
     fclose( f );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
index 59df34b665..b0882767a0 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -132,6 +132,6 @@ cleanup:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
index 5ea52aec9b..6a65de0932 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_havege_init( &hs );
@@ -104,6 +104,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 exit:
     mbedtls_havege_free( &hs );
     fclose( f );
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C */
diff --git a/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c b/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
index 3ea2a680b6..b74926e392 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_exit            exit
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_CERTS_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_DTLS && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
           MBEDTLD_TIMING_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c b/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
index bb32724780..9121c34df2 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_CERTS_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_TIMING_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_DTLS &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_COOKIE_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/mini_client.c b/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
index 4b8140e683..c568242f76 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C and/or UNIX "
             "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -296,6 +296,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_x509_crt_free( &ca );
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
index b723243c9c..2976a5afc0 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
index f95ca0c180..958bb3d405 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         }
         else if( strcmp( p, "query_config" ) == 0 )
         {
-            return query_config( q );
+            mbedtls_exit( query_config( q ) );
         }
         else
             goto usage;
@@ -2143,7 +2143,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
index 80407e49aa..1ff5369c45 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_TIMING_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("_WIN32 defined. This application requires fork() and signals "
            "to work correctly.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
index 3163e2124c..08ff025956 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C **
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
index 0624d3363e..3496ef6a5c 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_THREADING_C and/or MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD "
            "and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
index 3e1d9a4e61..21ba2c1c7f 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
index b429b2491a..e3f13d1d4d 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         }
         else if( strcmp( p, "query_config" ) == 0 )
         {
-            return query_config( q );
+            mbedtls_exit( query_config( q ) );
         }
         else
             goto usage;
@@ -3217,7 +3217,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/test/benchmark.c b/programs/test/benchmark.c
index 2b86566925..a8f7f6e1b8 100644
--- a/programs/test/benchmark.c
+++ b/programs/test/benchmark.c
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_TIMING_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_TIMING_C */
diff --git a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
index e96e91bf56..62508a097f 100644
--- a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
+++ b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_calloc          calloc
 #define mbedtls_free            free
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_NET_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -923,7 +924,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_NET_C */
diff --git a/programs/test/zeroize.c b/programs/test/zeroize.c
index 29cc0ac3c1..6f57260666 100644
--- a/programs/test/zeroize.c
+++ b/programs/test/zeroize.c
@@ -40,8 +40,10 @@
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif
@@ -72,14 +74,14 @@ int main( int argc, char** argv )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "This program takes exactly 1 agument\n" );
         usage();
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     fp = fopen( argv[1], "r" );
     if( fp == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "Could not open file '%s'\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     while( ( c = fgetc( fp ) ) != EOF && p < end - 1 )
@@ -97,5 +99,5 @@ int main( int argc, char** argv )
     fclose( fp );
     mbedtls_platform_zeroize( buf, sizeof( buf ) );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
diff --git a/programs/util/pem2der.c b/programs/util/pem2der.c
index f184939266..f1961a145e 100644
--- a/programs/util/pem2der.c
+++ b/programs/util/pem2der.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BASE64_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -290,6 +290,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BASE64_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/util/strerror.c b/programs/util/strerror.c
index 458280c989..5d1bbc9e60 100644
--- a/programs/util/strerror.c
+++ b/programs/util/strerror.c
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C) || defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY)
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ERROR_C and/or MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        return( 0 );
+        mbedtls_exit( 0 );
     }
 
     val = strtol( argv[1], &end, 10 );
@@ -87,6 +89,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( val );
+    mbedtls_exit( val );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ERROR_C */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_app.c b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
index 84d62fe605..b8367f6118 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_req.c b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
index f3d915750f..81e0d8c94a 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_req.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C "
             "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_write.c b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
index c3e89bef53..0c433184ce 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_write.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ERROR_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/crl_app.c b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
index 127320a138..cebc724e78 100644
--- a/programs/x509/crl_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/x509/req_app.c b/programs/x509/req_app.c
index 3bb4277fd9..3182d30bc9 100644
--- a/programs/x509/req_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/req_app.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */

From 6d10a56ce8c91b753f9b50c63c3373fd3a8803d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: k-stachowiak <krzysiek.stachowiak@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Aug 2019 08:15:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Remove obsolete comment

---
 programs/test/selftest.c | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/programs/test/selftest.c b/programs/test/selftest.c
index 727054ee60..869c7b6b14 100644
--- a/programs/test/selftest.c
+++ b/programs/test/selftest.c
@@ -417,7 +417,5 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( suites_failed > 0)
         mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
 
-    /* return() is here to prevent compiler warnings */
-    return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
+    mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
 }
-

From ff8ae1115972a7f8e58fe616c52b70e84ba86f44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: k-stachowiak <krzysiek.stachowiak@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Aug 2019 11:48:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Adjust the zeroization test to the new length of
 zeroize.c

---
 tests/scripts/test_zeroize.gdb | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/scripts/test_zeroize.gdb b/tests/scripts/test_zeroize.gdb
index c929c88a0f..ec6524b94f 100644
--- a/tests/scripts/test_zeroize.gdb
+++ b/tests/scripts/test_zeroize.gdb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 set confirm off
 
 file ./programs/test/zeroize
-break zeroize.c:100
+break zeroize.c:102
 
 set args ./programs/test/zeroize.c
 run

From 543e6c5a7eb8edfa6c347a52063c8275b70cea14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gilles Peskine <Gilles.Peskine@arm.com>
Date: Mon, 11 May 2020 22:13:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Add changelog entry file

Signed-off-by: Gilles Peskine <Gilles.Peskine@arm.com>
---
 ChangeLog.d/unified-exit-in-examples.txt | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 ChangeLog.d/unified-exit-in-examples.txt

diff --git a/ChangeLog.d/unified-exit-in-examples.txt b/ChangeLog.d/unified-exit-in-examples.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ef9798ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChangeLog.d/unified-exit-in-examples.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Changes
+   * Unify the example programs termination to call mbedtls_exit() instead of
+     using a return command. This has been done to enable customization of the
+     behavior in bare metal environments.