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Niels Lohmann
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doc/mkdocs/docs/features/binary_formats/cbor.md
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# CBOR
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The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation.
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!!! abstract "References"
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- [CBOR Website](http://cbor.io) - the main source on CBOR
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- [CBOR Playground](http://cbor.me) - an interactive webpage to translate between JSON and CBOR
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- [RFC 7049](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) - the CBOR specification
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## Serialization
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The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to CBOR types according to the CBOR specification (RFC 7049):
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JSON value type | value/range | CBOR type | first byte
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--------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | ---------------
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null | `null` | Null | 0xF6
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boolean | `true` | True | 0xF5
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boolean | `false` | False | 0xF4
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number_integer | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | Negative integer (8 bytes follow) | 0x3B
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number_integer | -2147483648..-32769 | Negative integer (4 bytes follow) | 0x3A
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number_integer | -32768..-129 | Negative integer (2 bytes follow) | 0x39
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number_integer | -128..-25 | Negative integer (1 byte follow) | 0x38
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number_integer | -24..-1 | Negative integer | 0x20..0x37
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number_integer | 0..23 | Integer | 0x00..0x17
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number_integer | 24..255 | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow) | 0x18
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number_integer | 256..65535 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow) | 0x19
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number_integer | 65536..4294967295 | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow) | 0x1A
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number_integer | 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow) | 0x1B
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number_unsigned | 0..23 | Integer | 0x00..0x17
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number_unsigned | 24..255 | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow) | 0x18
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number_unsigned | 256..65535 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow) | 0x19
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number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295 | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow) | 0x1A
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number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow) | 0x1B
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number_float | *any value representable by a float* | Single-Precision Float | 0xFA
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number_float | *any value NOT representable by a float* | Double-Precision Float | 0xFB
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string | *length*: 0..23 | UTF-8 string | 0x60..0x77
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string | *length*: 23..255 | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow) | 0x78
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string | *length*: 256..65535 | UTF-8 string (2 bytes follow) | 0x79
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string | *length*: 65536..4294967295 | UTF-8 string (4 bytes follow) | 0x7A
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string | *length*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | UTF-8 string (8 bytes follow) | 0x7B
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array | *size*: 0..23 | array | 0x80..0x97
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array | *size*: 23..255 | array (1 byte follow) | 0x98
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array | *size*: 256..65535 | array (2 bytes follow) | 0x99
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array | *size*: 65536..4294967295 | array (4 bytes follow) | 0x9A
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array | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | array (8 bytes follow) | 0x9B
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object | *size*: 0..23 | map | 0xA0..0xB7
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object | *size*: 23..255 | map (1 byte follow) | 0xB8
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object | *size*: 256..65535 | map (2 bytes follow) | 0xB9
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object | *size*: 65536..4294967295 | map (4 bytes follow) | 0xBA
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object | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | map (8 bytes follow) | 0xBB
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binary | *size*: 0..23 | byte string | 0x40..0x57
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binary | *size*: 23..255 | byte string (1 byte follow) | 0x58
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binary | *size*: 256..65535 | byte string (2 bytes follow) | 0x59
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binary | *size*: 65536..4294967295 | byte string (4 bytes follow) | 0x5A
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binary | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | byte string (8 bytes follow) | 0x5B
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!!! success "Complete mapping"
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The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type can be converted to a CBOR value.
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!!! info "NaN/infinity handling"
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If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly. This behavior differs from the normal JSON serialization which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
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!!! info "Unused CBOR types"
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The following CBOR types are not used in the conversion:
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- UTF-8 strings terminated by "break" (0x7F)
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- arrays terminated by "break" (0x9F)
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- maps terminated by "break" (0xBF)
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- byte strings terminated by "break" (0x5F)
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- date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
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- bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
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- decimal fraction (0xC4)
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- bigfloat (0xC5)
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- tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
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- expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
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- simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
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- undefined (0xF7)
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- half-precision floats (0xF9)
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- break (0xFF)
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!!! example
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```cpp
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--8<-- "examples/to_cbor.cpp"
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```
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Output:
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```c
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--8<-- "examples/to_cbor.output"
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```
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## Deserialization
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The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:
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CBOR type | JSON value type | first byte
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---------------------- | --------------- | ----------
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Integer | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x17
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Unsigned integer | number_unsigned | 0x18
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Unsigned integer | number_unsigned | 0x19
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Unsigned integer | number_unsigned | 0x1A
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Unsigned integer | number_unsigned | 0x1B
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Negative integer | number_integer | 0x20..0x37
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Negative integer | number_integer | 0x38
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Negative integer | number_integer | 0x39
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Negative integer | number_integer | 0x3A
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Negative integer | number_integer | 0x3B
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Byte string | binary | 0x40..0x57
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Byte string | binary | 0x58
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Byte string | binary | 0x59
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Byte string | binary | 0x5A
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Byte string | binary | 0x5B
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x60..0x77
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x78
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x79
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x7A
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x7B
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UTF-8 string | string | 0x7F
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array | array | 0x80..0x97
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array | array | 0x98
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array | array | 0x99
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array | array | 0x9A
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array | array | 0x9B
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array | array | 0x9F
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map | object | 0xA0..0xB7
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map | object | 0xB8
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map | object | 0xB9
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map | object | 0xBA
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map | object | 0xBB
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map | object | 0xBF
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False | `false` | 0xF4
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True | `true` | 0xF5
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Null | `null` | 0xF6
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Half-Precision Float | number_float | 0xF9
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Single-Precision Float | number_float | 0xFA
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Double-Precision Float | number_float | 0xFB
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!!! warning "Incomplete mapping"
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The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all CBOR types can be converted to a JSON value. The following CBOR types are not supported and will yield parse errors:
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- date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
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- bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
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- decimal fraction (0xC4)
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- bigfloat (0xC5)
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- tagged items (0xC6..0xD4, 0xD8..0xDB)
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- expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
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- simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
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- undefined (0xF7)
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!!! warning "Object keys"
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CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys other than UTF-8 strings are rejected.
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!!! example
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```cpp
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--8<-- "examples/from_cbor.cpp"
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```
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Output:
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```json
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--8<-- "examples/from_cbor.output"
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```
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