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Since some preparation work had already been done, the only source changes left were changing empty-element tags like <xref linkend="foo"> to <xref linkend="foo"/>, and changing the DOCTYPE. The source files are still named *.sgml, but they are actually XML files now. Renaming could be considered later. In the build system, the intermediate step to convert from SGML to XML is removed. Everything is build straight from the source files again. The OpenSP (or the old SP) package is no longer needed. The documentation toolchain instructions are updated and are much simpler now. Peter Eisentraut, Alexander Lakhin, Jürgen Purtz
674 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
674 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
<!-- doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml -->
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<sect1 id="postgres-fdw" xreflabel="postgres_fdw">
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<title>postgres_fdw</title>
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<indexterm zone="postgres-fdw">
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<primary>postgres_fdw</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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The <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> module provides the foreign-data wrapper
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<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>, which can be used to access data
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stored in external <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers.
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</para>
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<para>
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The functionality provided by this module overlaps substantially
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with the functionality of the older <xref linkend="dblink"/> module.
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But <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> provides more transparent and
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standards-compliant syntax for accessing remote tables, and can give
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better performance in many cases.
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</para>
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<para>
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To prepare for remote access using <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>:
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<orderedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Install the <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> extension using <xref
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linkend="sql-createextension"/>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a foreign server object, using <xref linkend="sql-createserver"/>,
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to represent each remote database you want to connect to.
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Specify connection information, except <literal>user</literal> and
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<literal>password</literal>, as options of the server object.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a user mapping, using <xref linkend="sql-createusermapping"/>, for
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each database user you want to allow to access each foreign server.
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Specify the remote user name and password to use as
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<literal>user</literal> and <literal>password</literal> options of the
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user mapping.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a foreign table, using <xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>
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or <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/>,
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for each remote table you want to access. The columns of the foreign
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table must match the referenced remote table. You can, however, use
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table and/or column names different from the remote table's, if you
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specify the correct remote names as options of the foreign table object.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Now you need only <command>SELECT</command> from a foreign table to access
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the data stored in its underlying remote table. You can also modify
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the remote table using <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>, or
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<command>DELETE</command>. (Of course, the remote user you have specified
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in your user mapping must have privileges to do these things.)
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> currently lacks support for
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<command>INSERT</command> statements with an <literal>ON CONFLICT DO
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UPDATE</literal> clause. However, the <literal>ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING</literal>
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clause is supported, provided a unique index inference specification
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is omitted.
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</para>
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<para>
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It is generally recommended that the columns of a foreign table be declared
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with exactly the same data types, and collations if applicable, as the
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referenced columns of the remote table. Although <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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is currently rather forgiving about performing data type conversions at
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need, surprising semantic anomalies may arise when types or collations do
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not match, due to the remote server interpreting <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses
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slightly differently from the local server.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that a foreign table can be declared with fewer columns, or with a
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different column order, than its underlying remote table has. Matching
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of columns to the remote table is by name, not position.
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</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>FDW Options of postgres_fdw</title>
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<sect3>
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<title>Connection Options</title>
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<para>
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A foreign server using the <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> foreign data wrapper
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can have the same options that <application>libpq</application> accepts in
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connection strings, as described in <xref linkend="libpq-paramkeywords"/>,
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except that these options are not allowed:
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>user</literal> and <literal>password</literal> (specify these
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in a user mapping, instead)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>client_encoding</literal> (this is automatically set from the local
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server encoding)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>fallback_application_name</literal> (always set to
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<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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Only superusers may connect to foreign servers without password
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authentication, so always specify the <literal>password</literal> option
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for user mappings belonging to non-superusers.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Object Name Options</title>
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<para>
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These options can be used to control the names used in SQL statements
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sent to the remote <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server. These
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options are needed when a foreign table is created with names different
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from the underlying remote table's names.
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>schema_name</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table, gives the
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schema name to use for the foreign table on the remote server. If this
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option is omitted, the name of the foreign table's schema is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>table_name</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table, gives the
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table name to use for the foreign table on the remote server. If this
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option is omitted, the foreign table's name is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>column_name</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a column of a foreign table,
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gives the column name to use for the column on the remote server.
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If this option is omitted, the column's name is used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Cost Estimation Options</title>
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> retrieves remote data by executing queries
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against remote servers, so ideally the estimated cost of scanning a
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foreign table should be whatever it costs to be done on the remote
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server, plus some overhead for communication. The most reliable way to
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get such an estimate is to ask the remote server and then add something
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for overhead — but for simple queries, it may not be worth the cost
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of an additional remote query to get a cost estimate.
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So <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> provides the following options to control
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how cost estimation is done:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>use_remote_estimate</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign table or a foreign
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server, controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> issues remote
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<command>EXPLAIN</command> commands to obtain cost estimates.
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A setting for a foreign table overrides any setting for its server,
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but only for that table.
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The default is <literal>false</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign server, is a numeric
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value that is added to the estimated startup cost of any foreign-table
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scan on that server. This represents the additional overhead of
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establishing a connection, parsing and planning the query on the
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remote side, etc.
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The default value is <literal>100</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option, which can be specified for a foreign server, is a numeric
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value that is used as extra cost per-tuple for foreign-table
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scans on that server. This represents the additional overhead of
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data transfer between servers. You might increase or decrease this
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number to reflect higher or lower network delay to the remote server.
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The default value is <literal>0.01</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>
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When <literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is true,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> obtains row count and cost estimates from the
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remote server and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
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<literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates. When
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<literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is false,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> performs local row count and cost estimation
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and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
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<literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates. This local
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estimation is unlikely to be very accurate unless local copies of the
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remote table's statistics are available. Running
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<xref linkend="sql-analyze"/> on the foreign table is the way to update
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the local statistics; this will perform a scan of the remote table and
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then calculate and store statistics just as though the table were local.
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Keeping local statistics can be a useful way to reduce per-query planning
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overhead for a remote table — but if the remote table is
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frequently updated, the local statistics will soon be obsolete.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Remote Execution Options</title>
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<para>
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By default, only <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses using built-in operators and
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functions will be considered for execution on the remote server. Clauses
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involving non-built-in functions are checked locally after rows are
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fetched. If such functions are available on the remote server and can be
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relied on to produce the same results as they do locally, performance can
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be improved by sending such <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses for remote
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execution. This behavior can be controlled using the following option:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>extensions</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option is a comma-separated list of names
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of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extensions that are installed, in
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compatible versions, on both the local and remote servers. Functions
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and operators that are immutable and belong to a listed extension will
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be considered shippable to the remote server.
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This option can only be specified for foreign servers, not per-table.
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</para>
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<para>
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When using the <literal>extensions</literal> option, <emphasis>it is the
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user's responsibility</emphasis> that the listed extensions exist and behave
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identically on both the local and remote servers. Otherwise, remote
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queries may fail or behave unexpectedly.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>fetch_size</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option specifies the number of rows <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
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should get in each fetch operation. It can be specified for a foreign
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table or a foreign server. The option specified on a table overrides
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an option specified for the server.
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The default is <literal>100</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Updatability Options</title>
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<para>
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By default all foreign tables using <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> are assumed
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to be updatable. This may be overridden using the following option:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>updatable</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option controls whether <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> allows foreign
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tables to be modified using <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command> and
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<command>DELETE</command> commands. It can be specified for a foreign table
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or a foreign server. A table-level option overrides a server-level
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option.
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The default is <literal>true</literal>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Of course, if the remote table is not in fact updatable, an error
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would occur anyway. Use of this option primarily allows the error to
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be thrown locally without querying the remote server. Note however
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that the <literal>information_schema</literal> views will report a
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> foreign table to be updatable (or not)
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according to the setting of this option, without any check of the
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remote server.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Importing Options</title>
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> is able to import foreign table definitions
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using <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/>. This command creates
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foreign table definitions on the local server that match tables or
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views present on the remote server. If the remote tables to be imported
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have columns of user-defined data types, the local server must have
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compatible types of the same names.
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</para>
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<para>
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Importing behavior can be customized with the following options
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(given in the <command>IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA</command> command):
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>import_collate</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option controls whether column <literal>COLLATE</literal> options
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are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
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from a foreign server. The default is <literal>true</literal>. You might
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need to turn this off if the remote server has a different set of
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collation names than the local server does, which is likely to be the
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case if it's running on a different operating system.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>import_default</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option controls whether column <literal>DEFAULT</literal> expressions
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are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
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from a foreign server. The default is <literal>false</literal>. If you
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enable this option, be wary of defaults that might get computed
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differently on the local server than they would be on the remote
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server; <function>nextval()</function> is a common source of problems.
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The <command>IMPORT</command> will fail altogether if an imported default
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expression uses a function or operator that does not exist locally.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>import_not_null</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option controls whether column <literal>NOT NULL</literal>
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constraints are included in the definitions of foreign tables imported
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from a foreign server. The default is <literal>true</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>
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Note that constraints other than <literal>NOT NULL</literal> will never be
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imported from the remote tables. Although <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
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does support <literal>CHECK</literal> constraints on foreign tables, there is no
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provision for importing them automatically, because of the risk that a
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constraint expression could evaluate differently on the local and remote
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servers. Any such inconsistency in the behavior of a <literal>CHECK</literal>
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constraint could lead to hard-to-detect errors in query optimization.
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So if you wish to import <literal>CHECK</literal> constraints, you must do so
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manually, and you should verify the semantics of each one carefully.
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For more detail about the treatment of <literal>CHECK</literal> constraints on
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foreign tables, see <xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Tables or foreign tables which are partitions of some other table are
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automatically excluded. Partitioned tables are imported, unless they
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are a partition of some other table. Since all data can be accessed
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through the partitioned table which is the root of the partitioning
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hierarchy, this approach should allow access to all the data without
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creating extra objects.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Connection Management</title>
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> establishes a connection to a
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foreign server during the first query that uses a foreign table
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associated with the foreign server. This connection is kept and
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re-used for subsequent queries in the same session. However, if
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multiple user identities (user mappings) are used to access the foreign
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server, a connection is established for each user mapping.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Transaction Management</title>
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<para>
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During a query that references any remote tables on a foreign server,
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> opens a transaction on the
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remote server if one is not already open corresponding to the current
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local transaction. The remote transaction is committed or aborted when
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the local transaction commits or aborts. Savepoints are similarly
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managed by creating corresponding remote savepoints.
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</para>
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<para>
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The remote transaction uses <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal>
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isolation level when the local transaction has <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal>
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isolation level; otherwise it uses <literal>REPEATABLE READ</literal>
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isolation level. This choice ensures that if a query performs multiple
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table scans on the remote server, it will get snapshot-consistent results
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for all the scans. A consequence is that successive queries within a
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single transaction will see the same data from the remote server, even if
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concurrent updates are occurring on the remote server due to other
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activities. That behavior would be expected anyway if the local
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transaction uses <literal>SERIALIZABLE</literal> or <literal>REPEATABLE READ</literal>
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isolation level, but it might be surprising for a <literal>READ
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COMMITTED</literal> local transaction. A future
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> release might modify these rules.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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|
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<sect2>
|
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<title>Remote Query Optimization</title>
|
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|
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<para>
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<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> attempts to optimize remote queries to reduce
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the amount of data transferred from foreign servers. This is done by
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sending query <literal>WHERE</literal> clauses to the remote server for
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execution, and by not retrieving table columns that are not needed for
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the current query. To reduce the risk of misexecution of queries,
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<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses are not sent to the remote server unless they use
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only data types, operators, and functions that are built-in or belong to an
|
|
extension that's listed in the foreign server's <literal>extensions</literal>
|
|
option. Operators and functions in such clauses must
|
|
be <literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> as well.
|
|
For an <command>UPDATE</command> or <command>DELETE</command> query,
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> attempts to optimize the query execution by
|
|
sending the whole query to the remote server if there are no query
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses that cannot be sent to the remote server,
|
|
no local joins for the query, no row-level local <literal>BEFORE</literal> or
|
|
<literal>AFTER</literal> triggers on the target table, and no
|
|
<literal>CHECK OPTION</literal> constraints from parent views.
|
|
In <command>UPDATE</command>,
|
|
expressions to assign to target columns must use only built-in data types,
|
|
<literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> operators, or <literal>IMMUTABLE</literal> functions,
|
|
to reduce the risk of misexecution of the query.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> encounters a join between foreign tables on
|
|
the same foreign server, it sends the entire join to the foreign server,
|
|
unless for some reason it believes that it will be more efficient to fetch
|
|
rows from each table individually, or unless the table references involved
|
|
are subject to different user mappings. While sending the <literal>JOIN</literal>
|
|
clauses, it takes the same precautions as mentioned above for the
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clauses.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The query that is actually sent to the remote server for execution can
|
|
be examined using <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Remote Query Execution Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In the remote sessions opened by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>,
|
|
the <xref linkend="guc-search-path"/> parameter is set to
|
|
just <literal>pg_catalog</literal>, so that only built-in objects are visible
|
|
without schema qualification. This is not an issue for queries
|
|
generated by <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> itself, because it always
|
|
supplies such qualification. However, this can pose a hazard for
|
|
functions that are executed on the remote server via triggers or rules
|
|
on remote tables. For example, if a remote table is actually a view,
|
|
any functions used in that view will be executed with the restricted
|
|
search path. It is recommended to schema-qualify all names in such
|
|
functions, or else attach <literal>SET search_path</literal> options
|
|
(see <xref linkend="sql-createfunction"/>) to such functions
|
|
to establish their expected search path environment.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> likewise establishes remote session settings
|
|
for various parameters:
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-timezone"/> is set to <literal>UTC</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-datestyle"/> is set to <literal>ISO</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-intervalstyle"/> is set to <literal>postgres</literal>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<xref linkend="guc-extra-float-digits"/> is set to <literal>3</literal> for remote
|
|
servers 9.0 and newer and is set to <literal>2</literal> for older versions
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
These are less likely to be problematic than <varname>search_path</varname>, but
|
|
can be handled with function <literal>SET</literal> options if the need arises.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is <emphasis>not</emphasis> recommended that you override this behavior by
|
|
changing the session-level settings of these parameters; that is likely
|
|
to cause <filename>postgres_fdw</filename> to malfunction.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Cross-Version Compatibility</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>postgres_fdw</filename> can be used with remote servers dating back
|
|
to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3. Read-only capability is available
|
|
back to 8.1. A limitation however is that <filename>postgres_fdw</filename>
|
|
generally assumes that immutable built-in functions and operators are
|
|
safe to send to the remote server for execution, if they appear in a
|
|
<literal>WHERE</literal> clause for a foreign table. Thus, a built-in
|
|
function that was added since the remote server's release might be sent
|
|
to it for execution, resulting in <quote>function does not exist</quote> or
|
|
a similar error. This type of failure can be worked around by
|
|
rewriting the query, for example by embedding the foreign table
|
|
reference in a sub-<literal>SELECT</literal> with <literal>OFFSET 0</literal> as an
|
|
optimization fence, and placing the problematic function or operator
|
|
outside the sub-<literal>SELECT</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Here is an example of creating a foreign table with
|
|
<literal>postgres_fdw</literal>. First install the extension:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Then create a foreign server using <xref linkend="sql-createserver"/>.
|
|
In this example we wish to connect to a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server
|
|
on host <literal>192.83.123.89</literal> listening on
|
|
port <literal>5432</literal>. The database to which the connection is made
|
|
is named <literal>foreign_db</literal> on the remote server:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE SERVER foreign_server
|
|
FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
|
|
OPTIONS (host '192.83.123.89', port '5432', dbname 'foreign_db');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A user mapping, defined with <xref linkend="sql-createusermapping"/>, is
|
|
needed as well to identify the role that will be used on the remote
|
|
server:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE USER MAPPING FOR local_user
|
|
SERVER foreign_server
|
|
OPTIONS (user 'foreign_user', password 'password');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now it is possible to create a foreign table with
|
|
<xref linkend="sql-createforeigntable"/>. In this example we
|
|
wish to access the table named <structname>some_schema.some_table</structname>
|
|
on the remote server. The local name for it will
|
|
be <structname>foreign_table</structname>:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_table (
|
|
id integer NOT NULL,
|
|
data text
|
|
)
|
|
SERVER foreign_server
|
|
OPTIONS (schema_name 'some_schema', table_name 'some_table');
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
It's essential that the data types and other properties of the columns
|
|
declared in <command>CREATE FOREIGN TABLE</command> match the actual remote table.
|
|
Column names must match as well, unless you attach <literal>column_name</literal>
|
|
options to the individual columns to show how they are named in the remote
|
|
table.
|
|
In many cases, use of <xref linkend="sql-importforeignschema"/> is
|
|
preferable to constructing foreign table definitions manually.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Author</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shigeru Hanada <email>shigeru.hanada@gmail.com</email>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|