create_index_paths are not immediately discarded, but are available for
subsequent planner work. This allows avoiding redundant syscache lookups
in several places. Change interface to operator selectivity estimation
procedures to allow faster and more flexible estimation.
Initdb forced due to change of pg_proc entries for selectivity functions!
a separate statement (though it can still be invoked as part of VACUUM, too).
pg_statistic redesigned to be more flexible about what statistics are
stored. ANALYZE now collects a list of several of the most common values,
not just one, plus a histogram (not just the min and max values). Random
sampling is used to make the process reasonably fast even on very large
tables. The number of values and histogram bins collected is now
user-settable via an ALTER TABLE command.
There is more still to do; the new stats are not being used everywhere
they could be in the planner. But the remaining changes for this project
should be localized, and the behavior is already better than before.
A not-very-related change is that sorting now makes use of btree comparison
routines if it can find one, rather than invoking '<' twice.
as both a GROUP BY item and an output expression, the top-level Group
node should just copy up the evaluated expression value from its input,
rather than re-evaluating the expression. Aside from any performance
benefit this might offer, this avoids a crash when there is a sub-SELECT
in said expression.
comparison does not consider paths different when they differ only in
uninteresting aspects of sort order. (We had a special case of this
consideration for indexscans already, but generalize it to apply to
ordered join paths too.) Be stricter about what is a canonical pathkey
to allow faster pathkey comparison. Cache canonical pathkeys and
dispersion stats for left and right sides of a RestrictInfo's clause,
to avoid repeated computation. Total speedup will depend on number of
tables in a query, but I see about 4x speedup of planning phase for
a sample seven-table query.
joins, and clean things up a good deal at the same time. Append plan node
no longer hacks on rangetable at runtime --- instead, all child tables are
given their own RT entries during planning. Concept of multiple target
tables pushed up into execMain, replacing bug-prone implementation within
nodeAppend. Planner now supports generating Append plans for inheritance
sets either at the top of the plan (the old way) or at the bottom. Expanding
at the bottom is appropriate for tables used as sources, since they may
appear inside an outer join; but we must still expand at the top when the
target of an UPDATE or DELETE is an inheritance set, because we actually need
a different targetlist and junkfilter for each target table in that case.
Fortunately a target table can't be inside an outer join... Bizarre mutual
recursion between union_planner and prepunion.c is gone --- in fact,
union_planner doesn't really have much to do with union queries anymore,
so I renamed it grouping_planner.
ExecutorRun. This allows LIMIT to work in a view. Also, LIMIT in a
cursor declaration will behave in a reasonable fashion, whereas before
it was overridden by the FETCH count.
SQL92 semantics, including support for ALL option. All three can be used
in subqueries and views. DISTINCT and ORDER BY work now in views, too.
This rewrite fixes many problems with cross-datatype UNIONs and INSERT/SELECT
where the SELECT yields different datatypes than the INSERT needs. I did
that by making UNION subqueries and SELECT in INSERT be treated like
subselects-in-FROM, thereby allowing an extra level of targetlist where the
datatype conversions can be inserted safely.
INITDB NEEDED!
(Don't forget that an alias is required.) Views reimplemented as expanding
to subselect-in-FROM. Grouping, aggregates, DISTINCT in views actually
work now (he says optimistically). No UNION support in subselects/views
yet, but I have some ideas about that. Rule-related permissions checking
moved out of rewriter and into executor.
INITDB REQUIRED!
query representation. Note that GEQO_RELS setting is now interpreted
as the number of top-level items in the FROM list, not necessarily the
number of relations in the query. This seems appropriate since we are
only doing join-path searching over the top-level items.
pg_proc.c (where it's actually used). Fix it to correctly handle tlists
that contain resjunk target items, and improve error messages. This
addresses bug reported by Krupnikov 6-July-00.
right thing with variable-free clauses that contain noncachable functions,
such as 'WHERE random() < 0.5' --- these are evaluated once per
potential output tuple. Expressions that contain only Params are
now candidates to be indexscan quals --- for example, 'var = ($1 + 1)'
can now be indexed. Cope with RelabelType nodes atop potential indexscan
variables --- this oversight prevents 7.0.* from recognizing some
potentially indexscanable situations.
that RAND_MAX applies to them, since it doesn't. Instead add a
config.h parameter MAX_RANDOM_VALUE. This is currently set at 2^31-1
but could be auto-configured if that ever proves necessary. Also fix
some outright bugs like calling srand() where srandom() is appropriate.
mergejoinable qual clauses, and add them to the query quals. For
example, WHERE a = b AND b = c will cause us to add AND a = c.
This is necessary to ensure that it's safe to use these variables
as interchangeable sort keys, which is something 7.0 knows how to do.
Should provide a useful improvement in planning ability, too.
for details). It doesn't really do that much yet, since there are no
short-term memory contexts in the executor, but the infrastructure is
in place and long-term contexts are handled reasonably. A few long-
standing bugs have been fixed, such as 'VACUUM; anything' in a single
query string crashing. Also, out-of-memory is now considered a
recoverable ERROR, not FATAL.
Eliminate a large amount of crufty, now-dead code in and around
memory management.
Fix problem with holding off SIGTRAP, SIGSEGV, etc in postmaster and
backend startup.
materialized tupleset is small enough) instead of a temporary relation.
This was something I was thinking of doing anyway for performance, and Jan
says he needs it for TOAST because he doesn't want to cope with toasting
noname relations. With this change, the 'noname table' support in heap.c
is dead code, and I have accordingly removed it. Also clean up 'noname'
plan handling in planner --- nonames are either sort or materialize plans,
and it seems less confusing to handle them separately under those names.
That means you can now set your options in either or all of $PGDATA/configuration,
some postmaster option (--enable-fsync=off), or set a SET command. The list of
options is in backend/utils/misc/guc.c, documentation will be written post haste.
pg_options is gone, so is that pq_geqo config file. Also removed were backend -K,
-Q, and -T options (no longer applicable, although -d0 does the same as -Q).
Added to configure an --enable-syslog option.
changed all callers from TPRINTF to elog(DEBUG)
WHERE in a place where it can be part of a nestloop inner indexqual.
As the code stood, it put the same physical sub-Plan node into both
indxqual and indxqualorig of the IndexScan plan node. That confused
later processing in the optimizer (which expected that tracing the
subPlan list would visit each subplan node exactly once), and would
probably have blown up in the executor if the planner hadn't choked first.
Fix by making the 'fixed' indexqual be a complete deep copy of the
original indexqual, rather than trying to share nodes below the topmost
operator node. This had further ramifications though, because we were
making the aforesaid list of sub-Plan nodes during SS_process_sublinks
which is run before construction of the 'fixed' indexqual, meaning that
the copy of the sub-Plan didn't show up in that list. Fix by rearranging
logic so that the sub-Plan list is built by the final set_plan_references
pass, not in SS_process_sublinks. This may sound like a mess, but it's
actually a good deal cleaner now than it was before, because we are no
longer dependent on the assumption that planning will never make a copy
of a sub-Plan node.
costs using the inner path's parent->rows count as the number of tuples
processed per inner scan iteration. This is wrong when we are using an
inner indexscan with indexquals based on join clauses, because the rows
count in a Relation node reflects the selectivity of the restriction
clauses for that rel only. Upshot was that if join clause was very
selective, we'd drastically overestimate the true cost of the join.
Fix is to calculate correct output-rows estimate for an inner indexscan
when the IndexPath node is created and save it in the path node.
Change of path node doesn't require initdb, since path nodes don't
appear in saved rules.
to simplify constant expressions and expand SubLink nodes into SubPlans
is done in a separate routine subquery_planner() that calls union_planner().
We formerly did most of this work in query_planner(), but that's the
wrong place because it may never see the real targetlist. Splitting
union_planner into two routines also allows us to avoid redundant work
when union_planner is invoked recursively for UNION and inheritance
cases. Upshot is that it is now possible to do something like
select float8(count(*)) / (select count(*) from int4_tbl) from int4_tbl
group by f1;
which has never worked before.
running gcc and HP's cc with warnings cranked way up. Signed vs unsigned
comparisons, routines declared static and then defined not-static,
that kind of thing. Tedious, but perhaps useful...
accesses versus sequential accesses, a (very crude) estimate of the
effects of caching on random page accesses, and cost to evaluate WHERE-
clause expressions. Export critical parameters for this model as SET
variables. Also, create SET variables for the planner's enable flags
(enable_seqscan, enable_indexscan, etc) so that these can be controlled
more conveniently than via PGOPTIONS.
Planner now estimates both startup cost (cost before retrieving
first tuple) and total cost of each path, so it can optimize queries
with LIMIT on a reasonable basis by interpolating between these costs.
Same facility is a win for EXISTS(...) subqueries and some other cases.
Redesign pathkey representation to achieve a major speedup in planning
(I saw as much as 5X on a 10-way join); also minor changes in planner
to reduce memory consumption by recycling discarded Path nodes and
not constructing unnecessary lists.
Minor cleanups to display more-plausible costs in some cases in
EXPLAIN output.
Initdb forced by change in interface to index cost estimation
functions.
fields in JoinPaths --- turns out that we do need that after all :-(.
Also, rearrange planner so that only one RelOptInfo is created for a
particular set of joined base relations, no matter how many different
subsets of relations it can be created from. This saves memory and
processing time compared to the old method of making a bunch of RelOptInfos
and then removing the duplicates. Clean up the jointree iteration logic;
not sure if it's better, but I sure find it more readable and plausible
now, particularly for the case of 'bushy plans'.
nonoverlap_sets() and is_subset() to list.c, where they should have lived
to begin with, and rename to nonoverlap_setsi and is_subseti since they
only work on integer lists.
extracting from an AND subclause just those opclauses that are relevant
for a particular index. For example, we can now consider using an index
on x to process WHERE (x = 1 AND y = 2) OR (x = 2 AND y = 4) OR ...
SELECT DISTINCT ON (expr [, expr ...]) targetlist ...
and there is a check to make sure that the user didn't specify an ORDER BY
that's incompatible with the DISTINCT operation.
Reimplement nodeUnique and nodeGroup to use the proper datatype-specific
equality function for each column being compared --- they used to do
bitwise comparisons or convert the data to text strings and strcmp().
(To add insult to injury, they'd look up the conversion functions once
for each tuple...) Parse/plan representation of DISTINCT is now a list
of SortClause nodes.
initdb forced by querytree change...
pghackers discussion of 5-Jan-2000. The amopselect and amopnpages
estimators are gone, and in their place is a per-AM amcostestimate
procedure (linked to from pg_am, not pg_amop).
returns a list of RelOptInfos, eliminating the need for static state
in index_info. That static state was a direct cause of coredumps; if
anything decided to elog(ERROR) partway through an index_info search of
pg_index, the next query would try to close a scan pointer that was
pointing at no-longer-valid memory. Another example of the reasons to
avoid static state variables...
mentioned in FROM but not elsewhere in the query: such tables should be
joined over anyway. Aside from being more standards-compliant, this allows
removal of some very ugly hacks for COUNT(*) processing. Also, allow
HAVING clause without aggregate functions, since SQL does. Clean up
CREATE RULE statement-list syntax the same way Bruce just fixed the
main stmtmulti production.
CAUTION: addition of a field to RangeTblEntry nodes breaks stored rules;
you will have to initdb if you have any rules.
