aio: Combine io_uring memory mappings, if supported

By default io_uring creates a shared memory mapping for each io_uring
instance, leading to a large number of memory mappings. Unfortunately a large
number of memory mappings slows things down, backend exit is particularly
affected.  To address that, newer kernels (6.5) support using user-provided
memory for the memory. By putting the relevant memory into shared memory we
don't need any additional mappings.

On a system with a new enough kernel and liburing, there is no discernible
overhead when doing a pgbench -S -C anymore.

Reported-by: MARK CALLAGHAN <mdcallag@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: "Burd, Greg" <greg@burd.me>
Reviewed-by: Jim Nasby <jnasby@upgrade.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFbpF8OA44_UG+RYJcWH9WjF7E3GA6gka3gvH6nsrSnEe9H0NA@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 18

configure

@@ -13309,6 +13309,23 @@ fi
 
 fi
 
+if test "$with_liburing" = yes; then
+  _LIBS="$LIBS"
+  LIBS="$LIBURING_LIBS $LIBS"
+  for ac_func in io_uring_queue_init_mem
+do :
+  ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "io_uring_queue_init_mem" "ac_cv_func_io_uring_queue_init_mem"
+if test "x$ac_cv_func_io_uring_queue_init_mem" = xyes; then :
+  cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define HAVE_IO_URING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM 1
+_ACEOF
+
+fi
+done
+
+  LIBS="$_LIBS"
+fi
+
 if test "$with_lz4" = yes ; then
   { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for LZ4_compress_default in -llz4" >&5
 $as_echo_n "checking for LZ4_compress_default in -llz4... " >&6; }

configure.ac

@@ -1420,6 +1420,13 @@ if test "$with_libxslt" = yes ; then
   AC_CHECK_LIB(xslt, xsltCleanupGlobals, [], [AC_MSG_ERROR([library 'xslt' is required for XSLT support])])
 fi
 
+if test "$with_liburing" = yes; then
+  _LIBS="$LIBS"
+  LIBS="$LIBURING_LIBS $LIBS"
+  AC_CHECK_FUNCS([io_uring_queue_init_mem])
+  LIBS="$_LIBS"
+fi
+
 if test "$with_lz4" = yes ; then
   AC_CHECK_LIB(lz4, LZ4_compress_default, [], [AC_MSG_ERROR([library 'lz4' is required for LZ4 support])])
 fi

meson.build

@@ -995,6 +995,12 @@ liburingopt = get_option('liburing')
 liburing = dependency('liburing', required: liburingopt)
 if liburing.found()
   cdata.set('USE_LIBURING', 1)
+
+  if cc.has_function('io_uring_queue_init_mem',
+      dependencies: liburing, args: test_c_args)
+    cdata.set('HAVE_LIBURING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM', 1)
+  endif
+
 endif
 
 

src/backend/storage/aio/method_io_uring.c

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 
 #ifdef IOMETHOD_IO_URING_ENABLED
 
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
 #include <liburing.h>
 
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -94,12 +97,32 @@ PgAioUringContext
 	struct io_uring io_uring_ring;
 } PgAioUringContext;
 
+/*
+ * Information about the capabilities that io_uring has.
+ *
+ * Depending on liburing and kernel version different features are
+ * supported. At least for the kernel a kernel version check does not suffice
+ * as various vendors do backport features to older kernels :(.
+ */
+typedef struct PgAioUringCaps
+{
+	bool		checked;
+	/* -1 if io_uring_queue_init_mem() is unsupported */
+	int			mem_init_size;
+} PgAioUringCaps;
+
+
 /* PgAioUringContexts for all backends */
 static PgAioUringContext *pgaio_uring_contexts;
 
 /* the current backend's context */
 static PgAioUringContext *pgaio_my_uring_context;
 
+static PgAioUringCaps pgaio_uring_caps =
+{
+	.checked = false,
+	.mem_init_size = -1,
+};
 
 static uint32
 pgaio_uring_procs(void)
@@ -111,16 +134,145 @@ pgaio_uring_procs(void)
 	return MaxBackends + NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS - MAX_IO_WORKERS;
 }
 
-static Size
+/*
+ * Initializes pgaio_uring_caps, unless that's already done.
+ */
+static void
+pgaio_uring_check_capabilities(void)
+{
+	if (pgaio_uring_caps.checked)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * By default io_uring creates a shared memory mapping for each io_uring
+	 * instance, leading to a large number of memory mappings. Unfortunately a
+	 * large number of memory mappings slows things down, backend exit is
+	 * particularly affected.  To address that, newer kernels (6.5) support
+	 * using user-provided memory for the memory, by putting the relevant
+	 * memory into shared memory we don't need any additional mappings.
+	 *
+	 * To know whether this is supported, we unfortunately need to probe the
+	 * kernel by trying to create a ring with userspace-provided memory. This
+	 * also has a secondary benefit: We can determine precisely how much
+	 * memory we need for each io_uring instance.
+	 */
+#if defined(HAVE_LIBURING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM) && defined(IORING_SETUP_NO_MMAP)
+	{
+		struct io_uring test_ring;
+		size_t		ring_size;
+		void	   *ring_ptr;
+		struct io_uring_params p = {0};
+		int			ret;
+
+		/*
+		 * Liburing does not yet provide an API to query how much memory a
+		 * ring will need. So we over-estimate it here. As the memory is freed
+		 * just below that's small temporary waste of memory.
+		 *
+		 * 1MB is more than enough for rings within io_max_concurrency's
+		 * range.
+		 */
+		ring_size = 1024 * 1024;
+
+		/*
+		 * Hard to believe a system exists where 1MB would not be a multiple
+		 * of the page size. But it's cheap to ensure...
+		 */
+		ring_size -= ring_size % sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+		ring_ptr = mmap(NULL, ring_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+		if (ring_ptr == MAP_FAILED)
+			elog(ERROR,
+				 "mmap(%zu) to determine io_uring_queue_init_mem() support failed: %m",
+				 ring_size);
+
+		ret = io_uring_queue_init_mem(io_max_concurrency, &test_ring, &p, ring_ptr, ring_size);
+		if (ret > 0)
+		{
+			pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size = ret;
+
+			elog(DEBUG1,
+				 "can use combined memory mapping for io_uring, each ring needs %d bytes",
+				 ret);
+
+			/* clean up the created ring, it was just for a test */
+			io_uring_queue_exit(&test_ring);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * There are different reasons for ring creation to fail, but it's
+			 * ok to treat that just as io_uring_queue_init_mem() not being
+			 * supported. We'll report a more detailed error in
+			 * pgaio_uring_shmem_init().
+			 */
+			errno = -ret;
+			elog(DEBUG1,
+				 "cannot use combined memory mapping for io_uring, ring creation failed: %m");
+
+		}
+
+		if (munmap(ring_ptr, ring_size) != 0)
+			elog(ERROR, "munmap() failed: %m");
+	}
+#else
+	{
+		elog(DEBUG1,
+			 "can't use combined memory mapping for io_uring, kernel or liburing too old");
+	}
+#endif
+
+	pgaio_uring_caps.checked = true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Memory for all PgAioUringContext instances
+ */
+static size_t
 pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size(void)
 {
 	return mul_size(pgaio_uring_procs(), sizeof(PgAioUringContext));
 }
 
+/*
+ * Memory for the combined memory used by io_uring instances. Returns 0 if
+ * that is not supported by kernel/liburing.
+ */
+static size_t
+pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size(void)
+{
+	size_t		sz = 0;
+
+	if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Memory for rings needs to be allocated to the page boundary,
+		 * reserve space. Luckily it does not need to be aligned to hugepage
+		 * boundaries, even if huge pages are used.
+		 */
+		sz = add_size(sz, sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
+		sz = add_size(sz, mul_size(pgaio_uring_procs(),
+								   pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size));
+	}
+
+	return sz;
+}
+
 static size_t
 pgaio_uring_shmem_size(void)
 {
-	return pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size();
+	size_t		sz;
+
+	/*
+	 * Kernel and liburing support for various features influences how much
+	 * shmem we need, perform the necessary checks.
+	 */
+	pgaio_uring_check_capabilities();
+
+	sz = pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size();
+	sz = add_size(sz, pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size());
+
+	return sz;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -128,13 +280,38 @@ pgaio_uring_shmem_init(bool first_time)
 {
 	int			TotalProcs = pgaio_uring_procs();
 	bool		found;
+	char	   *shmem;
+	size_t		ring_mem_remain = 0;
+	char	   *ring_mem_next = 0;
 
-	pgaio_uring_contexts = (PgAioUringContext *)
-		ShmemInitStruct("AioUring", pgaio_uring_shmem_size(), &found);
-
+	/*
+	 * We allocate memory for all PgAioUringContext instances and, if
+	 * supported, the memory required for each of the io_uring instances, in
+	 * one ShmemInitStruct().
+	 */
+	shmem = ShmemInitStruct("AioUringContext", pgaio_uring_shmem_size(), &found);
 	if (found)
 		return;
 
+	pgaio_uring_contexts = (PgAioUringContext *) shmem;
+	shmem += pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size();
+
+	/* if supported, handle memory alignment / sizing for io_uring memory */
+	if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
+	{
+		ring_mem_remain = pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size();
+		ring_mem_next = (char *) shmem;
+
+		/* align to page boundary, see also pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size() */
+		ring_mem_next = (char *) TYPEALIGN(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE), ring_mem_next);
+
+		/* account for alignment */
+		ring_mem_remain -= ring_mem_next - shmem;
+		shmem += ring_mem_next - shmem;
+
+		shmem += ring_mem_remain;
+	}
+
 	for (int contextno = 0; contextno < TotalProcs; contextno++)
 	{
 		PgAioUringContext *context = &pgaio_uring_contexts[contextno];
@@ -158,7 +335,28 @@ pgaio_uring_shmem_init(bool first_time)
 		 * be worth using that - also need to evaluate if that causes
 		 * noticeable additional contention?
 		 */
+
+		/*
+		 * If supported (c.f. pgaio_uring_check_capabilities()), create ring
+		 * with its data in shared memory. Otherwise fall back io_uring
+		 * creating a memory mapping for each ring.
+		 */
+#if defined(HAVE_LIBURING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM) && defined(IORING_SETUP_NO_MMAP)
+		if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
+		{
+			struct io_uring_params p = {0};
+
+			ret = io_uring_queue_init_mem(io_max_concurrency, &context->io_uring_ring, &p, ring_mem_next, ring_mem_remain);
+
+			ring_mem_remain -= ret;
+			ring_mem_next += ret;
+		}
+		else
+#endif
+		{
 			ret = io_uring_queue_init(io_max_concurrency, &context->io_uring_ring, 0);
+		}
+
 		if (ret < 0)
 		{
 			char	   *hint = NULL;

src/include/pg_config.h.in

@@ -229,6 +229,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 if you have the global variable 'int timezone'. */
 #undef HAVE_INT_TIMEZONE
 
+/* Define to 1 if you have the `io_uring_queue_init_mem' function. */
+#undef HAVE_IO_URING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM
+
 /* Define to 1 if __builtin_constant_p(x) implies "i"(x) acceptance. */
 #undef HAVE_I_CONSTRAINT__BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P
 

src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list

@@ -2181,6 +2181,7 @@ PgAioReturn
 PgAioTargetData
 PgAioTargetID
 PgAioTargetInfo
+PgAioUringCaps
 PgAioUringContext
 PgAioWaitRef
 PgArchData