Add XLogCtl->logInsertResult

This tracks the position of WAL that's been fully copied into WAL
buffers by all processes emitting WAL.  (For some reason we call that
"WAL insertion").  This is updated using atomic monotonic advance during
WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish, which is not when the insertions actually
occur, but it's the only place where we know where have all the
insertions have completed.

This value is useful in WALReadFromBuffers, which can verify that
callers don't try to read past what has been inserted.  (However, more
infrastructure is needed in order to actually use WAL after the flush
point, since it could be lost.)

The value is also useful in WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish() itself, since
we can now exit quickly when all WAL has been already inserted, without
even having to take any locks.

src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c

@@ -469,6 +469,7 @@ typedef struct XLogCtlData
 	XLogRecPtr	lastSegSwitchLSN;
 
 	/* These are accessed using atomics -- info_lck not needed */
+	pg_atomic_uint64 logInsertResult;	/* last byte + 1 inserted to buffers */
 	pg_atomic_uint64 logWriteResult;	/* last byte + 1 written out */
 	pg_atomic_uint64 logFlushResult;	/* last byte + 1 flushed */
 
@@ -1499,6 +1500,7 @@ static XLogRecPtr
 WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish(XLogRecPtr upto)
 {
 	uint64		bytepos;
+	XLogRecPtr	inserted;
 	XLogRecPtr	reservedUpto;
 	XLogRecPtr	finishedUpto;
 	XLogCtlInsert *Insert = &XLogCtl->Insert;
@@ -1507,6 +1509,14 @@ WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish(XLogRecPtr upto)
 	if (MyProc == NULL)
 		elog(PANIC, "cannot wait without a PGPROC structure");
 
+	/*
+	 * Check if there's any work to do.  Use a barrier to ensure we get the
+	 * freshest value.
+	 */
+	inserted = pg_atomic_read_membarrier_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult);
+	if (upto <= inserted)
+		return inserted;
+
 	/* Read the current insert position */
 	SpinLockAcquire(&Insert->insertpos_lck);
 	bytepos = Insert->CurrBytePos;
@@ -1586,6 +1596,15 @@ WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish(XLogRecPtr upto)
 		if (insertingat != InvalidXLogRecPtr && insertingat < finishedUpto)
 			finishedUpto = insertingat;
 	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance the limit we know to have been inserted and return the freshest
+	 * value we know of, which might be beyond what we requested if somebody
+	 * is concurrently doing this with an 'upto' pointer ahead of us.
+	 */
+	finishedUpto = pg_atomic_monotonic_advance_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult,
+												   finishedUpto);
+
 	return finishedUpto;
 }
 
@@ -1727,13 +1746,24 @@ WALReadFromBuffers(char *dstbuf, XLogRecPtr startptr, Size count,
 {
 	char	   *pdst = dstbuf;
 	XLogRecPtr	recptr = startptr;
+	XLogRecPtr	inserted;
 	Size		nbytes = count;
 
 	if (RecoveryInProgress() || tli != GetWALInsertionTimeLine())
 		return 0;
 
 	Assert(!XLogRecPtrIsInvalid(startptr));
-	Assert(startptr + count <= LogwrtResult.Write);
+
+	/*
+	 * Caller should ensure that the requested data has been inserted into WAL
+	 * buffers before we try to read it.
+	 */
+	inserted = pg_atomic_read_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult);
+	if (startptr + count > inserted)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				errmsg("cannot read past end of generated WAL: requested %X/%X, current position %X/%X",
+					   LSN_FORMAT_ARGS(startptr + count),
+					   LSN_FORMAT_ARGS(inserted)));
 
 	/*
 	 * Loop through the buffers without a lock. For each buffer, atomically
@@ -2571,13 +2601,19 @@ XLogWrite(XLogwrtRqst WriteRqst, TimeLineID tli, bool flexible)
 	{
 		XLogRecPtr	Flush;
 		XLogRecPtr	Write;
+		XLogRecPtr	Insert;
 
 		Flush = pg_atomic_read_u64(&XLogCtl->logFlushResult);
 		pg_read_barrier();
 		Write = pg_atomic_read_u64(&XLogCtl->logWriteResult);
+		pg_read_barrier();
+		Insert = pg_atomic_read_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult);
 
 		/* WAL written to disk is always ahead of WAL flushed */
 		Assert(Write >= Flush);
+
+		/* WAL inserted to buffers is always ahead of WAL written */
+		Assert(Insert >= Write);
 	}
 #endif
 }
@@ -4951,6 +4987,7 @@ XLOGShmemInit(void)
 
 	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->Insert.insertpos_lck);
 	SpinLockInit(&XLogCtl->info_lck);
+	pg_atomic_init_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult, InvalidXLogRecPtr);
 	pg_atomic_init_u64(&XLogCtl->logWriteResult, InvalidXLogRecPtr);
 	pg_atomic_init_u64(&XLogCtl->logFlushResult, InvalidXLogRecPtr);
 	pg_atomic_init_u64(&XLogCtl->unloggedLSN, InvalidXLogRecPtr);
@@ -5979,6 +6016,7 @@ StartupXLOG(void)
 	 * because no other process can be reading or writing WAL yet.
 	 */
 	LogwrtResult.Write = LogwrtResult.Flush = EndOfLog;
+	pg_atomic_write_u64(&XLogCtl->logInsertResult, EndOfLog);
 	pg_atomic_write_u64(&XLogCtl->logWriteResult, EndOfLog);
 	pg_atomic_write_u64(&XLogCtl->logFlushResult, EndOfLog);
 	XLogCtl->LogwrtRqst.Write = EndOfLog;