Add new pg_walsummary tool.

This can dump the contents of the WAL summary files found in
pg_wal/summaries. Normally, this shouldn't really be something anyone
needs to do, but it may be needed for debugging problems with
incremental backup, or could possibly be useful to external tools.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+Tgmobvqqj-DW9F7uUzT-cQqs6wcVb-Xhs=w=hzJnXSE-kRGw@mail.gmail.com

src/bin/pg_walsummary/.gitignore

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+pg_walsummary

src/bin/pg_walsummary/Makefile

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+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# Makefile for src/bin/pg_walsummary
+#
+# Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+# Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+#
+# src/bin/pg_walsummary/Makefile
+#
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PGFILEDESC = "pg_walsummary - print contents of WAL summary files"
+PGAPPICON=win32
+
+subdir = src/bin/pg_walsummary
+top_builddir = ../../..
+include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
+
+override CPPFLAGS := -I$(libpq_srcdir) $(CPPFLAGS)
+LDFLAGS_INTERNAL += -L$(top_builddir)/src/fe_utils -lpgfeutils
+
+OBJS = \
+	$(WIN32RES) \
+	pg_walsummary.o
+
+all: pg_walsummary
+
+pg_walsummary: $(OBJS) | submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $^ $(LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS_EX) $(LIBS) -o $@$(X)
+
+
+install: all installdirs
+	$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) pg_walsummary$(X) '$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/pg_walsummary$(X)'
+
+installdirs:
+	$(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)'
+
+uninstall:
+	rm -f '$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/pg_walsummary$(X)'
+
+clean distclean maintainer-clean:
+	rm -f pg_walsummary$(X) $(OBJS)
+
+check:
+	$(prove_check)
+
+installcheck:
+	$(prove_installcheck)

src/bin/pg_walsummary/meson.build

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+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+pg_walsummary_sources = files(
+  'pg_walsummary.c',
+)
+
+if host_system == 'windows'
+  pg_walsummary_sources += rc_bin_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+    '--NAME', 'pg_walsummary',
+    '--FILEDESC', 'pg_walsummary - print contents of WAL summary files',])
+endif
+
+pg_walsummary = executable('pg_walsummary',
+  pg_walsummary_sources,
+  dependencies: [frontend_code],
+  kwargs: default_bin_args,
+)
+bin_targets += pg_walsummary
+
+tests += {
+  'name': 'pg_walsummary',
+  'sd': meson.current_source_dir(),
+  'bd': meson.current_build_dir(),
+  'tap': {
+    'tests': [
+      't/001_basic.pl',
+      't/002_blocks.pl',
+    ],
+  }
+}

src/bin/pg_walsummary/nls.mk

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+# src/bin/pg_combinebackup/nls.mk
+CATALOG_NAME     = pg_walsummary
+GETTEXT_FILES    = $(FRONTEND_COMMON_GETTEXT_FILES) \
+		   pg_walsummary.c
+GETTEXT_TRIGGERS = $(FRONTEND_COMMON_GETTEXT_TRIGGERS)
+GETTEXT_FLAGS    = $(FRONTEND_COMMON_GETTEXT_FLAGS)

src/bin/pg_walsummary/pg_walsummary.c

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+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * pg_walsummary.c
+ *		Prints the contents of WAL summary files.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *	  src/bin/pg_walsummary/pg_walsummary.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "common/blkreftable.h"
+#include "common/logging.h"
+#include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
+#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
+#include "getopt_long.h"
+
+typedef struct ws_options
+{
+	bool		individual;
+	bool		quiet;
+} ws_options;
+
+typedef struct ws_file_info
+{
+	int			fd;
+	char	   *filename;
+} ws_file_info;
+
+static BlockNumber *block_buffer = NULL;
+static unsigned block_buffer_size = 512;	/* Initial size. */
+
+static void dump_one_relation(ws_options *opt, RelFileLocator *rlocator,
+							  ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber limit_block,
+							  BlockRefTableReader *reader);
+static void help(const char *progname);
+static int	compare_block_numbers(const void *a, const void *b);
+static int	walsummary_read_callback(void *callback_arg, void *data,
+									 int length);
+static void walsummary_error_callback(void *callback_arg, char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
+
+/*
+ * Main program.
+ */
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	static struct option long_options[] = {
+		{"individual", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
+		{"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
+		{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+	};
+
+	const char *progname;
+	int			optindex;
+	int			c;
+	ws_options	opt;
+
+	memset(&opt, 0, sizeof(ws_options));
+
+	pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
+	progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
+	handle_help_version_opts(argc, argv, progname, help);
+
+	/* process command-line options */
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:iqw:",
+							long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
+	{
+		switch (c)
+		{
+			case 'i':
+				opt.individual = true;
+				break;
+			case 'q':
+				opt.quiet = true;
+				break;
+			default:
+				/* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
+				pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
+				exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (optind >= argc)
+	{
+		pg_log_error("%s: no input files specified", progname);
+		pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	while (optind < argc)
+	{
+		ws_file_info ws;
+		BlockRefTableReader *reader;
+		RelFileLocator rlocator;
+		ForkNumber	forknum;
+		BlockNumber limit_block;
+
+		ws.filename = argv[optind++];
+		if ((ws.fd = open(ws.filename, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY, 0)) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\": %m", ws.filename);
+
+		reader = CreateBlockRefTableReader(walsummary_read_callback, &ws,
+										   ws.filename,
+										   walsummary_error_callback, NULL);
+		while (BlockRefTableReaderNextRelation(reader, &rlocator, &forknum,
+											   &limit_block))
+			dump_one_relation(&opt, &rlocator, forknum, limit_block, reader);
+
+		DestroyBlockRefTableReader(reader);
+		close(ws.fd);
+	}
+
+	exit(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dump details for one relation.
+ */
+static void
+dump_one_relation(ws_options *opt, RelFileLocator *rlocator,
+				  ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber limit_block,
+				  BlockRefTableReader *reader)
+{
+	unsigned	i = 0;
+	unsigned	nblocks;
+	BlockNumber startblock = InvalidBlockNumber;
+	BlockNumber endblock = InvalidBlockNumber;
+
+	/* Dump limit block, if any. */
+	if (limit_block != InvalidBlockNumber)
+		printf("TS %u, DB %u, REL %u, FORK %s: limit %u\n",
+			   rlocator->spcOid, rlocator->dbOid, rlocator->relNumber,
+			   forkNames[forknum], limit_block);
+
+	/* If we haven't allocated a block buffer yet, do that now. */
+	if (block_buffer == NULL)
+		block_buffer = palloc_array(BlockNumber, block_buffer_size);
+
+	/* Try to fill the block buffer. */
+	nblocks = BlockRefTableReaderGetBlocks(reader,
+										   block_buffer,
+										   block_buffer_size);
+
+	/* If we filled the block buffer completely, we must enlarge it. */
+	while (nblocks >= block_buffer_size)
+	{
+		unsigned	new_size;
+
+		/* Double the size, being careful about overflow. */
+		new_size = block_buffer_size * 2;
+		if (new_size < block_buffer_size)
+			new_size = PG_UINT32_MAX;
+		block_buffer = repalloc_array(block_buffer, BlockNumber, new_size);
+
+		/* Try to fill the newly-allocated space. */
+		nblocks +=
+			BlockRefTableReaderGetBlocks(reader,
+										 block_buffer + block_buffer_size,
+										 new_size - block_buffer_size);
+
+		/* Save the new size for later calls. */
+		block_buffer_size = new_size;
+	}
+
+	/* If we don't need to produce any output, skip the rest of this. */
+	if (opt->quiet)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Sort the returned block numbers. If the block reference table was using
+	 * the bitmap representation for a given chunk, the block numbers in that
+	 * chunk will already be sorted, but when the array-of-offsets
+	 * representation is used, we can receive block numbers here out of order.
+	 */
+	qsort(block_buffer, nblocks, sizeof(BlockNumber), compare_block_numbers);
+
+	/* Dump block references. */
+	while (i < nblocks)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Find the next range of blocks to print, but if --individual was
+		 * specified, then consider each block a separate range.
+		 */
+		startblock = endblock = block_buffer[i++];
+		if (!opt->individual)
+		{
+			while (i < nblocks && block_buffer[i] == endblock + 1)
+			{
+				endblock++;
+				i++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Format this range of block numbers as a string. */
+		if (startblock == endblock)
+			printf("TS %u, DB %u, REL %u, FORK %s: block %u\n",
+				   rlocator->spcOid, rlocator->dbOid, rlocator->relNumber,
+				   forkNames[forknum], startblock);
+		else
+			printf("TS %u, DB %u, REL %u, FORK %s: blocks %u..%u\n",
+				   rlocator->spcOid, rlocator->dbOid, rlocator->relNumber,
+				   forkNames[forknum], startblock, endblock);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Quicksort comparator for block numbers.
+ */
+static int
+compare_block_numbers(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	BlockNumber aa = *(BlockNumber *) a;
+	BlockNumber bb = *(BlockNumber *) b;
+
+	if (aa > bb)
+		return 1;
+	else if (aa == bb)
+		return 0;
+	else
+		return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Error callback.
+ */
+void
+walsummary_error_callback(void *callback_arg, char *fmt,...)
+{
+	va_list		ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	pg_log_generic_v(PG_LOG_ERROR, PG_LOG_PRIMARY, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read callback.
+ */
+int
+walsummary_read_callback(void *callback_arg, void *data, int length)
+{
+	ws_file_info *ws = callback_arg;
+	int			rc;
+
+	if ((rc = read(ws->fd, data, length)) < 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not read file \"%s\": %m", ws->filename);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * help
+ *
+ * Prints help page for the program
+ *
+ * progname: the name of the executed program, such as "pg_walsummary"
+ */
+static void
+help(const char *progname)
+{
+	printf(_("%s prints the contents of a WAL summary file.\n\n"), progname);
+	printf(_("Usage:\n"));
+	printf(_("  %s [OPTION]... FILE...\n"), progname);
+	printf(_("\nOptions:\n"));
+	printf(_("  -i, --individual          list block numbers individually, not as ranges\n"));
+	printf(_("  -q, --quiet               don't print anything, just parse the files\n"));
+	printf(_("  -?, --help                show this help, then exit\n"));
+
+	printf(_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
+	printf(_("%s home page: <%s>\n"), PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
+}

src/bin/pg_walsummary/t/001_basic.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $tempdir = PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::tempdir;
+
+program_help_ok('pg_walsummary');
+program_version_ok('pg_walsummary');
+program_options_handling_ok('pg_walsummary');
+
+command_fails_like(
+	['pg_walsummary'],
+	qr/no input files specified/,
+	'input files must be specified');
+
+done_testing();

src/bin/pg_walsummary/t/002_blocks.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use File::Compare;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+# Set up a new database instance.
+my $node1 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node1');
+$node1->init(has_archiving => 1, allows_streaming => 1);
+$node1->append_conf('postgresql.conf', 'summarize_wal = on');
+$node1->start;
+
+# See what's been summarized up until now.
+my $progress = $node1->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOM);
+SELECT summarized_tli, summarized_lsn FROM pg_get_wal_summarizer_state()
+EOM
+my ($summarized_tli, $summarized_lsn) = split(/\|/, $progress);
+note("before insert, summarized TLI $summarized_tli through $summarized_lsn");
+
+# Create a table and insert a few test rows into it. VACUUM FREEZE it so that
+# autovacuum doesn't induce any future modifications unexpectedly. Then
+# trigger a checkpoint.
+$node1->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOM);
+CREATE TABLE mytable (a int, b text);
+INSERT INTO mytable
+SELECT
+	g, random()::text||random()::text||random()::text||random()::text
+FROM
+	generate_series(1, 400) g;
+VACUUM FREEZE;
+CHECKPOINT;
+EOM
+
+# Wait for a new summary to show up.
+$node1->poll_query_until('postgres', <<EOM);
+SELECT EXISTS (
+    SELECT * from pg_available_wal_summaries()
+    WHERE tli = $summarized_tli AND end_lsn > '$summarized_lsn'
+)
+EOM
+
+# Again check the progress of WAL summarization.
+$progress = $node1->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOM);
+SELECT summarized_tli, summarized_lsn FROM pg_get_wal_summarizer_state()
+EOM
+($summarized_tli, $summarized_lsn) = split(/\|/, $progress);
+note("after insert, summarized TLI $summarized_tli through $summarized_lsn");
+
+# Update a row in the first block of the table and trigger a checkpoint.
+$node1->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOM);
+UPDATE mytable SET b = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' WHERE a = 2;
+CHECKPOINT;
+EOM
+
+# Again wait for a new summary to show up.
+$node1->poll_query_until('postgres', <<EOM);
+SELECT EXISTS (
+    SELECT * from pg_available_wal_summaries()
+    WHERE tli = $summarized_tli AND end_lsn > '$summarized_lsn'
+)
+EOM
+
+# Figure out the exact details for the new sumamry file.
+my $details = $node1->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOM);
+SELECT tli, start_lsn, end_lsn from pg_available_wal_summaries()
+	WHERE tli = $summarized_tli AND end_lsn > '$summarized_lsn'
+EOM
+my ($tli, $start_lsn, $end_lsn) = split(/\|/, $details);
+note("examining summary for TLI $tli from $start_lsn to $end_lsn");
+
+# Reconstruct the full pathname for the WAL summary file.
+my $filename = sprintf "%s/pg_wal/summaries/%08s%08s%08s%08s%08s.summary",
+					   $node1->data_dir, $tli,
+					   split(m@/@, $start_lsn),
+					   split(m@/@, $end_lsn);
+ok(-f $filename, "WAL summary file exists");
+
+# Run pg_walsummary on it. We expect block 0 to be modified, but block 1
+# to be unmodified, so the output should say block 0, not block 0..1 or
+# similar.
+my ($stdout, $stderr) = run_command([ 'pg_walsummary', $filename ]);
+like($stdout, qr/FORK main: block 0$/m, "stdout shows block 0 modified");
+is($stderr, '', 'stderr is empty');
+
+done_testing();