Move named LWLock tranche requests to shared memory.

In EXEC_BACKEND builds, GetNamedLWLockTranche() can segfault when
called outside of the postmaster process, as it might access
NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray, which won't be initialized.  Given
the lack of reports, this is apparently unusual, presumably because
it is usually called from a shmem_startup_hook like this:

    mystruct = ShmemInitStruct(..., &found);
    if (!found)
    {
        mystruct->locks = GetNamedLWLockTranche(...);
        ...
    }

This genre of shmem_startup_hook evades the aforementioned
segfaults because the struct is initialized in the postmaster, so
all other callers skip the !found path.

We considered modifying the documentation or requiring
GetNamedLWLockTranche() to be called from the postmaster, but
ultimately we decided to simply move the request array to shared
memory (and add it to the BackendParameters struct), thereby
allowing calls outside postmaster on all platforms.  Since the main
shared memory segment is initialized after accepting LWLock tranche
requests, postmaster builds the request array in local memory first
and then copies it to shared memory later.

Given the lack of reports, back-patching seems unnecessary.

Reported-by: Sami Imseih <samimseih@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Sami Imseih <samimseih@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA5RZ0v1_15QPg5Sqd2Qz5rh_qcsyCeHHmRDY89xVHcy2yt5BQ%40mail.gmail.com

src/backend/postmaster/launch_backend.c

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ typedef struct
 	struct InjectionPointsCtl *ActiveInjectionPoints;
 #endif
 	int			NamedLWLockTrancheRequests;
+	NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 	char	  **LWLockTrancheNames;
 	int		   *LWLockCounter;
 	LWLockPadded *MainLWLockArray;
@@ -761,6 +762,7 @@ save_backend_variables(BackendParameters *param,
 #endif
 
 	param->NamedLWLockTrancheRequests = NamedLWLockTrancheRequests;
+	param->NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 	param->LWLockTrancheNames = LWLockTrancheNames;
 	param->LWLockCounter = LWLockCounter;
 	param->MainLWLockArray = MainLWLockArray;
@@ -1022,6 +1024,7 @@ restore_backend_variables(BackendParameters *param)
 #endif
 
 	NamedLWLockTrancheRequests = param->NamedLWLockTrancheRequests;
+	NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = param->NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 	LWLockTrancheNames = param->LWLockTrancheNames;
 	LWLockCounter = param->LWLockCounter;
 	MainLWLockArray = param->MainLWLockArray;

src/backend/storage/lmgr/lwlock.c

@@ -184,14 +184,13 @@ typedef struct NamedLWLockTrancheRequest
 	int			num_lwlocks;
 } NamedLWLockTrancheRequest;
 
-static NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NULL;
-
 /*
- * NamedLWLockTrancheRequests is the valid length of the request array.  This
+ * NamedLWLockTrancheRequests is the valid length of the request array.  These
- * variable is non-static so that postmaster.c can copy them to child processes
+ * variables are non-static so that launch_backend.c can copy them to child
- * in EXEC_BACKEND builds.
+ * processes in EXEC_BACKEND builds.
  */
 int			NamedLWLockTrancheRequests = 0;
+NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NULL;
 
 /* shared memory counter of registered tranches */
 int		   *LWLockCounter = NULL;
@@ -407,6 +406,14 @@ LWLockShmemSize(void)
 	size = add_size(size, mul_size(MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES, sizeof(char *)));
 	size = add_size(size, mul_size(MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES, NAMEDATALEN));
 
+	/*
+	 * Make space for named tranche requests.  This is done for the benefit of
+	 * EXEC_BACKEND builds, which otherwise wouldn't be able to call
+	 * GetNamedLWLockTranche() outside postmaster.
+	 */
+	size = add_size(size, mul_size(NamedLWLockTrancheRequests,
+								   sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest)));
+
 	/* Space for the LWLock array, plus room for cache line alignment. */
 	size = add_size(size, LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE);
 	size = add_size(size, mul_size(numLocks, sizeof(LWLockPadded)));
@@ -443,6 +450,20 @@ CreateLWLocks(void)
 			ptr += NAMEDATALEN;
 		}
 
+		/*
+		 * Move named tranche requests to shared memory.  This is done for the
+		 * benefit of EXEC_BACKEND builds, which otherwise wouldn't be able to
+		 * call GetNamedLWLockTranche() outside postmaster.
+		 */
+		if (NamedLWLockTrancheRequests > 0)
+		{
+			memcpy(ptr, NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray,
+				   NamedLWLockTrancheRequests * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest));
+			pfree(NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray);
+			NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = (NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *) ptr;
+			ptr += NamedLWLockTrancheRequests * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest);
+		}
+
 		/* Ensure desired alignment of LWLock array */
 		ptr += LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE - ((uintptr_t) ptr) % LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE;
 		MainLWLockArray = (LWLockPadded *) ptr;

src/include/storage/lwlock.h

@@ -73,8 +73,12 @@ typedef union LWLockPadded
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT LWLockPadded *MainLWLockArray;
 
+/* forward declaration of private type for use only by lwlock.c */
+typedef struct NamedLWLockTrancheRequest NamedLWLockTrancheRequest;
+
 extern PGDLLIMPORT char **LWLockTrancheNames;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int NamedLWLockTrancheRequests;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int *LWLockCounter;
 
 /*