mirror of
https://github.com/postgres/postgres.git
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Add new SQL reference page and the first utility/app reference page
converted from the man page.
This commit is contained in:
Thomas G. Lockhart
parent
44e01bf992
commit
d1a3b7528d
127
doc/src/sgml/ref/abort.sgml
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127
doc/src/sgml/ref/abort.sgml
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@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
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<REFENTRY ID="SQL-ABORT">
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<REFMETA>
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<REFENTRYTITLE>
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ABORT
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</REFENTRYTITLE>
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<REFMISCINFO>SQL - Language Statements</REFMISCINFO>
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</REFMETA>
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<REFNAMEDIV>
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<REFNAME>
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ABORT
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</REFNAME>
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<REFPURPOSE>
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Aborts the current transaction
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</REFPURPOSE>
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<REFSYNOPSISDIV>
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<REFSYNOPSISDIVINFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSYNOPSISDIVINFO>
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<SYNOPSIS>
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ABORT
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</SYNOPSIS>
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<REFSECT2 ID="R2-SQL-ABORT-1">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSECT2INFO>
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<TITLE>
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Inputs
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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None.
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</REFSECT2>
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<REFSECT2 ID="R2-SQL-ABORT-2">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSECT2INFO>
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<TITLE>
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Outputs
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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<VARIABLELIST>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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ABORT
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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Message returned if successful.
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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NOTICE: UserAbortTransactionBlock and not in in-progress state
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ABORT
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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If there is not any transaction currently in progress.
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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</VARIABLELIST>
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</REFSECT2>
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</REFSYNOPSISDIV>
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<REFSECT1 ID="R1-SQL-ABORT-1">
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<REFSECT1INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSECT1INFO>
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<TITLE>
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Description
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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<command>ABORT</command> rolls back the current transaction and causes
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all the updates made by the transaction to be discarded.
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This command is identical
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in behavior to the <acronym>SQL92</acronym> command <command>ROLLBACK</command>,
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and is present only for historical reasons.
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<REFSECT2 ID="R2-SQL-ABORT-3">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSECT2INFO>
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<TITLE>
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Notes
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</TITLE>
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<para>
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Use the <command>COMMIT</command> statement to successfully
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terminate a transaction.
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</REFSECT1>
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<REFSECT1 ID="R1-SQL-ABORT-2">
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<TITLE>
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Usage
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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<ProgramListing>
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--To abort all changes
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--
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ABORT WORK;
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</ProgramListing>
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</REFSECT1>
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<REFSECT1 ID="R1-SQL-ABORT-3">
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<TITLE>
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Compatibility
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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<REFSECT2 ID="R2-SQL-ABORT-4">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-27</DATE>
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</REFSECT2INFO>
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<TITLE>
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SQL92
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</TITLE>
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<para>
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This command is a <productname>Postgres</productname> extension present
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for historical reasons. <command>ROLLBACK</command> is the <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
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equivalent command.
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</PARA>
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</REFENTRY>
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@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
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-->
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-->
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<!-- these are in the "commands" reference chapter -->
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<!-- these are in the "commands" reference chapter -->
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<!entity abort system "abort.sgml">
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<!entity alterTable system "alter_table.sgml">
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<!entity alterTable system "alter_table.sgml">
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<!entity alterUser system "alter_user.sgml">
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<!entity alterUser system "alter_user.sgml">
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<!entity begin system "begin.sgml">
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<!entity begin system "begin.sgml">
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@ -107,3 +108,6 @@
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<!entity show system "show.sgml">
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<!entity show system "show.sgml">
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<!entity update system "update.sgml">
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<!entity update system "update.sgml">
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<!entity vacuum system "vacuum.sgml">
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<!entity vacuum system "vacuum.sgml">
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<!-- these are in the "utilities" reference chapter -->
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<!entity psqlRef system "psql-ref.sgml">
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@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
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<Chapter>
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<chapter id="sql-commands">
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<Title>Commands</Title>
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<Title>SQL Commands</Title>
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<Para>
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<Para>
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This is reference information for the <acronym>SQL</acronym>
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commands supported by <productname>Postgres</productname>.
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</Para>
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</Para>
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&abort;
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&alterTable;
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&alterTable;
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&alterUser;
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&alterUser;
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&begin;
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&begin;
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@ -62,6 +65,8 @@
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<title>SQL Functions</title>
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<title>SQL Functions</title>
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<para>
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<para>
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This chapter provides reference information for the <acronym>SQL</acronym>
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functions supported by <productname>Postgres</productname>.
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</para>
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</para>
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¤tDate;
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¤tDate;
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@ -71,6 +76,17 @@
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</chapter>
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</chapter>
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<chapter Id="utilities">
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<title>Utility Applications</title>
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<para>
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This is reference information for the
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<productname>Postgres</productname> support utilities.
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</para>
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&psqlRef;
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</chapter>
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<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
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<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
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Local variables:
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Local variables:
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869
doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
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869
doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
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<REFENTRY ID="APP-PSQL">
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<REFMETA>
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<REFENTRYTITLE>
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<application>psql</application>
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</REFENTRYTITLE>
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<REFMISCINFO>Application</REFMISCINFO>
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</REFMETA>
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<REFNAMEDIV>
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<REFNAME>
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<application>psql</application>
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</REFNAME>
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<REFPURPOSE>
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<productname>Postgres</productname> interactive client
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</REFPURPOSE>
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<REFSYNOPSISDIV>
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<REFSYNOPSISDIVINFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
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</REFSYNOPSISDIVINFO>
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<SYNOPSIS>
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psql [ <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> ]
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psql -A [ -c <replaceable class="parameter">query</replaceable> ] [ -d <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> ]
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-e [ -f <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ] [ -F <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable> ] [ -h <replaceable class="parameter">hostname</replaceable> ] -Hln
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[ -o <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ] [ -p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable> ] -qsSt ] [ -T <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable> ] -ux [ <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> ]
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</SYNOPSIS>
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<REFSECT2 ID="R2-APP-PSQL-1">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
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</REFSECT2INFO>
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<TITLE>
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Inputs
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</TITLE>
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<PARA>
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<application>psql</application> accepts many command-line arguments,
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a rich set of meta-commands, and the full <acronym>SQL</acronym> language
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supported by <productname>Postgres</productname>. The most common
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command-line arguments are:
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<VARIABLELIST>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">dbname</REPLACEABLE>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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The name of an existing database to access.
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<replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable>
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defaults to the value of the
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<envar>USER</envar>
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environment variable or, if that's not set, to the Unix account name of the
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current user.
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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-c <replaceable class="parameter">query</replaceable>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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A single query to run. <application>psql</application> will exit on completion.
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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</variablelist>
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<para>
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The full set of command-line arguments and meta-commands are described in a following
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section.
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<para>
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There are some environment variables which can be used in liu of
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command line arguments.
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Additionally, the <productname>Postgres</productname> frontend library used by
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the <application>psql</application> application
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|
looks for other optional environment variables to configure, for example,
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the style of date/time representation and the local time zone. Refer
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to the chapter on <filename>libpq</filename> in the
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<citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle> for more details.
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<para>
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You may set any of the following environment variables to avoid
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specifying command-line options:
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<VARIABLELIST>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<envar>PGHOST</envar>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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The <acronym>DNS</acronym> host name of the database server.
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Setting <envar>PGHOST</envar> to a non-zero-length string causes
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<acronym>TCP/IP</acronym> communication
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to be used, rather than the default local Unix domain sockets.
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<envar>PGPORT</envar>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<envar>PGTTY</envar>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<envar>PGOPTION</envar>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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<PARA>
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|
If <envar>PGOPTION</envar>
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is specified, then the options it contains are parsed
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.BR before
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|
any command-line options.
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</PARA>
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</LISTITEM>
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</VARLISTENTRY>
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|
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<VARLISTENTRY>
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<TERM>
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<envar>PGREALM</envar>
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</TERM>
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<LISTITEM>
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|
<PARA>
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<envar>PGREALM</envar>
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|
only applies if
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|
<productname>Kerberos</productname>
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|
authentication is in use.
|
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|
If this environment variable is set, <productname>Postgres</productname>
|
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|
will attempt authentication with servers for this realm and will use
|
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|
separate ticket files to avoid conflicts with local ticket files.
|
||||||
|
See the <citetitle>PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide</citetitle>
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|
for additional information on
|
||||||
|
<productname>Kerberos</productname>.
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|
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||||||
|
</variablelist>
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|
<REFSECT2 ID="R2-APP-PSQL-2">
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<REFSECT2INFO>
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|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
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|
</REFSECT2INFO>
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|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
Outputs
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
returns 0 to the shell on successful completion of all queries,
|
||||||
|
1 for errors, 2 for abrupt disconnection from the backend.
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|
<application>psql</application>
|
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|
will also return 1 if the connection to a database could not be made for
|
||||||
|
any reason.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT1 ID="R1-APP-PSQL-1">
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|
<REFSECT1INFO>
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|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
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||||||
|
</REFSECT1INFO>
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||||||
|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
Description
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application> is a character-based front-end to
|
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|
<productname>Postgres</productname>.
|
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|
It enables you to
|
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|
type in queries interactively, issue them to <productname>Postgres</productname>,
|
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|
and see the query
|
||||||
|
results.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
is a <productname>Postgres</productname> client application. Hence, a
|
||||||
|
<application>postmaster</application> process
|
||||||
|
must be running on the database server host before
|
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|
<application>psql</application>
|
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|
is executed. In addition, the correct parameters to identify
|
||||||
|
the database server, such as the
|
||||||
|
<application>postmaster</application> host name,
|
||||||
|
may need to be specified
|
||||||
|
as described below.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
When
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
starts, it reads SQL commands from
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/psqlrc</filename>
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||||||
|
and then from
|
||||||
|
<filename>$(<envar>HOME</envar>)/.psqlrc</filename>
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||||||
|
This allows SQL commands like
|
||||||
|
<command>SET</command>
|
||||||
|
which can be used to set the date style to be run at the start of
|
||||||
|
every session.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT2 ID="R2-APP-PSQL-3">
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT2INFO>
|
||||||
|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
|
||||||
|
</REFSECT2INFO>
|
||||||
|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
Connecting To A Database
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
attempts to make a connection to the database at the hostname and
|
||||||
|
port number specified on the command line. If the connection could not
|
||||||
|
be made for any reason (e.g. insufficient privileges, postmaster is not
|
||||||
|
running on the server, etc)
|
||||||
|
.IR <application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
will return an error that says
|
||||||
|
<programlisting>
|
||||||
|
Connection to database failed.
|
||||||
|
</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
The reason for the connection failure is not provided.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT2 ID="R2-APP-PSQL-4">
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT2INFO>
|
||||||
|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
|
||||||
|
</REFSECT2INFO>
|
||||||
|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
Entering Queries
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
In normal operation,
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application> provides a prompt with the name of the
|
||||||
|
database that <application>psql</application> is current connected to
|
||||||
|
followed by the string "=>".
|
||||||
|
For example,
|
||||||
|
<programlisting>
|
||||||
|
$ <userinput>psql testdb</userinput>
|
||||||
|
Welcome to the POSTGRESQL interactive sql monitor:
|
||||||
|
Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms of POSTGRESQL
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
type \e? for help on slash commands
|
||||||
|
type \eq to quit
|
||||||
|
type \eg or terminate with semicolon to execute query
|
||||||
|
You are currently connected to the database: testdb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
testdb=>
|
||||||
|
</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
At the prompt, the user may type in <acronym>SQL</acronym> queries.
|
||||||
|
Unless the -S option
|
||||||
|
is set, input lines are sent to the backend when a query-terminating
|
||||||
|
semicolon is reached.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
Whenever a query is executed,
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application> also polls for asynchronous notification
|
||||||
|
events generated by <command>LISTEN</command> and <command>NOTIFY</command>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
can be used in a pipe sequence, and automatically detects when it
|
||||||
|
is not listening or talking to a real tty.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT1 ID="R1-APP-PSQL-2">
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT1INFO>
|
||||||
|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
|
||||||
|
</REFSECT1INFO>
|
||||||
|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
Command-line Options
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
understands the following command-line options:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARIABLELIST>
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-A
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Turn off fill justification when printing out table elements.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-c <replaceable class="parameter">query</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Specifies that
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
is to execute one query string,
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">query</replaceable>,
|
||||||
|
and then exit. This is useful for shell scripts, typically in
|
||||||
|
conjunction with the <option>-q</option> option in shell scripts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-d <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Specifies the name of the database to connect to. This is equivalent to specifying
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> as the last field in the
|
||||||
|
command line.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-e
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Echo the query sent to the backend
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-f <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Use the file <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
as the source of queries instead of reading queries interactively.
|
||||||
|
This file must be specified for and visible to the client frontend.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-F <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Use <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
as the field separator.
|
||||||
|
The default is an ASCII vertical bar ("|").
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-h <replaceable class="parameter">hostname</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Specifies the host name of the machine on which the
|
||||||
|
<application>postmaster</application>
|
||||||
|
is running.
|
||||||
|
Without this option, communication is performed using
|
||||||
|
local Unix domain sockets.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-H
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Turns on
|
||||||
|
<acronym>HTML 3.0</acronym>
|
||||||
|
tabular output.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-l
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Lists all available databases, then exit. Other non-connection options are ignored.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-n
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Do not use the readline library for input line editing and command history.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-o <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Put all output into file <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
The path must be writable by the client.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Specifies the TCP/IP port or, by omission, the local Unix domain socket file
|
||||||
|
extension on which the
|
||||||
|
<application>postmaster</application>
|
||||||
|
is listening for connections. Defaults to the value of the
|
||||||
|
<envar>PGPORT</envar>
|
||||||
|
environment variable, if set, or to 5432.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-q
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Specifies that
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
should do its work quietly. By default, it
|
||||||
|
prints welcome and exit messages and prompts for each query, and prints
|
||||||
|
out the number of rows returned from a query.
|
||||||
|
If this option is used, none of this happens. This is useful with the
|
||||||
|
<option>-c</option> option.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-s
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Run in single-step mode where the user is prompted for each query before
|
||||||
|
it is sent to the backend.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-S
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Runs in single-line mode where each query is terminated by a newline,
|
||||||
|
instead of a semicolon.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-t
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Turn off printing of column names.
|
||||||
|
This is useful with the
|
||||||
|
<option>-c</option>
|
||||||
|
option in shell scripts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-T <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Allows you to specify options to be placed within the
|
||||||
|
<sgmltag>table ...</sgmltag> tag for <acronym>HTML 3.0</acronym>
|
||||||
|
tabular output.For example, <literal>border</literal>
|
||||||
|
will give you tables with borders.
|
||||||
|
This must be used in conjunction with the <option>-H</option> option.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-u
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Asks the user for the user name and password before connecting to the database.
|
||||||
|
If the database does not require password authentication then these are
|
||||||
|
ignored. If the option is not used (and the PGPASSWORD environment variable
|
||||||
|
is not set) and the database requires password authentication, then the
|
||||||
|
connection will fail. The user name is ignored anyway.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
-x
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Turns on extended row format mode. When enabled each row will have its column
|
||||||
|
names printed on the left with the column values printed on the right.
|
||||||
|
This is useful for rows which are otherwise too long to fit into
|
||||||
|
one screen line. HTML row output supports this mode also.
|
||||||
|
</variablelist>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
You may set environment variables to avoid typing some of the above
|
||||||
|
options. See the section on environment variables below.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT1 ID="R1-APP-PSQL-3">
|
||||||
|
<REFSECT1INFO>
|
||||||
|
<DATE>1998-09-26</DATE>
|
||||||
|
</REFSECT1INFO>
|
||||||
|
<TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application> Meta-Commands
|
||||||
|
</TITLE>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
Anything you enter in <application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
that begins with an unquoted backslash is a <application>psql</application>
|
||||||
|
meta-command. Anything else is <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
||||||
|
and simply goes into the current query buffer
|
||||||
|
(and once you have at least one complete query, it gets automatically
|
||||||
|
submitted to the backend).
|
||||||
|
<Application>psql</Application> meta-commands are also called slash commands.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
The format of a <application>psql</application> command is the backslash,
|
||||||
|
followed immediately by
|
||||||
|
a command verb, then any arguments. The arguments are separated from the
|
||||||
|
command verb and each other by any number of white space characters.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
With single character command verbs, you don't actually need to separate the
|
||||||
|
command verb from the argument with white space, for historical reasons.
|
||||||
|
You should anyway.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
The following meta-commands are defined:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARIABLELIST>
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\a</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Toggle field alignment when printing out table elements.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\C</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">caption</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Set the HTML3.0 table caption to
|
||||||
|
<quote><replaceable class="parameter">caption</replaceable></quote>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\connect</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Establish a connection to a new database, using the default
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable> if none is specified.
|
||||||
|
The previous connection is closed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\copy</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> { FROM | TO } <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Perform a frontend (client) copy. This is an operation that runs a SQL COPY command,
|
||||||
|
but instead of the backend reading or writing the specified file, and
|
||||||
|
consequently requiring backend access and special user privilege,
|
||||||
|
<application>psql</application> reads or writes the
|
||||||
|
file and routes the data to or from the backend. The default <literal>tab</literal>
|
||||||
|
delimiter is used.
|
||||||
|
<tip>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
This operation is not as efficient as the <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
||||||
|
<command>COPY</command> command because all data must pass through the
|
||||||
|
client/server IP or socket connection. For large amounts of data this other
|
||||||
|
technique may be preferable.
|
||||||
|
</tip>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\d</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List tables in the database, or if <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
is specified, list the columns in that table.
|
||||||
|
If table name is specified as an asterisk (<quote>*</quote>),
|
||||||
|
list all tables and column information for each tables.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\da</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List all available aggregates.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\dd</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">object</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List the description from <literal>pg_description</literal>
|
||||||
|
of the specified object, which can be a
|
||||||
|
table, table.column, type, operator, or aggregate.
|
||||||
|
<tip>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
Not all objects have a description in <literal>pg_description</literal>.
|
||||||
|
This meta-command can be useful to get a quick description of a native
|
||||||
|
<productname>Postgres</productname> feature.
|
||||||
|
</tip>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\df</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List functions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\di</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List only indexes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\do</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List only operators.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\ds</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List only sequences.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\dS</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List system tables and indexes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\dt</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List only non-system tables.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\dT</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List types.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\e</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Edit the current query buffer or the contents of the file
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\E</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Edit the current query buffer or the contents of the file
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
and execute it upon editor exit.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\f</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Set the field separator. Default is a single blank space.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\g</literal> [ { <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | <literal>|</literal><replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> } ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Send the current query input buffer to the backend and optionally
|
||||||
|
save the output in <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
or pipe the output into a separate Unix shell to execute
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\h</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Give syntax help on the specified SQL command.
|
||||||
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> is not a defined SQL command
|
||||||
|
(or is not documented in <application>psql</application>), or if
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> is not specified,
|
||||||
|
then <application>psql</application> will
|
||||||
|
list all the commands for which syntax help is
|
||||||
|
available. If <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
is an asterisk (<quote>*</quote>), then
|
||||||
|
give syntax help on all SQL commands.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\H</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Toggle <acronym>HTML3</acronym> output. This is equivalent to the <option>-H</option>
|
||||||
|
command-line option.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\i</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Read queries from the file <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
into the query input buffer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\l</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
List all the databases in the server.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\m</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Toggle the old monitor-like table display, which includes border characters
|
||||||
|
surrounding the table.
|
||||||
|
This is standard SQL output.
|
||||||
|
By default, <application>psql</application> includes only field separators
|
||||||
|
between columns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\o</literal> [ { <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | <literal>|</literal><replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> } ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Save future query results to the file
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> or pipe future
|
||||||
|
results into a separate Unix shell to execute
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
If no arguments are specified, send query results to
|
||||||
|
<filename>stdout</filename>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\p</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Print the current query buffer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\q</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Quit the <application>psql</application> program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\r</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Reset(clear) the query buffer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\s</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Print or save the command line history to
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> is omitted,
|
||||||
|
do not save subsequent commands to a history file.
|
||||||
|
This option is only available if <application>psql</application> is
|
||||||
|
configured to use readline.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\t</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Toggle display of output column name headings and row count footer (defaults to on).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\T</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Allows you to specify options to be placed within the
|
||||||
|
<sgmltag>table ...</sgmltag> tag
|
||||||
|
for <acronym>HTML 3.0</acronym>
|
||||||
|
tabular output.For example, <literal>border</literal>
|
||||||
|
will give you tables with borders.
|
||||||
|
This must be used in conjunction with the <command>\H</command> meta-command.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\x</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Toggles extended row format mode. When enabled each row will have its column
|
||||||
|
names printed on the left with the column values printed on the right.
|
||||||
|
This is useful for rows which are otherwise too long to fit into
|
||||||
|
one screen line. <acronym>HTML</acronym> row output mode supports this flag too.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\w</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Outputs the current query buffer to the file
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\z</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Produces a list of all tables in the database with their appropriate ACLs
|
||||||
|
(grant/revoke permissions) listed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\!</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> ]
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Escape to a separate Unix shell or execute the Unix command
|
||||||
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<VARLISTENTRY>
|
||||||
|
<TERM>
|
||||||
|
<literal>\?</literal>
|
||||||
|
</TERM>
|
||||||
|
<LISTITEM>
|
||||||
|
<PARA>
|
||||||
|
Get help information about the slash (<quote>\</quote>) commands.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</variablelist>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</refentry>
|
||||||
@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ SELECT actors.name
|
|||||||
<refentry id="SQL-SELECTINTO">
|
<refentry id="SQL-SELECTINTO">
|
||||||
<refmeta>
|
<refmeta>
|
||||||
<refentrytitle>
|
<refentrytitle>
|
||||||
SELECT
|
SELECT INTO
|
||||||
</refentrytitle>
|
</refentrytitle>
|
||||||
<refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
|
<refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
|
||||||
</refmeta>
|
</refmeta>
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user