hash: Add write-ahead logging support.

The warning about hash indexes not being write-ahead logged and their
use being discouraged has been removed.  "snapshot too old" is now
supported for tables with hash indexes.  Most importantly, barring
bugs, hash indexes will now be crash-safe and usable on standbys.

This commit doesn't yet add WAL consistency checking for hash
indexes, as we now have for other index types; a separate patch has
been submitted to cure that lack.

Amit Kapila, reviewed and slightly modified by me.  The larger patch
series of which this is a part has been reviewed and tested by Álvaro
Herrera, Ashutosh Sharma, Mark Kirkwood, Jeff Janes, and Jesper
Pedersen.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1JOBX=YU33631Qh-XivYXtPSALh514+jR8XeD7v+K3r_Q@mail.gmail.com

contrib/pageinspect/expected/hash.out

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 CREATE TABLE test_hash (a int, b text);
 INSERT INTO test_hash VALUES (1, 'one');
 CREATE INDEX test_hash_a_idx ON test_hash USING hash (a);
-WARNING:  hash indexes are not WAL-logged and their use is discouraged
 \x
 SELECT hash_page_type(get_raw_page('test_hash_a_idx', 0));
 -[ RECORD 1 ]--+---------