Make canonicalize_path() more canonical.

Teach canonicalize_path() how to strip all unnecessary uses of "."
and "..", replacing the previous ad-hoc code that got rid of only
some such cases.  In particular, we can always remove all such
uses from absolute paths.

The proximate reason to do this is that Windows rejects paths
involving ".." in some cases (in particular, you can't put one in a
symlink), so we ought to be sure we don't use ".." unnecessarily.
Moreover, it seems like good cleanup on general principles.

There is other path-munging code that could be simplified now, but
we'll leave that for followup work.

It is tempting to call this a bug fix and back-patch it.  On the other
hand, the misbehavior can only be reached if a highly privileged user
does something dubious, so it's not unreasonable to say "so don't do
that".  And this patch could result in unexpected behavioral changes,
in case anybody was expecting uses of ".." to stay put.  So at least
for now, just put it in HEAD.

Shenhao Wang, editorialized a bit by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OSBPR01MB4214FA221FFE046F11F2AD74F2D49@OSBPR01MB4214.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

contrib/adminpack/expected/adminpack.out

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ SELECT pg_file_write(current_setting('data_directory') || '/test_file4', 'test4'
 (1 row)
 
 SELECT pg_file_write(current_setting('data_directory') || '/../test_file4', 'test4', false);
-ERROR:  reference to parent directory ("..") not allowed
+ERROR:  absolute path not allowed
 RESET ROLE;
 REVOKE EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_file_write(text,text,bool) FROM regress_user1;
 REVOKE pg_read_all_settings FROM regress_user1;