Rework pg_input_error_message(), now renamed pg_input_error_info()

pg_input_error_info() is now a SQL function able to return a row with
more than just the error message generated for incorrect data type
inputs when these are able to handle soft failures, returning more
contents of ErrorData, as of:
- The error message (same as before).
- The error detail, if set.
- The error hint, if set.
- SQL error code.

All the regression tests that relied on pg_input_error_message() are
updated to reflect the effects of the rename.

Per discussion with Tom Lane and Andrew Dunstan.

Author: Nathan Bossart
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/139a68e1-bd1f-a9a7-b5fe-0be9845c6311@dunslane.net

contrib/intarray/sql/_int.sql

@@ -79,11 +79,15 @@ SELECT '1&(2&(4&(5|!6)))'::query_int;
 
 SELECT str as "query_int",
        pg_input_is_valid(str,'query_int') as ok,
-       pg_input_error_message(str,'query_int') as errmsg
+       errinfo.sql_error_code,
+       errinfo.message,
+       errinfo.detail,
+       errinfo.hint
 FROM (VALUES ('1&(2&(4&(5|6)))'),
              ('1#(2&(4&(5&6)))'),
              ('foo'))
-      AS a(str);
+      AS a(str),
+     LATERAL pg_input_error_info(a.str, 'query_int') as errinfo;