Add assertions that we hold some relevant lock during relation open.

Opening a relation with no lock at all is unsafe; there's no guarantee
that we'll see a consistent state of the relevant catalog entries.
While use of MVCC scans to read the catalogs partially addresses that
complaint, it's still possible to switch to a new catalog snapshot
partway through loading the relcache entry.  Moreover, whether or not
you trust the reasoning behind sometimes using less than
AccessExclusiveLock for ALTER TABLE, that reasoning is certainly not
valid if concurrent users of the table don't hold a lock corresponding
to the operation they want to perform.

Hence, add some assertion-build-only checks that require any caller
of relation_open(x, NoLock) to hold at least AccessShareLock.  This
isn't a full solution, since we can't verify that the lock level is
semantically appropriate for the action --- but it's definitely of
some use, because it's already caught two bugs.

We can also assert that callers of addRangeTableEntryForRelation()
hold at least the lock level specified for the new RTE.

Amit Langote and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16565.1538327894@sss.pgh.pa.us

src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c

@@ -563,6 +563,30 @@ DoLockModesConflict(LOCKMODE mode1, LOCKMODE mode2)
 	return false;
 }
 
+/*
+ * LockHeldByMe -- test whether lock 'locktag' is held with mode 'lockmode'
+ *		by the current transaction
+ */
+bool
+LockHeldByMe(const LOCKTAG *locktag, LOCKMODE lockmode)
+{
+	LOCALLOCKTAG localtag;
+	LOCALLOCK  *locallock;
+
+	/*
+	 * See if there is a LOCALLOCK entry for this lock and lockmode
+	 */
+	MemSet(&localtag, 0, sizeof(localtag)); /* must clear padding */
+	localtag.lock = *locktag;
+	localtag.mode = lockmode;
+
+	locallock = (LOCALLOCK *) hash_search(LockMethodLocalHash,
+										  (void *) &localtag,
+										  HASH_FIND, NULL);
+
+	return (locallock && locallock->nLocks > 0);
+}
+
 /*
  * LockHasWaiters -- look up 'locktag' and check if releasing this
  *		lock would wake up other processes waiting for it.