pageinspect: Fix handling of page sizes and AM types

This commit fixes a set of issues related to the use of the SQL
functions in this module when the caller is able to pass down raw page
data as input argument:
- The page size check was fuzzy in a couple of places, sometimes
looking after only a sub-range, but what we are looking for is an exact
match on BLCKSZ.  After considering a few options here, I have settled
down to do a generalization of get_page_from_raw().  Most of the SQL
functions already used that, and this is not strictly required if not
accessing an 8-byte-wide value from a raw page, but this feels safer in
the long run for alignment-picky environment, particularly if a code
path begins to access such values.  This also reduces the number of
strings that need to be translated.
- The BRIN function brin_page_items() uses a Relation but it did not
check the access method of the opened index, potentially leading to
crashes.  All the other functions in need of a Relation already did
that.
- Some code paths could fail on elog(), but we should to use ereport()
for failures that can be triggered by the user.

Tests are added to stress all the cases that are fixed as of this
commit, with some junk raw pages (\set VERBOSITY ensures that this works
across all page sizes) and unexpected index types when functions open
relations.

Author: Michael Paquier, Justin Prysby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20220218030020.GA1137@telsasoft.com
Backpatch-through: 10

contrib/pageinspect/sql/brin.sql

@@ -15,4 +15,8 @@ SELECT * FROM brin_revmap_data(get_raw_page('test1_a_idx', 1)) LIMIT 5;
 SELECT * FROM brin_page_items(get_raw_page('test1_a_idx', 2), 'test1_a_idx')
     ORDER BY blknum, attnum LIMIT 5;
 
+-- Failure for non-BRIN index.
+CREATE INDEX test1_a_btree ON test1 (a);
+SELECT brin_page_items(get_raw_page('test1_a_btree', 0), 'test1_a_btree');
+
 DROP TABLE test1;

contrib/pageinspect/sql/btree.sql

@@ -18,4 +18,17 @@ SELECT * FROM bt_page_items(get_raw_page('test1_a_idx', 0));
 SELECT * FROM bt_page_items(get_raw_page('test1_a_idx', 1));
 SELECT * FROM bt_page_items(get_raw_page('test1_a_idx', 2));
 
+-- Failure when using a non-btree index.
+CREATE INDEX test1_a_hash ON test1 USING hash(a);
+SELECT bt_metap('test1_a_hash');
+SELECT bt_page_stats('test1_a_hash', 0);
+SELECT bt_page_items('test1_a_hash', 0);
+
+-- Failure with incorrect page size
+-- Suppress the DETAIL message, to allow the tests to work across various
+-- page sizes.
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT bt_page_items('aaa'::bytea);
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
 DROP TABLE test1;

contrib/pageinspect/sql/gin.sql

@@ -17,3 +17,12 @@ SELECT COUNT(*) > 0
 FROM gin_leafpage_items(get_raw_page('test1_y_idx',
                         (pg_relation_size('test1_y_idx') /
                          current_setting('block_size')::bigint)::int - 1));
+
+-- Failure with incorrect page size
+-- Suppress the DETAIL message, to allow the tests to work across various
+-- page sizes.
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT gin_leafpage_items('aaa'::bytea);
+SELECT gin_metapage_info('bbb'::bytea);
+SELECT gin_page_opaque_info('ccc'::bytea);
+\set VERBOSITY default

contrib/pageinspect/sql/hash.sql

@@ -76,5 +76,18 @@ SELECT * FROM hash_page_items(get_raw_page('test_hash_a_idx', 3));
 SELECT * FROM hash_page_items(get_raw_page('test_hash_a_idx', 4));
 SELECT * FROM hash_page_items(get_raw_page('test_hash_a_idx', 5));
 
+-- Failure with non-hash index
+CREATE INDEX test_hash_a_btree ON test_hash USING btree (a);
+SELECT hash_bitmap_info('test_hash_a_btree', 0);
+
+-- Failure with incorrect page size
+-- Suppress the DETAIL message, to allow the tests to work across various
+-- page sizes.
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT hash_metapage_info('aaa'::bytea);
+SELECT hash_page_items('bbb'::bytea);
+SELECT hash_page_stats('ccc'::bytea);
+SELECT hash_page_type('ddd'::bytea);
+\set VERBOSITY default
 
 DROP TABLE test_hash;

contrib/pageinspect/sql/page.sql

@@ -52,3 +52,12 @@ select t_bits, t_data from heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test8', 0));
 select tuple_data_split('test8'::regclass, t_data, t_infomask, t_infomask2, t_bits)
     from heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test8', 0));
 drop table test8;
+
+-- Failure with incorrect page size
+-- Suppress the DETAIL message, to allow the tests to work across various
+-- page sizes.
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT fsm_page_contents('aaa'::bytea);
+SELECT page_checksum('bbb'::bytea, 0);
+SELECT page_header('ccc'::bytea);
+\set VERBOSITY default