Add pg_file_settings view and function

The function and view added here provide a way to look at all settings
in postgresql.conf, any #include'd files, and postgresql.auto.conf
(which is what backs the ALTER SYSTEM command).

The information returned includes the configuration file name, line
number in that file, sequence number indicating when the parameter is
loaded (useful to see if it is later masked by another definition of the
same parameter), parameter name, and what it is set to at that point.
This information is updated on reload of the server.

This is unfiltered, privileged, information and therefore access is
restricted to superusers through the GRANT system.

Author: Sawada Masahiko, various improvements by me.
Reviewers: David Steele

src/test/regress/expected/rules.out

@@ -1312,6 +1312,12 @@ pg_cursors| SELECT c.name,
     c.is_scrollable,
     c.creation_time
    FROM pg_cursor() c(name, statement, is_holdable, is_binary, is_scrollable, creation_time);
+pg_file_settings| SELECT a.sourcefile,
+    a.sourceline,
+    a.seqno,
+    a.name,
+    a.setting
+   FROM pg_show_all_file_settings() a(sourcefile, sourceline, seqno, name, setting);
 pg_group| SELECT pg_authid.rolname AS groname,
     pg_authid.oid AS grosysid,
     ARRAY( SELECT pg_auth_members.member