Support index-only scans using the visibility map to avoid heap fetches.

When a btree index contains all columns required by the query, and the
visibility map shows that all tuples on a target heap page are
visible-to-all, we don't need to fetch that heap page.  This patch depends
on the previous patches that made the visibility map reliable.

There's a fair amount left to do here, notably trying to figure out a less
chintzy way of estimating the cost of an index-only scan, but the core
functionality seems ready to commit.

Robert Haas and Ibrar Ahmed, with some previous work by Heikki Linnakangas.

src/backend/utils/cache/relcache.c

@@ -3684,10 +3684,10 @@ RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap(Relation relation)
 		}
 
 		/* Collect all attributes used in expressions, too */
-		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, &indexattrs);
+		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
 
 		/* Collect all attributes in the index predicate, too */
-		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Predicate, &indexattrs);
+		pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Predicate, 1, &indexattrs);
 
 		index_close(indexDesc, AccessShareLock);
 	}

src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c

@@ -681,6 +681,15 @@ static struct config_bool ConfigureNamesBool[] =
 		true,
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
+	{
+		{"enable_indexonlyscan", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_METHOD,
+			gettext_noop("Enables the planner's use of index-only-scan plans."),
+			NULL
+		},
+		&enable_indexonlyscan,
+		true,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
 	{
 		{"enable_bitmapscan", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_METHOD,
 			gettext_noop("Enables the planner's use of bitmap-scan plans."),

src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample

@@ -243,6 +243,7 @@
 #enable_hashagg = on
 #enable_hashjoin = on
 #enable_indexscan = on
+#enable_indexonlyscan = on
 #enable_material = on
 #enable_mergejoin = on
 #enable_nestloop = on