configure: Update python search order

Some systems don't ship with "python" by default anymore, only
"python3" or "python2" or some combination, so include those in the
configure search.

Back-patch of commit 7291733ac.  At the time that was only pushed
back as far as v10, because of concerns about interactions with
commit b21c569ce.  Closer analysis shows that if we just
s/AC_PATH_PROG/AC_PATH_PROGS/, there is no effect on the older
branches' behavior when PYTHON is explicitly specified, so it should
be okay to back-patch: this will not break any configuration that
worked before.  And the need to support platforms with only a
"python3" or "python2" executable is getting ever more urgent.

Original patch by Peter Eisentraut, back-patch analysis by me

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/1457.1543184081%40sss.pgh.pa.us#c9cc1199338fd6a257589c6dcea6cf8d

config/python.m4

@@ -6,10 +6,17 @@
 
 # PGAC_PATH_PYTHON
 # ----------------
-# Look for Python and set the output variable 'PYTHON'
+# Look for Python and set the output variable 'PYTHON' if found,
-# to 'python' if found, empty otherwise.
+# fail otherwise.
+#
+# As the Python 3 transition happens and PEP 394 isn't updated, we
+# need to cater to systems that don't have unversioned "python" by
+# default.  Some systems ship with "python3" by default and perhaps
+# have "python" in an optional package.  Some systems only have
+# "python2" and "python3", in which case it's reasonable to prefer the
+# newer version.
 AC_DEFUN([PGAC_PATH_PYTHON],
-[AC_PATH_PROG(PYTHON, python)
+[AC_PATH_PROGS(PYTHON, [python python3 python2])
 if test x"$PYTHON" = x""; then
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Python not found])
 fi

configure

@@ -7683,8 +7683,10 @@ fi
 fi
 
 if test "$with_python" = yes; then
-  # Extract the first word of "python", so it can be a program name with args.
+  for ac_prog in python python3 python2
-set dummy python; ac_word=$2
+do
+  # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args.
+set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2
 { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for $ac_word" >&5
 $as_echo_n "checking for $ac_word... " >&6; }
 if ${ac_cv_path_PYTHON+:} false; then :
@@ -7723,6 +7725,9 @@ $as_echo "no" >&6; }
 fi
 
 
+  test -n "$PYTHON" && break
+done
+
 if test x"$PYTHON" = x""; then
   as_fn_error $? "Python not found" "$LINENO" 5
 fi

doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml

@@ -1441,7 +1441,8 @@ su - postgres
          <![%standalone-include[the <application>PL/Python</>
          documentation]]>
          <![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="plpython-python23">]]>
-         for more information.
+         for more information.  If this is not set, the following are probed
+         in this order: <literal>python python3 python2</literal>.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>