Centralize the logic for protective copying of utility statements.

In the "simple Query" code path, it's fine for parse analysis or
execution of a utility statement to scribble on the statement's node
tree, since that'll just be thrown away afterwards.  However it's
not fine if the node tree is in the plan cache, as then it'd be
corrupted for subsequent executions.  Up to now we've dealt with
that by having individual utility-statement functions apply
copyObject() if they were going to modify the tree.  But that's
prone to errors of omission.  Bug #17053 from Charles Samborski
shows that CREATE/ALTER DOMAIN didn't get this memo, and can
crash if executed repeatedly from plan cache.

In the back branches, we'll just apply a narrow band-aid for that,
but in HEAD it seems prudent to have a more principled fix that
will close off the possibility of other similar bugs in future.
Hence, let's hoist the responsibility for doing copyObject up into
ProcessUtility from its children, thus ensuring that it happens for
all utility statement types.

Also, modify ProcessUtility's API so that its callers can tell it
whether a copy step is necessary.  It turns out that in all cases,
the immediate caller knows whether the node tree is transient, so
this doesn't involve a huge amount of code thrashing.  In this way,
while we lose a little bit in the execute-from-cache code path due
to sometimes copying node trees that wouldn't be mutated anyway,
we gain something in the simple-Query code path by not copying
throwaway node trees.  Statements that are complex enough to be
expensive to copy are almost certainly ones that would have to be
copied anyway, so the loss in the cache code path shouldn't be much.

(Note that this whole problem applies only to utility statements.
Optimizable statements don't have the issue because we long ago made
the executor treat Plan trees as read-only.  Perhaps someday we will
make utility statement execution act likewise, but I'm not holding
my breath.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/931771.1623893989@sss.pgh.pa.us
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17053-3ca3f501bbc212b4@postgresql.org

src/backend/commands/copyto.c

@@ -438,14 +438,8 @@ BeginCopyTo(ParseState *pstate,
 		/*
 		 * Run parse analysis and rewrite.  Note this also acquires sufficient
 		 * locks on the source table(s).
-		 *
-		 * Because the parser and planner tend to scribble on their input, we
-		 * make a preliminary copy of the source querytree.  This prevents
-		 * problems in the case that the COPY is in a portal or plpgsql
-		 * function and is executed repeatedly.  (See also the same hack in
-		 * DECLARE CURSOR and PREPARE.)  XXX FIXME someday.
 		 */
-		rewritten = pg_analyze_and_rewrite(copyObject(raw_query),
+		rewritten = pg_analyze_and_rewrite(raw_query,
 										   pstate->p_sourcetext, NULL, 0,
 										   NULL);
 

src/backend/commands/createas.c

@@ -299,14 +299,8 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 * rewriter.  We do not do AcquireRewriteLocks: we assume the query
 		 * either came straight from the parser, or suitable locks were
 		 * acquired by plancache.c.
-		 *
-		 * Because the rewriter and planner tend to scribble on the input, we
-		 * make a preliminary copy of the source querytree.  This prevents
-		 * problems in the case that CTAS is in a portal or plpgsql function
-		 * and is executed repeatedly.  (See also the same hack in EXPLAIN and
-		 * PREPARE.)
 		 */
-		rewritten = QueryRewrite(copyObject(query));
+		rewritten = QueryRewrite(query);
 
 		/* SELECT should never rewrite to more or less than one SELECT query */
 		if (list_length(rewritten) != 1)

src/backend/commands/explain.c

@@ -256,14 +256,8 @@ ExplainQuery(ParseState *pstate, ExplainStmt *stmt,
 	 * rewriter.  We do not do AcquireRewriteLocks: we assume the query either
 	 * came straight from the parser, or suitable locks were acquired by
 	 * plancache.c.
-	 *
-	 * Because the rewriter and planner tend to scribble on the input, we make
-	 * a preliminary copy of the source querytree.  This prevents problems in
-	 * the case that the EXPLAIN is in a portal or plpgsql function and is
-	 * executed repeatedly.  (See also the same hack in DECLARE CURSOR and
-	 * PREPARE.)  XXX FIXME someday.
 	 */
-	rewritten = QueryRewrite(castNode(Query, copyObject(stmt->query)));
+	rewritten = QueryRewrite(castNode(Query, stmt->query));
 
 	/* emit opening boilerplate */
 	ExplainBeginOutput(es);
@@ -427,7 +421,8 @@ ExplainOneQuery(Query *query, int cursorOptions,
  * "into" is NULL unless we are explaining the contents of a CreateTableAsStmt.
  *
  * This is exported because it's called back from prepare.c in the
- * EXPLAIN EXECUTE case.
+ * EXPLAIN EXECUTE case.  In that case, we'll be dealing with a statement
+ * that's in the plan cache, so we have to ensure we don't modify it.
  */
 void
 ExplainOneUtility(Node *utilityStmt, IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
@@ -441,8 +436,7 @@ ExplainOneUtility(Node *utilityStmt, IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We have to rewrite the contained SELECT and then pass it back to
-		 * ExplainOneQuery.  It's probably not really necessary to copy the
-		 * contained parsetree another time, but let's be safe.
+		 * ExplainOneQuery.  Copy to be safe in the EXPLAIN EXECUTE case.
 		 */
 		CreateTableAsStmt *ctas = (CreateTableAsStmt *) utilityStmt;
 		List	   *rewritten;

src/backend/commands/extension.c

@@ -786,6 +786,7 @@ execute_sql_string(const char *sql)
 
 				ProcessUtility(stmt,
 							   sql,
+							   false,
 							   PROCESS_UTILITY_QUERY,
 							   NULL,
 							   NULL,

src/backend/commands/foreigncmds.c

@@ -1570,8 +1570,7 @@ ImportForeignSchema(ImportForeignSchemaStmt *stmt)
 			pstmt->stmt_len = rs->stmt_len;
 
 			/* Execute statement */
-			ProcessUtility(pstmt,
-						   cmd,
+			ProcessUtility(pstmt, cmd, false,
 						   PROCESS_UTILITY_SUBCOMMAND, NULL, NULL,
 						   None_Receiver, NULL);
 

src/backend/commands/policy.c

@@ -747,12 +747,12 @@ CreatePolicy(CreatePolicyStmt *stmt)
 	addNSItemToQuery(with_check_pstate, nsitem, false, true, true);
 
 	qual = transformWhereClause(qual_pstate,
-								copyObject(stmt->qual),
+								stmt->qual,
 								EXPR_KIND_POLICY,
 								"POLICY");
 
 	with_check_qual = transformWhereClause(with_check_pstate,
-										   copyObject(stmt->with_check),
+										   stmt->with_check,
 										   EXPR_KIND_POLICY,
 										   "POLICY");
 
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ AlterPolicy(AlterPolicyStmt *stmt)
 
 		addNSItemToQuery(qual_pstate, nsitem, false, true, true);
 
-		qual = transformWhereClause(qual_pstate, copyObject(stmt->qual),
+		qual = transformWhereClause(qual_pstate, stmt->qual,
 									EXPR_KIND_POLICY,
 									"POLICY");
 
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ AlterPolicy(AlterPolicyStmt *stmt)
 		addNSItemToQuery(with_check_pstate, nsitem, false, true, true);
 
 		with_check_qual = transformWhereClause(with_check_pstate,
-											   copyObject(stmt->with_check),
+											   stmt->with_check,
 											   EXPR_KIND_POLICY,
 											   "POLICY");
 

src/backend/commands/portalcmds.c

@@ -76,14 +76,8 @@ PerformCursorOpen(ParseState *pstate, DeclareCursorStmt *cstmt, ParamListInfo pa
 	 * rewriter.  We do not do AcquireRewriteLocks: we assume the query either
 	 * came straight from the parser, or suitable locks were acquired by
 	 * plancache.c.
-	 *
-	 * Because the rewriter and planner tend to scribble on the input, we make
-	 * a preliminary copy of the source querytree.  This prevents problems in
-	 * the case that the DECLARE CURSOR is in a portal or plpgsql function and
-	 * is executed repeatedly.  (See also the same hack in EXPLAIN and
-	 * PREPARE.)  XXX FIXME someday.
 	 */
-	rewritten = QueryRewrite((Query *) copyObject(query));
+	rewritten = QueryRewrite(query);
 
 	/* SELECT should never rewrite to more or less than one query */
 	if (list_length(rewritten) != 1)

src/backend/commands/prepare.c

@@ -78,12 +78,9 @@ PrepareQuery(ParseState *pstate, PrepareStmt *stmt,
 	/*
 	 * Need to wrap the contained statement in a RawStmt node to pass it to
 	 * parse analysis.
-	 *
-	 * Because parse analysis scribbles on the raw querytree, we must make a
-	 * copy to ensure we don't modify the passed-in tree.  FIXME someday.
 	 */
 	rawstmt = makeNode(RawStmt);
-	rawstmt->stmt = (Node *) copyObject(stmt->query);
+	rawstmt->stmt = stmt->query;
 	rawstmt->stmt_location = stmt_location;
 	rawstmt->stmt_len = stmt_len;
 

src/backend/commands/schemacmds.c

@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ CreateSchemaCommand(CreateSchemaStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		/* do this step */
 		ProcessUtility(wrapper,
 					   queryString,
+					   false,
 					   PROCESS_UTILITY_SUBCOMMAND,
 					   NULL,
 					   NULL,

src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c

@@ -4408,8 +4408,7 @@ ATPrepCmd(List **wqueue, Relation rel, AlterTableCmd *cmd,
 	 * Copy the original subcommand for each table.  This avoids conflicts
 	 * when different child tables need to make different parse
 	 * transformations (for example, the same column may have different column
-	 * numbers in different children).  It also ensures that we don't corrupt
-	 * the original parse tree, in case it is saved in plancache.
+	 * numbers in different children).
 	 */
 	cmd = copyObject(cmd);
 

src/backend/commands/view.c

@@ -417,12 +417,9 @@ DefineView(ViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	/*
 	 * Run parse analysis to convert the raw parse tree to a Query.  Note this
 	 * also acquires sufficient locks on the source table(s).
-	 *
-	 * Since parse analysis scribbles on its input, copy the raw parse tree;
-	 * this ensures we don't corrupt a prepared statement, for example.
 	 */
 	rawstmt = makeNode(RawStmt);
-	rawstmt->stmt = (Node *) copyObject(stmt->query);
+	rawstmt->stmt = stmt->query;
 	rawstmt->stmt_location = stmt_location;
 	rawstmt->stmt_len = stmt_len;