Further optimize GIN multi-key searches.

When skipping over some items in a posting tree, re-find the new location
by descending the tree from root, rather than walking the right links.
This can save a lot of I/O.

Heavily modified from Alexander Korotkov's fast scan patch.

src/backend/access/gin/gindatapage.c

@@ -1639,16 +1639,15 @@ ginInsertItemPointers(Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno,
  * Starts a new scan on a posting tree.
  */
 GinBtreeStack *
-ginScanBeginPostingTree(Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno)
+ginScanBeginPostingTree(GinBtree btree, Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno)
 {
-	GinBtreeData btree;
 	GinBtreeStack *stack;
 
-	ginPrepareDataScan(&btree, index, rootBlkno);
+	ginPrepareDataScan(btree, index, rootBlkno);
 
-	btree.fullScan = TRUE;
+	btree->fullScan = TRUE;
 
-	stack = ginFindLeafPage(&btree, TRUE);
+	stack = ginFindLeafPage(btree, TRUE);
 
 	return stack;
 }

src/backend/access/gin/ginget.c

@@ -99,12 +99,13 @@ static void
 scanPostingTree(Relation index, GinScanEntry scanEntry,
 				BlockNumber rootPostingTree)
 {
+	GinBtreeData btree;
 	GinBtreeStack *stack;
 	Buffer		buffer;
 	Page		page;
 
 	/* Descend to the leftmost leaf page */
-	stack = ginScanBeginPostingTree(index, rootPostingTree);
+	stack = ginScanBeginPostingTree(&btree, index, rootPostingTree);
 	buffer = stack->buffer;
 	IncrBufferRefCount(buffer); /* prevent unpin in freeGinBtreeStack */
 
@@ -412,7 +413,8 @@ restartScanEntry:
 			LockBuffer(stackEntry->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
 			needUnlock = FALSE;
 
-			stack = ginScanBeginPostingTree(ginstate->index, rootPostingTree);
+			stack = ginScanBeginPostingTree(&entry->btree, ginstate->index,
+											rootPostingTree);
 			entry->buffer = stack->buffer;
 
 			/*
@@ -506,8 +508,60 @@ entryLoadMoreItems(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry, ItemPointerData advan
 {
 	Page		page;
 	int			i;
+	bool		stepright;
 
+	if (!BufferIsValid(entry->buffer))
+	{
+		entry->isFinished = true;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * We have two strategies for finding the correct page: step right from
+	 * the current page, or descend the tree again from the root. If
+	 * advancePast equals the current item, the next matching item should be
+	 * on the next page, so we step right. Otherwise, descend from root.
+	 */
+	if (ginCompareItemPointers(&entry->curItem, &advancePast) == 0)
+	{
+		stepright = true;
 		LockBuffer(entry->buffer, GIN_SHARE);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		GinBtreeStack *stack;
+
+		ReleaseBuffer(entry->buffer);
+
+		/*
+		 * Set the search key, and find the correct leaf page.
+		 */
+		if (ItemPointerIsLossyPage(&advancePast))
+		{
+			ItemPointerSet(&entry->btree.itemptr,
+						   GinItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&advancePast) + 1,
+						   FirstOffsetNumber);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			entry->btree.itemptr = advancePast;
+			entry->btree.itemptr.ip_posid++;
+		}
+		entry->btree.fullScan = false;
+		stack = ginFindLeafPage(&entry->btree, true);
+
+		/* we don't need the stack, just the buffer. */
+		entry->buffer = stack->buffer;
+		IncrBufferRefCount(entry->buffer);
+		freeGinBtreeStack(stack);
+		stepright = false;
+	}
+
+	elog(DEBUG2, "entryLoadMoreItems, %u/%u, skip: %d",
+		 GinItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&advancePast),
+		 GinItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&advancePast),
+		 !stepright);
+
 	page = BufferGetPage(entry->buffer);
 	for (;;)
 	{
@@ -519,6 +573,8 @@ entryLoadMoreItems(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry, ItemPointerData advan
 			entry->nlist = 0;
 		}
 
+		if (stepright)
+		{
 			/*
 			 * We've processed all the entries on this page. If it was the last
 			 * page in the tree, we're done.
@@ -531,9 +587,6 @@ entryLoadMoreItems(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry, ItemPointerData advan
 				return;
 			}
 
-		if (GinPageGetOpaque(page)->flags & GIN_DELETED)
-			continue;		/* page was deleted by concurrent vacuum */
-
 			/*
 			 * Step to next page, following the right link. then find the first
 			 * ItemPointer greater than advancePast.
@@ -542,6 +595,11 @@ entryLoadMoreItems(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry, ItemPointerData advan
 										 ginstate->index,
 										 GIN_SHARE);
 			page = BufferGetPage(entry->buffer);
+		}
+		stepright = true;
+
+		if (GinPageGetOpaque(page)->flags & GIN_DELETED)
+			continue;		/* page was deleted by concurrent vacuum */
 
 		/*
 		 * The first item > advancePast might not be on this page, but
@@ -566,8 +624,16 @@ entryLoadMoreItems(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry, ItemPointerData advan
 		{
 			if (ginCompareItemPointers(&advancePast, &entry->list[i]) < 0)
 			{
-				LockBuffer(entry->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
 				entry->offset = i;
+
+				if (GinPageRightMost(page))
+				{
+					/* after processing the copied items, we're done. */
+					UnlockReleaseBuffer(entry->buffer);
+					entry->buffer = InvalidBuffer;
+				}
+				else
+					LockBuffer(entry->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
 				return;
 			}
 		}
@@ -677,7 +743,10 @@ entryGetItem(GinState *ginstate, GinScanEntry entry,
 	}
 	else if (!BufferIsValid(entry->buffer))
 	{
-		/* A posting list from an entry tuple  */
+		/*
+		 * A posting list from an entry tuple, or the last page of a posting
+		 * tree.
+		 */
 		do
 		{
 			if (entry->offset >= entry->nlist)

src/include/access/gin_private.h

@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ extern void GinPageDeletePostingItem(Page page, OffsetNumber offset);
 extern void ginInsertItemPointers(Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno,
 					  ItemPointerData *items, uint32 nitem,
 					  GinStatsData *buildStats);
-extern GinBtreeStack *ginScanBeginPostingTree(Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno);
+extern GinBtreeStack *ginScanBeginPostingTree(GinBtree btree, Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno);
 extern void ginDataFillRoot(GinBtree btree, Page root, BlockNumber lblkno, Page lpage, BlockNumber rblkno, Page rpage);
 extern void ginPrepareDataScan(GinBtree btree, Relation index, BlockNumber rootBlkno);
 
@@ -802,6 +802,7 @@ typedef struct GinScanEntryData
 	bool		isFinished;
 	bool		reduceResult;
 	uint32		predictNumberResult;
+	GinBtreeData btree;
 }	GinScanEntryData;
 
 typedef struct GinScanOpaqueData