Add for_each_from, to simplify loops starting from non-first list cells.

We have a dozen or so places that need to iterate over all but the
first cell of a List.  Prior to v13 this was typically written as
	for_each_cell(lc, lnext(list_head(list)))
Commit 1cff1b95a changed these to
	for_each_cell(lc, list, list_second_cell(list))
This patch introduces a new macro for_each_from() which expresses
the start point as a list index, allowing these to be written as
	for_each_from(lc, list, 1)
This is marginally more efficient, since ForEachState.i can be
initialized directly instead of backing into it from a ListCell
address.  It also seems clearer and less typo-prone.

Some of the remaining uses of for_each_cell() look like they could
profitably be changed to for_each_from(), but here I confined myself
to changing uses of list_second_cell().

Also, fix for_each_cell_setup() and for_both_cell_setup() to
const-ify their arguments; that's a simple oversight in 1cff1b95a.

Back-patch into v13, on the grounds that (1) the const-ification
is a minor bug fix, and (2) it's better for back-patching purposes
if we only have two ways to write these loops rather than three.

In HEAD, also remove list_third_cell() and list_fourth_cell(),
which were also introduced in 1cff1b95a, and are unused as of
cc99baa43.  It seems unlikely that any third-party code would
have started to use them already; anyone who has can be directed
to list_nth_cell instead.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvpo1zj9KhEpU2cCRZfSM3Q6XGdhzuAS2v79PH7WJBkYVA@mail.gmail.com

src/backend/nodes/nodeFuncs.c

@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ exprTypmod(const Node *expr)
 				typmod = exprTypmod((Node *) linitial(cexpr->args));
 				if (typmod < 0)
 					return -1;	/* no point in trying harder */
-				for_each_cell(arg, cexpr->args, list_second_cell(cexpr->args))
+				for_each_from(arg, cexpr->args, 1)
 				{
 					Node	   *e = (Node *) lfirst(arg);
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ exprTypmod(const Node *expr)
 				typmod = exprTypmod((Node *) linitial(mexpr->args));
 				if (typmod < 0)
 					return -1;	/* no point in trying harder */
-				for_each_cell(arg, mexpr->args, list_second_cell(mexpr->args))
+				for_each_from(arg, mexpr->args, 1)
 				{
 					Node	   *e = (Node *) lfirst(arg);