Make the visibility map crash-safe.

This involves two main changes from the previous behavior.  First,
when we set a bit in the visibility map, emit a new WAL record of type
XLOG_HEAP2_VISIBLE.  Replay sets the page-level PD_ALL_VISIBLE bit and
the visibility map bit.  Second, when inserting, updating, or deleting
a tuple, we can no longer get away with clearing the visibility map
bit after releasing the lock on the corresponding heap page, because
an intervening crash might leave the visibility map bit set and the
page-level bit clear.  Making this work requires a bit of interface
refactoring.

In passing, a few minor but related cleanups: change the test in
visibilitymap_set and visibilitymap_clear to throw an error if the
wrong page (or no page) is pinned, rather than silently doing nothing;
this case should never occur.  Also, remove duplicate definitions of
InvalidXLogRecPtr.

Patch by me, review by Noah Misch.

src/include/access/heapam.h

@@ -136,6 +136,8 @@ extern XLogRecPtr log_heap_clean(Relation reln, Buffer buffer,
 extern XLogRecPtr log_heap_freeze(Relation reln, Buffer buffer,
 				TransactionId cutoff_xid,
 				OffsetNumber *offsets, int offcnt);
+extern XLogRecPtr log_heap_visible(RelFileNode rnode, BlockNumber block,
+				 Buffer vm_buffer);
 extern XLogRecPtr log_newpage(RelFileNode *rnode, ForkNumber forkNum,
 			BlockNumber blk, Page page);
 

src/include/access/hio.h

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ extern void RelationPutHeapTuple(Relation relation, Buffer buffer,
 					 HeapTuple tuple);
 extern Buffer RelationGetBufferForTuple(Relation relation, Size len,
 						  Buffer otherBuffer, int options,
-						  struct BulkInsertStateData * bistate);
+						  struct BulkInsertStateData * bistate,
+						  Buffer *vmbuffer);
 
 #endif   /* HIO_H */

src/include/access/htup.h

@@ -606,6 +606,7 @@ typedef HeapTupleData *HeapTuple;
 #define XLOG_HEAP2_CLEAN		0x10
 /* 0x20 is free, was XLOG_HEAP2_CLEAN_MOVE */
 #define XLOG_HEAP2_CLEANUP_INFO 0x30
+#define XLOG_HEAP2_VISIBLE		0x40
 
 /*
  * All what we need to find changed tuple
@@ -750,6 +751,15 @@ typedef struct xl_heap_freeze
 
 #define SizeOfHeapFreeze (offsetof(xl_heap_freeze, cutoff_xid) + sizeof(TransactionId))
 
+/* This is what we need to know about setting a visibility map bit */
+typedef struct xl_heap_visible
+{
+	RelFileNode node;
+	BlockNumber block;
+} xl_heap_visible;
+
+#define SizeOfHeapVisible (offsetof(xl_heap_visible, block) + sizeof(BlockNumber))
+
 extern void HeapTupleHeaderAdvanceLatestRemovedXid(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
 									   TransactionId *latestRemovedXid);
 

src/include/access/transam.h

@@ -135,6 +135,9 @@ extern bool TransactionStartedDuringRecovery(void);
 /* in transam/varsup.c */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT VariableCache ShmemVariableCache;
 
+/* in transam/transam.c */
+extern const XLogRecPtr InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+
 
 /*
  * prototypes for functions in transam/transam.c

src/include/access/visibilitymap.h

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@
 #include "storage/buf.h"
 #include "utils/relcache.h"
 
-extern void visibilitymap_clear(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapBlk);
+extern void visibilitymap_clear(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapBlk,
+					Buffer vmbuf);
 extern void visibilitymap_pin(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapBlk,
 				  Buffer *vmbuf);
+extern bool visibilitymap_pin_ok(BlockNumber heapBlk, Buffer vmbuf);
 extern void visibilitymap_set(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapBlk,
-				  XLogRecPtr recptr, Buffer *vmbuf);
+				  XLogRecPtr recptr, Buffer vmbuf);
 extern bool visibilitymap_test(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapBlk, Buffer *vmbuf);
 extern void visibilitymap_truncate(Relation rel, BlockNumber heapblk);
 

src/include/access/xlog_internal.h

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ typedef struct XLogContRecord
 /*
  * Each page of XLOG file has a header like this:
  */
-#define XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC 0xD066	/* can be used as WAL version indicator */
+#define XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC 0xD067	/* can be used as WAL version indicator */
 
 typedef struct XLogPageHeaderData
 {