Harden has_xxx_privilege() functions against concurrent object drops.

The versions of these functions that accept object OIDs are supposed
to return NULL, rather than failing, if the target object has been
dropped.  This makes it safe(r) to use them in queries that scan
catalogs, since the functions will be applied to objects that are
visible in the query's snapshot but might now be gone according to
the catalog snapshot.  In most cases we implemented this by doing
a SearchSysCacheExists test and assuming that if that succeeds, we
can safely invoke the appropriate aclchk.c function, which will
immediately re-fetch the same syscache entry.  It was argued that
if the existence test succeeds then the followup fetch must succeed
as well, for lack of any intervening AcceptInvalidationMessages call.

Alexander Lakhin demonstrated that this is not so when
CATCACHE_FORCE_RELEASE is enabled: the syscache entry will be forcibly
dropped at the end of SearchSysCacheExists, and then it is possible
for the catalog snapshot to get advanced while re-fetching the entry.
Alexander's test case requires the operation to happen inside a
parallel worker, but that seems incidental to the fundamental problem.
What remains obscure is whether there is a way for this to happen in a
non-debug build.  Nonetheless, CATCACHE_FORCE_RELEASE is a very useful
test methodology, so we'd better make the code safe for it.

After some discussion we concluded that the most future-proof fix
is to give up the assumption that checking SearchSysCacheExists can
guarantee success of a later fetch.  At best that assumption leads
to fragile code --- for example, has_type_privilege appears broken
for array types even if you believe the assumption holds.  And it's
not even particularly efficient.

There had already been some work towards extending the aclchk.c
APIs to include "is_missing" output flags, so this patch extends
that work to cover all the aclchk.c functions that are used by the
has_xxx_privilege() functions.  (This allows getting rid of some
ad-hoc decisions about not throwing errors in certain places in
aclchk.c.)

In passing, this fixes the has_sequence_privilege() functions to
provide the same guarantees as their cousins: for some reason the
SearchSysCacheExists tests never got added to those.

There is more work to do to remove the unsafe coding pattern with
SearchSysCacheExists in other places, but this is a pretty
self-contained patch so I'll commit it separately.

Per bug #18014 from Alexander Lakhin.  Given the lack of hard evidence
that there's a bug in non-debug builds, I'm content to fix this only
in HEAD.  (Perhaps we should clean up the has_sequence_privilege()
oversight in the back branches, but in the absence of field complaints
I'm not too excited about that either.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/18014-28c81cb79d44295d@postgresql.org

src/include/utils/acl.h

@@ -239,8 +239,12 @@ extern void RemoveRoleFromObjectACL(Oid roleid, Oid classid, Oid objid);
 extern AclMode pg_class_aclmask(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid,
 								AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how);
 
-/* generic function */
-extern AclResult object_aclcheck(Oid classid, Oid objectid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode);
+/* generic functions */
+extern AclResult object_aclcheck(Oid classid, Oid objectid,
+								 Oid roleid, AclMode mode);
+extern AclResult object_aclcheck_ext(Oid classid, Oid objectid,
+									 Oid roleid, AclMode mode,
+									 bool *is_missing);
 
 /* special cases */
 extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck(Oid table_oid, AttrNumber attnum,
@@ -250,6 +254,9 @@ extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck_ext(Oid table_oid, AttrNumber attnum,
 										   bool *is_missing);
 extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck_all(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid,
 										   AclMode mode, AclMaskHow how);
+extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck_all_ext(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid,
+											   AclMode mode, AclMaskHow how,
+											   bool *is_missing);
 extern AclResult pg_class_aclcheck(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode);
 extern AclResult pg_class_aclcheck_ext(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid,
 									   AclMode mode, bool *is_missing);