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Replace ASCII-quotes with proper markup.

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Peter Eisentraut 2001-09-13 15:55:24 +00:00
parent 9f990a73c1
commit 351a0c1736
58 changed files with 303 additions and 301 deletions
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4
doc/src/sgml/arch-pg.sgml
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@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ From that point on, the frontend process and the backend
"superuser." "superuser."
Note that the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser does not Note that the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser does not
have to be a special user (e.g., a user named have to be a special user (e.g., a user named
"postgres"), although many systems are installed that way. <literal>postgres</literal>), although many systems are installed that way.
Furthermore, the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser should Furthermore, the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser should
definitely not be the Unix superuser, "root"! In any definitely not be the Unix superuser, <literal>root</literal>! In any
case, all files relating to a database should belong to case, all files relating to a database should belong to
this <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser. this <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser.
</Para> </Para>

12
doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<!-- <!--
Documentation of the system catalogs, directed toward PostgreSQL developers Documentation of the system catalogs, directed toward PostgreSQL developers
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml,v 2.24 2001/09/10 05:46:41 ishii Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml,v 2.25 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="catalogs"> <chapter id="catalogs">
@ -1737,7 +1737,7 @@
to assume very much about what sort of statistics it stores. Only to assume very much about what sort of statistics it stores. Only
extremely general statistics (such as NULL-ness) are given dedicated extremely general statistics (such as NULL-ness) are given dedicated
columns in <structname>pg_statistic</structname>. Everything else columns in <structname>pg_statistic</structname>. Everything else
is stored in "slots", which are groups of associated columns whose is stored in <quote>slots</quote>, which are groups of associated columns whose
content is identified by a code number in one of the slot's columns. content is identified by a code number in one of the slot's columns.
For more information see For more information see
<filename>src/include/catalog/pg_statistic.h</filename>. <filename>src/include/catalog/pg_statistic.h</filename>.
@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@
<entry><type>int2</type></entry> <entry><type>int2</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry>A code number indicating the kind of statistics stored in the Nth <entry>A code number indicating the kind of statistics stored in the Nth
"slot" of the <structname>pg_statistic</structname> row. <quote>slot</quote> of the <structname>pg_statistic</structname> row.
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -1812,7 +1812,7 @@
<entry><type>oid</type></entry> <entry><type>oid</type></entry>
<entry>pg_operator.oid</entry> <entry>pg_operator.oid</entry>
<entry>An operator used to derive the statistics stored in the <entry>An operator used to derive the statistics stored in the
Nth "slot". For example, a histogram slot would show the "&lt;" Nth <quote>slot</quote>. For example, a histogram slot would show the <literal>&lt;</literal>
operator that defines the sort order of the data. operator that defines the sort order of the data.
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -1822,7 +1822,7 @@
<entry><type>float4[]</type></entry> <entry><type>float4[]</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry>Numerical statistics of the appropriate kind for the Nth <entry>Numerical statistics of the appropriate kind for the Nth
"slot", or NULL if the slot kind does not involve numerical values. <quote>slot</quote>, or NULL if the slot kind does not involve numerical values.
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -1831,7 +1831,7 @@
<entry><type>text[]</type></entry> <entry><type>text[]</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry>Column data values of the appropriate kind for the Nth <entry>Column data values of the appropriate kind for the Nth
"slot", or NULL if the slot kind does not store any data values. <quote>slot</quote>, or NULL if the slot kind does not store any data values.
For datatype independence, all column data values are converted For datatype independence, all column data values are converted
to external textual form and stored as TEXT datums. to external textual form and stored as TEXT datums.
</entry> </entry>

10
doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml,v 2.9 2001/09/09 23:52:12 petere Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml,v 2.10 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="charset"> <chapter id="charset">
<title>Localization</> <title>Localization</>
@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
</programlisting> </programlisting>
sets the default encoding to <literal>EUC_JP</literal> (Extended Unix Code for Japanese). sets the default encoding to <literal>EUC_JP</literal> (Extended Unix Code for Japanese).
Note that you can use "--encoding" instead of "-E" if you prefer Note that you can use <option>--encoding</option> instead of <option>-E</option> if you prefer
to type longer option strings. to type longer option strings.
If no -E or --encoding option is given, the encoding If no -E or --encoding option is given, the encoding
specified at configure time is used. specified at configure time is used.
@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ int PQsetClientEncoding(PGconn *<replaceable>conn</replaceable>, const char *<re
int PQclientEncoding(const PGconn *<replaceable>conn</replaceable>) int PQclientEncoding(const PGconn *<replaceable>conn</replaceable>)
</programlisting> </programlisting>
Note that it returns the "encoding id," not the encoding symbol string Note that it returns the encoding id, not the encoding symbol string
such as <literal>EUC_JP</literal>. To convert an encoding id to an encoding symbol, you such as <literal>EUC_JP</literal>. To convert an encoding id to an encoding symbol, you
can use: can use:
@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ char *pg_encoding_to_char(int <replaceable>encoding_id</replaceable>)
SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding'; SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
Also you can use SQL92 syntax "SET NAMES" for this purpose: Also you can use SQL92 syntax <literal>SET NAMES</literal> for this purpose:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SET NAMES 'encoding'; SET NAMES 'encoding';
@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ Sorry for my Eglish and C code, I'm not native :-)
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
A locale such as "<literal>ch</literal>" is correctly sorted A locale such as <literal>ch</literal> is correctly sorted
only if your system only if your system
supports that locale; older systems may not do so but new ones supports that locale; older systems may not do so but new ones
(e.g. RH6.0) do. (e.g. RH6.0) do.

10
doc/src/sgml/cvs.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/cvs.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/07 21:36:46 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/cvs.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
CVS code repository CVS code repository
Thomas Lockhart Thomas Lockhart
--> -->
@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ $ cvs checkout -r REL6_4 tc
<para> <para>
When you tag more than one file with the same tag you can think When you tag more than one file with the same tag you can think
about the tag as "a curve drawn through a matrix of filename vs. about the tag as <quote>a curve drawn through a matrix of filename vs.
revision number". Say we have 5 files with the following revisions: revision number</quote>. Say we have 5 files with the following revisions:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
file1 file2 file3 file4 file5 file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ $ cvs checkout -r REL6_4 tc
1.6 1.6
</programlisting> </programlisting>
then the tag "<literal>TAG</literal>" will reference then the tag <literal>TAG</literal> will reference
file1-1.2, file2-1.3, etc. file1-1.2, file2-1.3, etc.
<note> <note>
@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ pgsql
<para> <para>
<productname>CVSup</productname> was originally developed as a <productname>CVSup</productname> was originally developed as a
tool for distributing the <productname>FreeBSD</productname> tool for distributing the <productname>FreeBSD</productname>
source tree. It is available as a "port", and for those running source tree. It is available as a <quote>port</quote>, and for those running
FreeBSD, if this is not sufficient to tell how to obtain and FreeBSD, if this is not sufficient to tell how to obtain and
install it then please contribute a procedure here. install it then please contribute a procedure here.
</para> </para>

11
doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.62 2001/09/09 17:21:51 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.63 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="datatype"> <chapter id="datatype">
@ -1060,9 +1060,9 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
The ordering of month and day in date input can be ambiguous, therefore a setting The ordering of month and day in date input can be ambiguous, therefore a setting
exists to specify how it should be interpreted in ambiguous cases. The command exists to specify how it should be interpreted in ambiguous cases. The command
<literal>SET DateStyle TO 'US'</literal> or <literal>SET DateStyle TO 'NonEuropean'</literal> <literal>SET DateStyle TO 'US'</literal> or <literal>SET DateStyle TO 'NonEuropean'</literal>
specifies the variant "month before day", the command specifies the variant <quote>month before day</quote>, the command
<literal>SET DateStyle TO 'European'</literal> sets the variant <literal>SET DateStyle TO 'European'</literal> sets the variant
"day before month". The <literal>ISO</literal> style <quote>day before month</quote>. The <literal>ISO</literal> style
is the default but this default can be changed at compile time or at run time. is the default but this default can be changed at compile time or at run time.
</para> </para>
@ -2129,8 +2129,9 @@ SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE a;
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para> <para>
Paths are represented by connected sets of points. Paths can be "open", where Paths are represented by connected sets of points. Paths can be
the first and last points in the set are not connected, and "closed", <firstterm>open</firstterm>, where
the first and last points in the set are not connected, and <firstterm>closed</firstterm>,
where the first and last point are connected. Functions where the first and last point are connected. Functions
<function>popen(p)</function> <function>popen(p)</function>
and and

10
doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml,v 2.20 2001/09/09 17:21:58 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml,v 2.21 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
Date/time details Date/time details
--> -->
@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ Date/time details
interpreted as Australian timezone names. Without this option, interpreted as Australian timezone names. Without this option,
<literal>CST</literal> and <literal>EST</literal> are taken as <literal>CST</literal> and <literal>EST</literal> are taken as
American timezone names, while <literal>SAT</literal> is interpreted as a American timezone names, while <literal>SAT</literal> is interpreted as a
noise word indicating "<literal>Saturday</literal>". noise word indicating <literal>Saturday</literal>.
<table tocentry="1"> <table tocentry="1">
<title><productname>Postgres</productname> Australian Time Zones</title> <title><productname>Postgres</productname> Australian Time Zones</title>
@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ Date/time details
<step> <step>
<para> <para>
If the token is numeric only, then it is either a single field If the token is numeric only, then it is either a single field
or an ISO-8601 concatenated date (e.g. "19990113" for January 13, 1999) or an ISO-8601 concatenated date (e.g. <literal>19990113</literal> for January 13, 1999)
or time (e.g. 141516 for 14:15:16). or time (e.g. 141516 for 14:15:16).
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Date/time details
<para> <para>
If there are more than 4 digits, If there are more than 4 digits,
and if no other date fields have been previously read, then interpret and if no other date fields have been previously read, then interpret
as a "concatenated date" (e.g. <literal>19990118</literal>). 8 as a <quote>concatenated date</quote> (e.g. <literal>19990118</literal>). 8
and 6 digits are interpreted as year, month, and day, while 7 and 6 digits are interpreted as year, month, and day, while 7
and 5 digits are interpreted as year, day of year, respectively. and 5 digits are interpreted as year, day of year, respectively.
</para> </para>
@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ Date/time details
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
"Julian Day" is different from "Julian Date". <quote>Julian Day</quote> is different from <quote>Julian Date</quote>.
The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. It was The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. It was
in common use until the 1582, when countries started changing to the in common use until the 1582, when countries started changing to the

12
doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml,v 1.32 2001/04/20 15:52:33 thomas Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/docguide.sgml,v 1.33 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $ -->
<appendix label="DG2" id="docguide"> <appendix label="DG2" id="docguide">
<title>Documentation</title> <title>Documentation</title>
@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ gmake man
<acronym>SGML</acronym> source code to <acronym>RTF</acronym>, then <acronym>SGML</acronym> source code to <acronym>RTF</acronym>, then
importing into <productname>ApplixWare-4.4.1</productname>. importing into <productname>ApplixWare-4.4.1</productname>.
After a little cleanup (see the following After a little cleanup (see the following
section) the output is "printed" to a postscript file. section) the output is <quote>printed</quote> to a postscript file.
</para> </para>
<!-- <!--
@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ exit
<para> <para>
Not all documents have figures. Not all documents have figures.
You can grep the <acronym>SGML</acronym> source files for You can grep the <acronym>SGML</acronym> source files for
the string "<literal>graphic</literal>" to identify those parts of the the string <literal>graphic</literal> to identify those parts of the
documentation that may have figures. A few figures are replicated in documentation that may have figures. A few figures are replicated in
various parts of the documentation. various parts of the documentation.
</para> </para>
@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ exit
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
"Print" the document <quote>Print</quote> the document
to a file in Postscript format. to a file in Postscript format.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
@ -987,14 +987,14 @@ exit
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Export the result as "ASCII Layout". Export the result as <literal>ASCII Layout</literal>.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Using emacs or vi, clean up the tabular information in Using emacs or vi, clean up the tabular information in
<filename>INSTALL</filename>. Remove the "mailto" <filename>INSTALL</filename>. Remove the <literal>mailto</literal>
<acronym>URLs</acronym> for the porting contributors to shrink <acronym>URLs</acronym> for the porting contributors to shrink
the column heights. the column heights.
</para> </para>

12
doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml,v 1.22 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml,v 1.23 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="ecpg"> <chapter id="ecpg">
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml,v 1.22 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The library has some methods that are "hidden" but may prove The library has some methods that are <quote>hidden</quote> but may prove
useful. useful.
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ struct sqlca
<para> <para>
This means the host variable is of type <type>bool</type> and This means the host variable is of type <type>bool</type> and
the field in the <productname>Postgres</productname> database the field in the <productname>Postgres</productname> database
is neither 't' nor 'f'. is neither <literal>'t'</> nor <literal>'f'</>.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ struct sqlca
<term><computeroutput>100, Data not found line %d.</computeroutput></term> <term><computeroutput>100, Data not found line %d.</computeroutput></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
This is a "normal" error that tells you that what you are querying cannot This is a <quote>normal</quote> error that tells you that what you are querying cannot
be found or you are at the end of the cursor. be found or you are at the end of the cursor.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ struct sqlca
<para> <para>
Oracle version 7.0 on <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> 3 uses OS-supported locks in shared Oracle version 7.0 on <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> 3 uses OS-supported locks in shared
memory that allow an application designer to link an application memory that allow an application designer to link an application
in a "single tasking" way. Instead of starting one client in a <quote>single tasking</quote> way. Instead of starting one client
process per application process, both the database part and the process per application process, both the database part and the
application part run in the same process. In later versions of application part run in the same process. In later versions of
Oracle this is no longer supported. Oracle this is no longer supported.
@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ struct sqlca
<term>message 'no data found'</term> <term>message 'no data found'</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The error message for "no data" in: The error message for <quote>no data</quote> in:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
exec sql insert select from statement exec sql insert select from statement
</programlisting> </programlisting>

8
doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.11 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.12 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="extend"> <chapter id="extend">
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.11 2001/09/10 21:58:46 pete
or shared library) that implements a new type or function or shared library) that implements a new type or function
and <productname>Postgres</productname> will load it as required. Code written and <productname>Postgres</productname> will load it as required. Code written
in <acronym>SQL</acronym> are even more trivial to add to the server. in <acronym>SQL</acronym> are even more trivial to add to the server.
This ability to modify its operation "on the fly" makes This ability to modify its operation <quote>on the fly</quote> makes
<productname>Postgres</productname> uniquely suited for rapid prototyping of new <productname>Postgres</productname> uniquely suited for rapid prototyping of new
applications and storage structures. applications and storage structures.
</para> </para>
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.11 2001/09/10 21:58:46 pete
Types are divided into base types and composite types. Types are divided into base types and composite types.
Base types are those, like <firstterm>int4</firstterm>, that are implemented Base types are those, like <firstterm>int4</firstterm>, that are implemented
in a language such as <productname>C</productname>. They generally correspond to in a language such as <productname>C</productname>. They generally correspond to
what are often known as "abstract data types"; <productname>Postgres</productname> what are often known as <firstterm>abstract data types</firstterm>; <productname>Postgres</productname>
can only operate on such types through methods provided can only operate on such types through methods provided
by the user and only understands the behavior of such by the user and only understands the behavior of such
types to the extent that the user describes them. types to the extent that the user describes them.
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.11 2001/09/10 21:58:46 pete
<productname>Postgres</productname> stores these types <productname>Postgres</productname> stores these types
in only one way (within the in only one way (within the
file that stores all rows of a table) but the file that stores all rows of a table) but the
user can "look inside" at the attributes of these types user can <quote>look inside</quote> at the attributes of these types
from the query language and optimize their retrieval by from the query language and optimize their retrieval by
(for example) defining indexes on the attributes. (for example) defining indexes on the attributes.
<productname>Postgres</productname> base types are further <productname>Postgres</productname> base types are further

4
doc/src/sgml/geqo.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/geqo.sgml,v 1.17 2001/05/17 21:50:15 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/geqo.sgml,v 1.18 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
Genetic Optimizer Genetic Optimizer
--> -->
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Genetic Optimizer
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
According to the "comp.ai.genetic" <acronym>FAQ</acronym> it cannot be stressed too According to the <systemitem class="resource">comp.ai.genetic</> <acronym>FAQ</acronym> it cannot be stressed too
strongly that a <acronym>GA</acronym> is not a pure random search for a solution to a strongly that a <acronym>GA</acronym> is not a pure random search for a solution to a
problem. A <acronym>GA</acronym> uses stochastic processes, but the result is distinctly problem. A <acronym>GA</acronym> uses stochastic processes, but the result is distinctly
non-random (better than random). non-random (better than random).

6
doc/src/sgml/history.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="history"> <sect1 id="history">
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
<para> <para>
<productname>Postgres</productname> has undergone several major releases since <productname>Postgres</productname> has undergone several major releases since
then. The first "demoware" system became operational then. The first <quote>demoware</quote> system became operational
in 1987 and was shown at the 1988 <acronym>ACM-SIGMOD</acronym> in 1987 and was shown at the 1988 <acronym>ACM-SIGMOD</acronym>
Conference. We released Version 1, described in Conference. We released Version 1, described in
<xref endterm="STON90a-full" linkend="STON90a">, <xref endterm="STON90a-full" linkend="STON90a">,
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/history.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
<title><productname>PostgreSQL</productname></title> <title><productname>PostgreSQL</productname></title>
<para> <para>
By 1996, it became clear that the name "Postgres95" would By 1996, it became clear that the name <quote>Postgres95</quote> would
not stand the test of time. We chose a new name, not stand the test of time. We chose a new name,
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, to reflect the relationship <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, to reflect the relationship
between the original <productname>Postgres</productname> and the more between the original <productname>Postgres</productname> and the more

4
doc/src/sgml/indexcost.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/indexcost.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/indexcost.sgml,v 2.9 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="indexcost"> <chapter id="indexcost">
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The "start-up cost" is the part of the total scan cost that must be expended The <quote>start-up cost</quote> is the part of the total scan cost that must be expended
before we can begin to fetch the first tuple. For most indexes this can before we can begin to fetch the first tuple. For most indexes this can
be taken as zero, but an index type with a high start-up cost might want be taken as zero, but an index type with a high start-up cost might want
to set it nonzero. to set it nonzero.

6
doc/src/sgml/inherit.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/inherit.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/inherit.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="inherit"> <chapter id="inherit">
@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ SELECT name, altitude
In previous versions of <productname>Postgres</productname>, the In previous versions of <productname>Postgres</productname>, the
default was not to get access to child tables. This was found to default was not to get access to child tables. This was found to
be error prone and is also in violation of SQL99. Under the old be error prone and is also in violation of SQL99. Under the old
syntax, to get the sub-tables you append "*" to the table name. syntax, to get the sub-tables you append <literal>*</literal> to the table name.
For example For example
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT * from cities*; SELECT * from cities*;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
You can still explicitly specify scanning child tables by appending You can still explicitly specify scanning child tables by appending
"*", as well as explicitly specify not scanning child tables by <literal>*</literal>, as well as explicitly specify not scanning child tables by
writing <quote>ONLY</quote>. But beginning in version 7.1, the default writing <quote>ONLY</quote>. But beginning in version 7.1, the default
behavior for an undecorated table name is to scan its child tables behavior for an undecorated table name is to scan its child tables
too, whereas before the default was not to do so. To get the old too, whereas before the default was not to do so. To get the old

6
doc/src/sgml/jdbc.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.24 2001/09/12 15:55:00 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.25 2001/09/13 15:55:22 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="jdbc"> <chapter id="jdbc">
@ -2372,7 +2372,7 @@ maidast | 2610132
<para> <para>
The only time you would access this class, is to use the create() The only time you would access this class, is to use the create()
methods. These are not used by the driver, but issue one or more methods. These are not used by the driver, but issue one or more
"create table" statements to the database, based on a Java Object <command>CREATE TABLE</command> statements to the database, based on a Java Object
or Class that you want to serialize. or Class that you want to serialize.
</para> </para>
@ -2865,7 +2865,7 @@ Methods
String original) String original)
Encrypt a password given the clear-text password and a Encrypt a password given the clear-text password and a
"salt". <quote>salt</quote>.
Parameters: Parameters:
salt - A two-character string representing the salt salt - A two-character string representing the salt

10
doc/src/sgml/libpgtcl.sgml
View File

@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ given chunk of code for each tuple in the result.
<TITLE>Usage <TITLE>Usage
</TITLE> </TITLE>
<PARA> <PARA>
This would work if table "table" has fields "control" and "name" This would work if table <classname>table</> has fields <structfield>control</> and <structfield>name</>
(and, perhaps, other fields): (and, perhaps, other fields):
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
pg_select $pgconn "SELECT * from table" array { pg_select $pgconn "SELECT * from table" array {
@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ The oid of the large object created.
</TITLE> </TITLE>
<PARA> <PARA>
mode can be any OR'ing together of INV_READ and INV_WRITE. mode can be any OR'ing together of INV_READ and INV_WRITE.
The OR delimiter character is "|". The OR delimiter character is <literal>|</literal>.
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
[pg_lo_creat $conn "INV_READ|INV_WRITE"] [pg_lo_creat $conn "INV_READ|INV_WRITE"]
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ A file descriptor for use in later pg_lo* routines.
<TITLE>Usage <TITLE>Usage
</TITLE> </TITLE>
<PARA> <PARA>
Mode can be either "r", "w", or "rw". Mode can be either <literal>r</>, <literal>w</>, or <literal>rw</>.
</PARA> </PARA>
</REFSECT1> </REFSECT1>
</REFENTRY> </REFENTRY>
@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ File descriptor for the large object from pg_lo_open.
<REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">whence</REPLACEABLE> <REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">whence</REPLACEABLE>
</TERM> </TERM>
<LISTITEM> <LISTITEM>
<PARA> whence can be "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END", or "SEEK_SET" </PARA> <PARA> whence can be <literal>SEEK_CUR</>, <literal>SEEK_END</>, or <literal>SEEK_SET</> </PARA>
</LISTITEM> </LISTITEM>
</VARLISTENTRY> </VARLISTENTRY>
</VARIABLELIST> </VARIABLELIST>
@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ to <REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">offset</REPLACEABLE> bytes from the beginning
</TITLE> </TITLE>
<PARA> <PARA>
<REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">whence</REPLACEABLE> <REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">whence</REPLACEABLE>
can be "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END", or "SEEK_SET". can be <literal>SEEK_CUR</literal>, <literal>SEEK_END</>, or <literal>SEEK_SET</literal>.
</PARA> </PARA>
</REFSECT1> </REFSECT1>
</REFENTRY> </REFENTRY>

4
doc/src/sgml/libpq++.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/libpq++.sgml,v 1.31 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/libpq++.sgml,v 1.32 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="libpqplusplus"> <chapter id="libpqplusplus">
@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/libpq++.sgml,v 1.31 2001/09/10 21:58:
<function>PgDatabase::PutLine</function> <function>PgDatabase::PutLine</function>
or when the last string has been received from the backend using or when the last string has been received from the backend using
<function>PgDatabase::GetLine</function>. <function>PgDatabase::GetLine</function>.
It must be issued or the backend may get "out of sync" with It must be issued or the backend may get <quote>out of sync</quote> with
the frontend. Upon return from this function, the backend is ready to the frontend. Upon return from this function, the backend is ready to
receive the next query. receive the next query.
</para> </para>

27
doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml,v 1.71 2001/09/10 21:58:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml,v 1.72 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="libpq"> <chapter id="libpq">
@ -189,16 +189,16 @@ PGconn *PQconnectdb(const char *conninfo)
<term><literal>requiressl</literal></term> <term><literal>requiressl</literal></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Set to '1' to require SSL connection to the backend. <application>Libpq</> Set to 1 to require SSL connection to the backend. <application>Libpq</>
will then refuse to connect if the server does not support will then refuse to connect if the server does not support
SSL. Set to '0' (default) to negotiate with server. SSL. Set to 0 (default) to negotiate with server.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
</variablelist> </variablelist>
If any parameter is unspecified, then the corresponding If any parameter is unspecified, then the corresponding
environment variable (see "Environment Variables" section) environment variable (see <xref linkend="libpq-envars">)
is checked. If the environment variable is not set either, is checked. If the environment variable is not set either,
then hardwired defaults are used. then hardwired defaults are used.
The return value is a pointer to an abstract struct The return value is a pointer to an abstract struct
@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ Oid PQoidValue(const PGresult *res);
<function>PQoidStatus</function> <function>PQoidStatus</function>
Returns a string with the object id of the tuple inserted, if the Returns a string with the object id of the tuple inserted, if the
<acronym>SQL</acronym> command was an INSERT. <acronym>SQL</acronym> command was an INSERT.
(The string will be "0" if the INSERT did not insert exactly one (The string will be <literal>0</> if the INSERT did not insert exactly one
row, or if the target table does not have OIDs.) If the command row, or if the target table does not have OIDs.) If the command
was not an INSERT, returns an empty string. was not an INSERT, returns an empty string.
<synopsis> <synopsis>
@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ functions:
<synopsis> <synopsis>
int PQconsumeInput(PGconn *conn); int PQconsumeInput(PGconn *conn);
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<function>PQconsumeInput</function> normally returns 1 indicating "no error", <function>PQconsumeInput</function> normally returns 1 indicating <quote>no error</quote>,
but returns 0 if there was some kind of trouble (in which case but returns 0 if there was some kind of trouble (in which case
<function>PQerrorMessage</function> is set). Note that the result does not say <function>PQerrorMessage</function> is set). Note that the result does not say
whether any input data was actually collected. After calling whether any input data was actually collected. After calling
@ -1416,8 +1416,7 @@ When the main loop detects input ready, it should call
<function>PQconsumeInput</function> to read the input. It can then call <function>PQconsumeInput</function> to read the input. It can then call
<function>PQisBusy</function>, followed by <function>PQgetResult</function> <function>PQisBusy</function>, followed by <function>PQgetResult</function>
if <function>PQisBusy</function> returns false (0). It can also call if <function>PQisBusy</function> returns false (0). It can also call
<function>PQnotifies</function> to detect NOTIFY messages (see "Asynchronous <function>PQnotifies</function> to detect NOTIFY messages (see <xref linkend="libpq-notify">).
Notification", below).
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -1653,12 +1652,12 @@ terminating newline has not yet been read.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Notice that the application must check to see if a Notice that the application must check to see if a
new line consists of the two characters "\.", new line consists of the two characters <literal>\.</literal>,
which indicates that the backend server has finished sending which indicates that the backend server has finished sending
the results of the copy command. the results of the copy command.
If the application might If the application might
receive lines that are more than length-1 characters long, receive lines that are more than length-1 characters long,
care is needed to be sure one recognizes the "\." line correctly care is needed to be sure one recognizes the <literal>\.</literal> line correctly
(and does not, for example, mistake the end of a long data line (and does not, for example, mistake the end of a long data line
for a terminator line). for a terminator line).
The code in The code in
@ -1703,7 +1702,7 @@ The data returned will not extend beyond a newline character. If possible
a whole line will be returned at one time. But if the buffer offered by a whole line will be returned at one time. But if the buffer offered by
the caller is too small to hold a line sent by the backend, then a partial the caller is too small to hold a line sent by the backend, then a partial
data line will be returned. This can be detected by testing whether the data line will be returned. This can be detected by testing whether the
last returned byte is "<literal>\n</literal>" or not. last returned byte is <literal>\n</literal> or not.
The returned string is not null-terminated. (If you want to add a The returned string is not null-terminated. (If you want to add a
terminating null, be sure to pass a <parameter>bufsize</parameter> one smaller than the room terminating null, be sure to pass a <parameter>bufsize</parameter> one smaller than the room
actually available.) actually available.)
@ -1720,7 +1719,7 @@ int PQputline(PGconn *conn,
const char *string); const char *string);
</synopsis> </synopsis>
Note the application must explicitly send the two Note the application must explicitly send the two
characters "<literal>\.</literal>" on a final line to indicate to characters <literal>\.</literal> on a final line to indicate to
the backend that it has finished sending its data. the backend that it has finished sending its data.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -1750,7 +1749,7 @@ specified directly.
sent to the backend using <function>PQputline</function> or when the sent to the backend using <function>PQputline</function> or when the
last string has been received from the backend last string has been received from the backend
using <function>PGgetline</function>. It must be issued or the backend using <function>PGgetline</function>. It must be issued or the backend
may get "out of sync" with the frontend. Upon may get <quote>out of sync</quote> with the frontend. Upon
return from this function, the backend is ready to return from this function, the backend is ready to
receive the next query. receive the next query.
The return value is 0 on successful completion, The return value is 0 on successful completion,
@ -1853,7 +1852,7 @@ PQsetNoticeProcessor(PGconn *conn,
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
By default, <application>libpq</application> prints "notice" By default, <application>libpq</application> prints notice
messages from the backend on <filename>stderr</filename>, messages from the backend on <filename>stderr</filename>,
as well as a few error messages that it generates by itself. as well as a few error messages that it generates by itself.
This behavior can be overridden by supplying a callback function that This behavior can be overridden by supplying a callback function that

4
doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.19 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.20 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="largeObjects"> <chapter id="largeObjects">
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.19 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere
<para> <para>
The Inversion large object implementation breaks large The Inversion large object implementation breaks large
objects up into "chunks" and stores the chunks in objects up into <quote>chunks</quote> and stores the chunks in
tuples in the database. A B-tree index guarantees fast tuples in the database. A B-tree index guarantees fast
searches for the correct chunk number when doing random searches for the correct chunk number when doing random
access reads and writes. access reads and writes.

6
doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml,v 2.14 2001/09/09 23:52:12 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml,v 2.15 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="managing-databases"> <chapter id="managing-databases">
@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ Type: \copyright for distribution terms
workspace maintained by the terminal monitor. workspace maintained by the terminal monitor.
The <application>psql</application> program responds to escape The <application>psql</application> program responds to escape
codes that begin codes that begin
with the backslash character, "\". For example, you with the backslash character, <literal>\</literal>. For example, you
can get help on the syntax of various can get help on the syntax of various
<productname>Postgres</productname> <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands by typing: <productname>Postgres</productname> <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands by typing:
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ Type: \copyright for distribution terms
Single-line comments are denoted by two dashes Single-line comments are denoted by two dashes
("<literal>--</literal>"). Everything after the dashes up to the end of the ("<literal>--</literal>"). Everything after the dashes up to the end of the
line is ignored. Multiple-line comments, and comments within a line, line is ignored. Multiple-line comments, and comments within a line,
are denoted by "<literal>/* ... */</literal>", a convention borrowed are denoted by <literal>/* ... */</literal>, a convention borrowed
from <productname>Ingres</productname>. from <productname>Ingres</productname>.
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>

10
doc/src/sgml/manage.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/manage.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/10 05:20:23 ishii Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/manage.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<Chapter Id="manage"> <Chapter Id="manage">
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ This prompt indicates that <command>psql</command> is listening
to you and that you can type <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries into a to you and that you can type <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries into a
workspace maintained by the terminal monitor. workspace maintained by the terminal monitor.
The <Application>psql</Application> program responds to escape codes that begin The <Application>psql</Application> program responds to escape codes that begin
with the backslash character, "<literal>\</literal>". For example, you with the backslash character, <literal>\</literal>. For example, you
can get help on the syntax of various can get help on the syntax of various
<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands by typing: <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands by typing:
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ mydb=> \g
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
This tells the server to process the query. If you This tells the server to process the query. If you
terminate your query with a semicolon, the "<literal>\g</literal>" is not terminate your query with a semicolon, the <literal>\g</literal> is not
necessary. necessary.
<Application>psql</Application> will automatically process semicolon terminated queries. <Application>psql</Application> will automatically process semicolon terminated queries.
To read queries from a file, say <filename>myFile</filename>, instead of To read queries from a file, say <filename>myFile</filename>, instead of
@ -259,9 +259,9 @@ mydb=> \q
prompt.) prompt.)
White space (i.e., spaces, tabs and newlines) may be White space (i.e., spaces, tabs and newlines) may be
used freely in <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries. Single-line comments are denoted by used freely in <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries. Single-line comments are denoted by
"<literal>--</literal>". Everything after the dashes up to the end of the <literal>--</literal>. Everything after the dashes up to the end of the
line is ignored. Multiple-line comments, and comments within a line, line is ignored. Multiple-line comments, and comments within a line,
are denoted by "<literal>/* ... */</literal>". are denoted by <literal>/* ... */</literal>.
</Para> </Para>
</Sect1> </Sect1>

6
doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.17 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.18 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="mvcc"> <chapter id="mvcc">
@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ ERROR: Can't serialize access due to concurrent update
the row still exists at the time it is returned (i.e. sometime after the the row still exists at the time it is returned (i.e. sometime after the
current transaction began); the row might have been modified or deleted current transaction began); the row might have been modified or deleted
by an already-committed transaction that committed after this one started. by an already-committed transaction that committed after this one started.
Even if the row is still valid "now", it could be changed or deleted Even if the row is still valid <quote>now</quote>, it could be changed or deleted
before the current transaction does a commit or rollback. before the current transaction does a commit or rollback.
</para> </para>
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ ERROR: Can't serialize access due to concurrent update
Another way to think about it is that each Another way to think about it is that each
transaction sees a snapshot of the database contents, and concurrently transaction sees a snapshot of the database contents, and concurrently
executing transactions may very well see different snapshots. So the executing transactions may very well see different snapshots. So the
whole concept of "now" is somewhat suspect anyway. This is not normally whole concept of <quote>now</quote> is somewhat suspect anyway. This is not normally
a big problem if the client applications are isolated from each other, a big problem if the client applications are isolated from each other,
but if the clients can communicate via channels outside the database but if the clients can communicate via channels outside the database
then serious confusion may ensue. then serious confusion may ensue.

8
doc/src/sgml/notation.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/notation.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/notation.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="notation"> <sect1 id="notation">
@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/notation.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pe
<para> <para>
In a command synopsis, brackets In a command synopsis, brackets
("<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>") indicate an optional phrase or keyword. (<literal>[</literal> and <literal>]</literal>) indicate an optional phrase or keyword.
Anything in braces Anything in braces
("<literal>{</literal>" and "<literal>}</literal>") and containing vertical bars (<literal>{</literal> and <literal>}</literal>) and containing vertical bars
("<literal>|</literal>") (<literal>|</literal>)
indicates that you must choose one. indicates that you must choose one.
</para> </para>

10
doc/src/sgml/odbc.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/odbc.sgml,v 1.23 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/odbc.sgml,v 1.24 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="odbc"> <chapter id="odbc">
@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ TextAsLongVarchar=0
</step> </step>
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
The 'Ready' message will appear in the lower left corner of the data The <literal>Ready</literal> message will appear in the lower left corner of the data
window. This indicates that you can now enter queries. window. This indicates that you can now enter queries.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
@ -663,13 +663,13 @@ can't load library 'libodbc.so'\n", 61) = -1 EIO (I/O error)
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Search for 'null_clause = "NULL" Search for <literal>null_clause = "NULL"</literal>.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Change this to null_clause = "" Change this to <literal>null_clause = ""</literal>.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ can't load library 'libodbc.so'\n", 61) = -1 EIO (I/O error)
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Enter the value "<literal>sqldemo</literal>", then click <command>OK</command>. Enter the value <literal>sqldemo</literal>, then click <command>OK</command>.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>

12
doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml,v 1.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml,v 1.9 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="performance-tips"> <chapter id="performance-tips">
@ -192,13 +192,13 @@ Nested Loop (cost=0.00..269.11 rows=47 width=296)
<para> <para>
In this nested-loop join, the outer scan is the same index scan we had In this nested-loop join, the outer scan is the same index scan we had
in the example before last, and so its cost and row count are the same in the example before last, and so its cost and row count are the same
because we are applying the "unique1 &lt; 50" WHERE clause at that node. because we are applying the <literal>unique1 &lt; 50</literal> WHERE clause at that node.
The "t1.unique2 = t2.unique2" clause isn't relevant yet, so it doesn't The <literal>t1.unique2 = t2.unique2</literal> clause is not relevant yet, so it doesn't
affect row count of the outer scan. For the inner scan, the unique2 value of the affect row count of the outer scan. For the inner scan, the unique2 value of the
current current
outer-scan tuple is plugged into the inner index scan outer-scan tuple is plugged into the inner index scan
to produce an index qualification like to produce an index qualification like
"t2.unique2 = <replaceable>constant</replaceable>". So we get the <literal>t2.unique2 = <replaceable>constant</replaceable></literal>. So we get the
same inner-scan plan and costs that we'd get from, say, <literal>explain select same inner-scan plan and costs that we'd get from, say, <literal>explain select
* from tenk2 where unique2 = 42</literal>. The costs of the loop node are then set * from tenk2 where unique2 = 42</literal>. The costs of the loop node are then set
on the basis of the cost of the outer scan, plus one repetition of the on the basis of the cost of the outer scan, plus one repetition of the
@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ Nested Loop (cost=0.00..269.11 rows=47 width=296)
of the two scans' row counts, but that's not true in general, because of the two scans' row counts, but that's not true in general, because
in general you can have WHERE clauses that mention both relations and in general you can have WHERE clauses that mention both relations and
so can only be applied at the join point, not to either input scan. so can only be applied at the join point, not to either input scan.
For example, if we added "WHERE ... AND t1.hundred &lt; t2.hundred", For example, if we added <literal>WHERE ... AND t1.hundred &lt; t2.hundred</literal>,
that would decrease the output row count of the join node, but not change that would decrease the output row count of the join node, but not change
either input scan. either input scan.
</para> </para>
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Hash Join (cost=173.44..557.03 rows=47 width=296)
This plan proposes to extract the 50 interesting rows of <classname>tenk1</classname> This plan proposes to extract the 50 interesting rows of <classname>tenk1</classname>
using ye same olde index scan, stash them into an in-memory hash table, using ye same olde index scan, stash them into an in-memory hash table,
and then do a sequential scan of <classname>tenk2</classname>, probing into the hash table and then do a sequential scan of <classname>tenk2</classname>, probing into the hash table
for possible matches of "t1.unique2 = t2.unique2" at each <classname>tenk2</classname> tuple. for possible matches of <literal>t1.unique2 = t2.unique2</literal> at each <classname>tenk2</classname> tuple.
The cost to read <classname>tenk1</classname> and set up the hash table is entirely start-up The cost to read <classname>tenk1</classname> and set up the hash table is entirely start-up
cost for the hash join, since we won't get any tuples out until we can cost for the hash join, since we won't get any tuples out until we can
start reading <classname>tenk2</classname>. The total time estimate for the join also start reading <classname>tenk2</classname>. The total time estimate for the join also

24
doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml,v 1.3 2001/09/12 03:58:15 momjian Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml,v 1.4 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="plpython"> <chapter id="plpython">
<title>PL/Python - Python Procedural Language</title> <title>PL/Python - Python Procedural Language</title>
@ -69,23 +69,23 @@ def __plpython_procedure_myfunc_23456():
dictionary, as mentioned above. dictionary, as mentioned above.
</para> </para>
</para> <para>
When a function is used in a trigger, the dictionary TD contains When a function is used in a trigger, the dictionary TD contains
transaction related values. The trigger tuples are in TD["new"] transaction related values. The trigger tuples are in <literal>TD["new"]</>
and/or TD["old"] depending on the trigger event. TD["event"] and/or <literal>TD["old"]</> depending on the trigger event. <literal>TD["event"]</>
contains the event as a string ("INSERT", "UPDATE", "DELETE", or contains the event as a string (<literal>INSERT</>, <literal>UPDATE</>, <literal>DELETE</>, or
"UNKNOWN"). TD["when"] contains one of ("BEFORE", "AFTER", or <literal>UNKNOWN</>). TD["when"] contains one of (<literal>BEFORE</>, <literal>AFTER</>, or
"UNKNOWN"). TD["level"] contains one of ("ROW", "STATEMENT", or <literal>UNKNOWN</>). <literal>TD["level"]</> contains one of <literal>ROW</>, <literal>STATEMENT</>, or
"UNKNOWN"). TD["name"] contains the trigger name, and TD["relid"] <literal>UNKNOWN</>. <literal>TD["name"]</> contains the trigger name, and <literal>TD["relid"]</>
contains the relation id of the table on which the trigger occurred. contains the relation id of the table on which the trigger occurred.
If the trigger was called with arguments they are available If the trigger was called with arguments they are available
in TD["args"][0] to TD["args"][(n -1)] in <literal>TD["args"][0]</> to <literal>TD["args"][(n -1)]</>.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
If the trigger 'when' is "BEFORE", you may Return 'None' or "OK" If the trigger <quote>when</quote> is <literal>BEFORE</>, you may return <literal>None</literal> or <literal>"OK"</literal>
from the python function to indicate the tuple is unmodified, from the Python function to indicate the tuple is unmodified,
"SKIP" to abort the event, or "MODIFIED" to indicate you've <literal>"SKIP"</> to abort the event, or <literal>"MODIFIED"</> to indicate you've
modified the tuple. modified the tuple.
</para> </para>

8
doc/src/sgml/plsql.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/plsql.sgml,v 2.38 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/plsql.sgml,v 2.39 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="plpgsql"> <chapter id="plpgsql">
@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ EXECUTE <replaceable class="command">query-string</replaceable>
<para> <para>
When working with dynamic queries you will have to face When working with dynamic queries you will have to face
escaping of single quotes in <application>PL/pgSQL</>. Please refer to the escaping of single quotes in <application>PL/pgSQL</>. Please refer to the
table available at the "Porting from Oracle PL/SQL" chapter table available at the <xref linkend="plpgsql-porting">
for a detailed explanation that will save you some effort. for a detailed explanation that will save you some effort.
</para> </para>
@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ END IF;
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
When you use the "ELSE IF" statement, you are actually When you use the <literal>ELSE IF</> statement, you are actually
nesting an IF statement inside the ELSE nesting an IF statement inside the ELSE
statement. Thus you need one END IF statement for each statement. Thus you need one END IF statement for each
nested IF and one for the parent IF-ELSE. nested IF and one for the parent IF-ELSE.
@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ SELECT INTO <replaceable>target</replaceable> <replaceable>expressions</replace
<para> <para>
Once a record or row has been assigned to a RECORD variable, Once a record or row has been assigned to a RECORD variable,
you can use the "." (dot) notation to access fields in that you can use the <literal>.</> (dot) notation to access fields in that
record: record:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DECLARE DECLARE

26
doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml,v 2.13 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml,v 2.14 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="pltcl"> <chapter id="pltcl">
@ -365,31 +365,31 @@ CREATE TRIGGER trig_mytab_modcount BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON mytab
<function>spi_execp</function>). <function>spi_execp</function>).
Think about a query string like Think about a query string like
<programlisting> <programlisting>
"SELECT '$val' AS ret" "SELECT '$val' AS ret"
</programlisting> </programlisting>
where the Tcl variable val actually contains "doesn't". This would result where the Tcl variable val actually contains <literal>doesn't</literal>. This would result
in the final query string in the final query string
<programlisting> <programlisting>
"SELECT 'doesn't' AS ret" SELECT 'doesn't' AS ret
</programlisting> </programlisting>
which would cause a parse error during which would cause a parse error during
<function>spi_exec</function> or <function>spi_exec</function> or
<function>spi_prepare</function>. <function>spi_prepare</function>.
It should contain It should contain
<programlisting> <programlisting>
"SELECT 'doesn''t' AS ret" SELECT 'doesn''t' AS ret
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and has to be written as and has to be written as
<programlisting> <programlisting>
"SELECT '[ quote $val ]' AS ret" SELECT '[ quote $val ]' AS ret
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>

26
doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.9 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="bug-reporting"> <sect1 id="bug-reporting">
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
<para> <para>
The most important thing to remember about bug reporting is to state all The most important thing to remember about bug reporting is to state all
the facts and only facts. Do not speculate what you think went wrong, what the facts and only facts. Do not speculate what you think went wrong, what
"it seemed to do", or which part of the program has a fault. <quote>it seemed to do</quote>, or which part of the program has a fault.
If you are not familiar with the implementation you would probably guess If you are not familiar with the implementation you would probably guess
wrong and not help us a bit. And even if you are, educated explanations are wrong and not help us a bit. And even if you are, educated explanations are
a great supplement to but no substitute for facts. If we are going to fix a great supplement to but no substitute for facts. If we are going to fix
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
please try to isolate the offending queries. We will probably not set up a please try to isolate the offending queries. We will probably not set up a
web server to reproduce your problem. In any case remember to provide web server to reproduce your problem. In any case remember to provide
the exact input files, do not guess that the problem happens for the exact input files, do not guess that the problem happens for
"large files" or "mid-size databases", etc. since this <quote>large files</quote> or <quote>mid-size databases</quote>, etc. since this
information is too inexact to be of use. information is too inexact to be of use.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -172,12 +172,12 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The output you expected is very important to state. If you just write The output you expected is very important to state. If you just write
"This command gives me that output." or "This is not <quote>This command gives me that output.</quote> or <quote>This is not
what I expected.", we might run it ourselves, scan the output, and what I expected.</quote>, we might run it ourselves, scan the output, and
think it looks OK and is exactly what we expected. We should not have to think it looks OK and is exactly what we expected. We should not have to
spend the time to decode the exact semantics behind your commands. spend the time to decode the exact semantics behind your commands.
Especially refrain from merely saying that "This is not what SQL says/Oracle Especially refrain from merely saying that <quote>This is not what SQL says/Oracle
does." Digging out the correct behavior from <acronym>SQL</acronym> does.</quote> Digging out the correct behavior from <acronym>SQL</acronym>
is not a fun undertaking, nor do we all know how all the other relational is not a fun undertaking, nor do we all know how all the other relational
databases out there behave. (If your problem is a program crash you can databases out there behave. (If your problem is a program crash you can
obviously omit this item.) obviously omit this item.)
@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
Platform information. This includes the kernel name and version, C library, Platform information. This includes the kernel name and version, C library,
processor, memory information. In most cases it is sufficient to report processor, memory information. In most cases it is sufficient to report
the vendor and version, but do not assume everyone knows what exactly the vendor and version, but do not assume everyone knows what exactly
"Debian" contains or that everyone runs on Pentiums. If <quote>Debian</quote> contains or that everyone runs on Pentiums. If
you have installation problems then information about compilers, make, you have installation problems then information about compilers, make,
etc. is also necessary. etc. is also necessary.
</para> </para>
@ -254,12 +254,12 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/problems.sgml,v 2.8 2001/09/09 17:21:59 pet
<para> <para>
When writing a bug report, please choose non-confusing terminology. When writing a bug report, please choose non-confusing terminology.
The software package as such is called "PostgreSQL", The software package as such is called <quote>PostgreSQL</quote>,
sometimes "Postgres" for short. (Sometimes sometimes <quote>Postgres</quote> for short. (Sometimes
the abbreviation "Pgsql" is used but don't do that.) When you the abbreviation <quote>Pgsql</quote> is used but don't do that.) When you
are specifically talking about the backend server, mention that, do not are specifically talking about the backend server, mention that, do not
just say "Postgres crashes". The interactive frontend is called just say <quote>Postgres crashes</quote>. The interactive frontend is called
"psql" and is for all intends and purposes completely separate <quote>psql</quote> and is for all intends and purposes completely separate
from the backend. from the backend.
</para> </para>
</sect2> </sect2>

14
doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml,v 1.19 2001/08/15 18:42:14 momjian Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml,v 1.20 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="protocol"> <chapter id="protocol">
<title>Frontend/Backend Protocol</title> <title>Frontend/Backend Protocol</title>
@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ This section describes the base data types used in messages.
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
A character array of exactly <Replaceable>n</Replaceable> bytes interpreted as a '\0' A character array of exactly <Replaceable>n</Replaceable> bytes interpreted as a
terminated string. The '\0' is omitted if there is null-terminated string. The zero-byte is omitted if there is
insufficient room. If <Replaceable>s</Replaceable> is specified it is the literal value. insufficient room. If <Replaceable>s</Replaceable> is specified it is the literal value.
Eg. LimString32, LimString64("user"). Eg. LimString32, LimString64("user").
</Para> </Para>
@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ This section describes the base data types used in messages.
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
A conventional C '\0' terminated string with no length A conventional C null-terminated string with no length
limitation. limitation.
If <Replaceable>s</Replaceable> is specified it is the literal value. If <Replaceable>s</Replaceable> is specified it is the literal value.
Eg. String, String("user"). Eg. String, String("user").
@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ AsciiRow (B)
Specifies the value of the field itself in <Acronym>ASCII</Acronym> Specifies the value of the field itself in <Acronym>ASCII</Acronym>
characters. <Replaceable>n</Replaceable> is the above characters. <Replaceable>n</Replaceable> is the above
size minus 4. size minus 4.
There is no trailing '\0' in the field data; the front There is no trailing zero-byte in the field data; the front
end must add one if it wants one. end must add one if it wants one.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>
@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ CancelRequest (F)
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
The cancel request code. The value is chosen to contain The cancel request code. The value is chosen to contain
"1234" in the most significant 16 bits, and "5678" in the <literal>1234</> in the most significant 16 bits, and <literal>5678</> in the
least 16 significant bits. (To avoid confusion, this code least 16 significant bits. (To avoid confusion, this code
must not be the same as any protocol version number.) must not be the same as any protocol version number.)
</Para> </Para>
@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ CursorResponse (B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
The name of the cursor. This will be "blank" if the cursor is The name of the cursor. This will be <quote>blank</> if the cursor is
implicit. implicit.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>

10
doc/src/sgml/pygresql.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/pygresql.sgml,v 1.2 2001/09/10 04:15:41 momjian Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/pygresql.sgml,v 1.3 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="pygresql"> <chapter id="pygresql">
<title><application>PyGreSQL</application> - <application>Python</application> Interface</title> <title><application>PyGreSQL</application> - <application>Python</application> Interface</title>
@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ cc -fpic -shared -o _pg.so -I[pyInc] -I[pgInc] -L[pgLib] -lpq pgmodule.c
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Find the directory where your '<filename>Setup</filename>' Find the directory where your <filename>Setup</filename>
file lives (usually <filename>??/Modules</filename>) in file lives (usually <filename>??/Modules</filename>) in
the <productname>Python</productname> source hierarchy and the <productname>Python</productname> source hierarchy and
copy or symlink the '<filename>pgmodule.c</filename>' file there. copy or symlink the <filename>pgmodule.c</filename> file there.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
@ -305,9 +305,9 @@ _pg pgmodule.c -I[pgInc] -L[pgLib] -lpq # -lcrypt # needed on some systems
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
If you want a shared module, make sure that the If you want a shared module, make sure that the
"<literal>*shared*</literal>" keyword is uncommented and <literal>*shared*</literal> keyword is uncommented and
add the above line below it. You used to need to install add the above line below it. You used to need to install
your shared modules with "make sharedinstall" but this no your shared modules with <literal>make sharedinstall</> but this no
longer seems to be true. longer seems to be true.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml,v 1.23 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml,v 1.24 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ ERROR: <replaceable>reason</replaceable>
<term>Signature</term> <term>Signature</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
12-byte sequence "PGBCOPY\n\377\r\n\0" --- note that the null 12-byte sequence <literal>PGBCOPY\n\377\r\n\0</> --- note that the null
is a required part of the signature. (The signature is designed to allow is a required part of the signature. (The signature is designed to allow
easy identification of files that have been munged by a non-8-bit-clean easy identification of files that have been munged by a non-8-bit-clean
transfer. This signature will be changed by newline-translation transfer. This signature will be changed by newline-translation

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_aggregate.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_aggregate.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_aggregate.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ CREATE
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
If the state transition function is declared "strict" in pg_proc, If the state transition function is declared <quote>strict</quote>,
then it cannot be called with NULL inputs. With such a transition then it cannot be called with NULL inputs. With such a transition
function, aggregate execution behaves as follows. NULL input values function, aggregate execution behaves as follows. NULL input values
are ignored (the function is not called and the previous state value are ignored (the function is not called and the previous state value
@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ CREATE
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
If the final function is declared "strict", then it will not If the final function is declared <quote>strict</quote>, then it will not
be called when the ending state value is NULL; instead a NULL result be called when the ending state value is NULL; instead a NULL result
will be output automatically. (Of course this is just the normal will be output automatically. (Of course this is just the normal
behavior of strict functions.) In any case the final function has behavior of strict functions.) In any case the final function has

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml,v 1.19 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml,v 1.20 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -186,11 +186,11 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable>
as an environment variable name, which must be known to the as an environment variable name, which must be known to the
server process. This way the database administrator can server process. This way the database administrator can
exercise control over locations in which databases can be created. exercise control over locations in which databases can be created.
(A customary choice is, e.g., '<envar>PGDATA2</envar>'.) (A customary choice is, e.g., <envar>PGDATA2</envar>.)
If the server is compiled with <literal>ALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS</literal> If the server is compiled with <literal>ALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS</literal>
(not so by default), absolute path names, as identified by (not so by default), absolute path names, as identified by
a leading slash a leading slash
(e.g., '<filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</filename>'), (e.g., <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</filename>),
are allowed as well. are allowed as well.
</para> </para>

13
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_operator.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_operator.sgml,v 1.20 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_operator.sgml,v 1.21 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -185,19 +185,20 @@ CREATE
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
"$" cannot be defined as a single-character operator, <literal>$</literal> cannot be defined as a single-character operator,
although it can be part of a multi-character operator name. although it can be part of a multi-character operator name.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
"--" and "/*" cannot appear anywhere in an operator name, <literal>--</literal> and <literal>/*</literal> cannot appear anywhere in an operator name,
since they will be taken as the start of a comment. since they will be taken as the start of a comment.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
A multi-character operator name cannot end in "+" or "-", A multi-character operator name cannot end in <literal>+</literal> or
<literal>-</literal>,
unless the name also contains at least one of these characters: unless the name also contains at least one of these characters:
<literallayout> <literallayout>
~ ! @ # % ^ &amp; | ` ? $ ~ ! @ # % ^ &amp; | ` ? $
@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ CREATE
<para> <para>
When working with non-SQL-standard operator names, you will usually When working with non-SQL-standard operator names, you will usually
need to separate adjacent operators with spaces to avoid ambiguity. need to separate adjacent operators with spaces to avoid ambiguity.
For example, if you have defined a left-unary operator named "@", For example, if you have defined a left-unary operator named <literal>@</literal>,
you cannot write <literal>X*@Y</literal>; you must write you cannot write <literal>X*@Y</literal>; you must write
<literal>X* @Y</literal> to ensure that <literal>X* @Y</literal> to ensure that
<productname>Postgres</productname> reads it as two operator names <productname>Postgres</productname> reads it as two operator names
@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ CREATE
</note> </note>
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The operator "!=" is mapped to "&lt;&gt;" on input, so these two names The operator <literal>!=</literal> is mapped to <literal>&lt;&gt;</literal> on input, so these two names
are always equivalent. are always equivalent.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_sequence.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_sequence.sgml,v 1.19 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_sequence.sgml,v 1.20 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ SELECT last_value FROM <replaceable>seqname</replaceable>;
that obtain numbers from the same sequence, a nextval operation that obtain numbers from the same sequence, a nextval operation
is never rolled back; that is, once a value has been fetched it is is never rolled back; that is, once a value has been fetched it is
considered used, even if the transaction that did the nextval later considered used, even if the transaction that did the nextval later
aborts. This means that aborted transactions may leave unused "holes" aborts. This means that aborted transactions may leave unused <quote>holes</quote>
in the sequence of assigned values. setval operations are never in the sequence of assigned values. setval operations are never
rolled back, either. rolled back, either.
</para> </para>
@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ SELECT last_value FROM <replaceable>seqname</replaceable>;
<para> <para>
Each backend uses its own cache to store preallocated numbers. Each backend uses its own cache to store preallocated numbers.
Numbers that are cached but not used in the current session will be Numbers that are cached but not used in the current session will be
lost, resulting in "holes" in the sequence. lost, resulting in <quote>holes</quote> in the sequence.
</para> </para>
</refsect2> </refsect2>
</refsect1> </refsect1>

12
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml,v 1.45 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml,v 1.46 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ ERROR: Relation '<replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>' already ex
<para> <para>
<command>CREATE TABLE</command> will enter a new, initially empty table <command>CREATE TABLE</command> will enter a new, initially empty table
into the current database. The table will be "owned" by the user issuing the into the current database. The table will be owned by the user issuing the
command. command.
</para> </para>
@ -1253,8 +1253,8 @@ ERROR: <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> referential integrity
<para> <para>
A table constraint is an integrity constraint defined on one or A table constraint is an integrity constraint defined on one or
more columns of a table. The four variations of "Table more columns of a table. The four variations of <quote>Table
Constraint" are: Constraint</quote> are:
<simplelist columns="1"> <simplelist columns="1">
<member>UNIQUE</member> <member>UNIQUE</member>
<member>CHECK</member> <member>CHECK</member>
@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>
NULL clause NULL clause
</title> </title>
<para> <para>
The NULL "constraint" (actually a non-constraint) is a The NULL <quote>constraint</quote> (actually a non-constraint) is a
<productname>Postgres</productname> extension to SQL92 that is <productname>Postgres</productname> extension to SQL92 that is
included for symmetry with the NOT NULL clause (and for compatibility included for symmetry with the NOT NULL clause (and for compatibility
with some other RDBMSes). Since it is the with some other RDBMSes). Since it is the
@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>
<!-- <!--
I can't figure out why DEFAULT clause is different from what we already have. I can't figure out why DEFAULT clause is different from what we already have.
Perhaps because CURRENT_USER and CURRENT_DATE have specific types (currently Perhaps because CURRENT_USER and CURRENT_DATE have specific types (currently
the "name" type), if you aren't careful then the types won't match up with the <type>name</type> type), if you aren't careful then the types won't match up with
the column. Not our problem... the column. Not our problem...
- Thomas 1998-08-16 - Thomas 1998-08-16

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_trigger.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_trigger.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_trigger.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ CREATE
being inserted (for <command>INSERT</command> and being inserted (for <command>INSERT</command> and
<command>UPDATE</command> operations only). If <command>UPDATE</command> operations only). If
the trigger fires after the event, all changes, including the the trigger fires after the event, all changes, including the
last insertion, update, or deletion, are "visible" to the trigger. last insertion, update, or deletion, are <quote>visible</quote> to the trigger.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>

20
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml,v 1.21 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml,v 1.22 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">typename</replaceable> ( INPUT = <rep
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Storage alignment requirement of the data type. If specified, must Storage alignment requirement of the data type. If specified, must
be '<literal>char</literal>', '<literal>int2</literal>', be <literal>char</literal>, <literal>int2</literal>,
'<literal>int4</literal>', or '<literal>double</literal>'; <literal>int4</literal>, or <literal>double</literal>;
the default is '<literal>int4</literal>'. the default is <literal>int4</literal>.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">typename</replaceable> ( INPUT = <rep
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Storage technique for the data type. If specified, must Storage technique for the data type. If specified, must
be '<literal>plain</literal>', '<literal>external</literal>', be <literal>plain</literal>, <literal>external</literal>,
'<literal>extended</literal>', or '<literal>main</literal>'; <literal>extended</literal>, or <literal>main</literal>;
the default is '<literal>plain</literal>'. the default is <literal>plain</literal>.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ CREATE
<replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
performs the reverse transformation. Both performs the reverse transformation. Both
the input and output functions must be declared to take the input and output functions must be declared to take
one or two arguments of type "<literal>opaque</literal>". one or two arguments of type <type>opaque</type>.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ CREATE
positive integer, or variable length, positive integer, or variable length,
in which case Postgres assumes that the new type has the in which case Postgres assumes that the new type has the
same format same format
as the Postgres-supplied data type, "<literal>text</literal>". as the Postgres-supplied data type, <type>text</type>.
To indicate that a type is variable length, set To indicate that a type is variable length, set
<replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>
to <option>VARIABLE</option>. to <option>VARIABLE</option>.
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ CREATE
<para> <para>
A default value is optionally available in case a user A default value is optionally available in case a user
wants some specific bit pattern to mean "data not present." wants some specific bit pattern to mean <quote>data not present</quote>.
Specify the default with the <literal>DEFAULT</literal> keyword. Specify the default with the <literal>DEFAULT</literal> keyword.
<comment>How does the user specify that bit pattern and associate <comment>How does the user specify that bit pattern and associate
it with the fact that the data is not present></comment> it with the fact that the data is not present></comment>

8
doc/src/sgml/ref/declare.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/declare.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/03 12:57:49 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/declare.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -210,9 +210,9 @@ ERROR: DECLARE CURSOR may only be used in begin/end transaction blocks
<para> <para>
As an example, if a query returns a value of one from an integer column, As an example, if a query returns a value of one from an integer column,
you would get a string of '1' with a default cursor you would get a string of <literal>1</> with a default cursor
whereas with a binary cursor you would get whereas with a binary cursor you would get
a 4-byte value equal to control-A ('^A'). a 4-byte value equal to control-A (<literal>^A</literal>).
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ ERROR: DECLARE CURSOR may only be used in begin/end transaction blocks
<emphasis><productname>Postgres</productname> does not resolve <emphasis><productname>Postgres</productname> does not resolve
byte ordering or representation issues for binary cursors</emphasis>. byte ordering or representation issues for binary cursors</emphasis>.
Therefore, if your client machine and server machine use different Therefore, if your client machine and server machine use different
representations (e.g., "big-endian" versus "little-endian"), representations (e.g., <quote>big-endian</quote> versus <quote>little-endian</quote>),
you will probably not want your data returned in you will probably not want your data returned in
binary format. binary format.
However, binary cursors may be a However, binary cursors may be a

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/fetch.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/fetch.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/fetch.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ ERROR: FETCH/RELATIVE at current position is not supported
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
<acronym>SQL92</acronym> allows one to repetitively retrieve the cursor <acronym>SQL92</acronym> allows one to repetitively retrieve the cursor
at its "current position" using the syntax at its <quote>current position</quote> using the syntax
<synopsis> <synopsis>
FETCH RELATIVE 0 FROM <replaceable class="PARAMETER">cursor</replaceable>. FETCH RELATIVE 0 FROM <replaceable class="PARAMETER">cursor</replaceable>.
</synopsis> </synopsis>

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/initlocation.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/Attic/initlocation.sgml,v 1.12 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/Attic/initlocation.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Postgres documentation
which is referenced. See the examples at the end. which is referenced. See the examples at the end.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
In order to use this command you must be logged in (using 'su', for example) In order to use this command you must be logged in (using <command>su</command>, for example)
as the database superuser. as the database superuser.
</para> </para>
</refsect1> </refsect1>

8
doc/src/sgml/ref/notify.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/notify.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/notify.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ NOTIFY
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Commonly, the notify condition name is the same as the name of some table in Commonly, the notify condition name is the same as the name of some table in
the database, and the notify event essentially means "I changed this table, the database, and the notify event essentially means <quote>I changed this table,
take a look at it to see what's new". But no such association is enforced by take a look at it to see what's new</quote>. But no such association is enforced by
the <command>NOTIFY</command> and <command>LISTEN</command> commands. For the <command>NOTIFY</command> and <command>LISTEN</command> commands. For
example, a database designer could use several different condition names example, a database designer could use several different condition names
to signal different sorts of changes to a single table. to signal different sorts of changes to a single table.
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ NOTIFY
after the transaction is completed (either committed or aborted). Again, the after the transaction is completed (either committed or aborted). Again, the
reasoning is that if a notify were delivered within a transaction that was reasoning is that if a notify were delivered within a transaction that was
later aborted, one would want the notification to be undone somehow---but later aborted, one would want the notification to be undone somehow---but
the backend cannot "take back" a notify once it has sent it to the frontend. the backend cannot <quote>take back</quote> a notify once it has sent it to the frontend.
So notify events are only delivered between transactions. The upshot of this So notify events are only delivered between transactions. The upshot of this
is that applications using <command>NOTIFY</command> for real-time signaling is that applications using <command>NOTIFY</command> for real-time signaling
should try to keep their transactions short. should try to keep their transactions short.

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_restore.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_restore.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_restore.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $ -->
<refentry id="APP-PGRESTORE"> <refentry id="APP-PGRESTORE">
<docinfo> <docinfo>
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Restore elements in <REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">list-file</REPLACEABLE> only, and in the Restore elements in <REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">list-file</REPLACEABLE> only, and in the
order they appear in the file. Lines can be moved and may also be commented out by placing a ';' at the order they appear in the file. Lines can be moved and may also be commented out by placing a <literal>;</literal> at the
start of the line. start of the line.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml,v 1.59 2001/09/11 05:11:59 ishii Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml,v 1.60 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Postgres documentation
<para> <para>
In normal operation, <application>psql</application> provides a prompt with In normal operation, <application>psql</application> provides a prompt with
the name of the database to which <application>psql</application> is currently the name of the database to which <application>psql</application> is currently
connected, followed by the string "=>". For example, connected, followed by the string <literal>=&gt;</literal>. For example,
<programlisting> <programlisting>
$ <userinput>psql testdb</userinput> $ <userinput>psql testdb</userinput>
Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ lo_import 152801
<para> <para>
<programlisting> <programlisting>
test=> <userinput>\z</userinput> test=&gt; <userinput>\z</userinput>
Access permissions for database "test" Access permissions for database "test"
Relation | Access permissions Relation | Access permissions
----------+------------------------------------- ----------+-------------------------------------

8
doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml,v 1.44 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml,v 1.45 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ where <replaceable class="PARAMETER">from_item</replaceable> can be:
specified expressions, keeping only the first row of each set of specified expressions, keeping only the first row of each set of
duplicates. The DISTINCT ON expressions are interpreted using the duplicates. The DISTINCT ON expressions are interpreted using the
same rules as for ORDER BY items; see below. same rules as for ORDER BY items; see below.
Note that "the first row" of each set is unpredictable Note that the <quote>first row</quote> of each set is unpredictable
unless <command>ORDER BY</command> is used to ensure that the desired unless <command>ORDER BY</command> is used to ensure that the desired
row appears first. For example, row appears first. For example,
<programlisting> <programlisting>
@ -997,13 +997,13 @@ contains an explicit FROM clause.
SELECT Clause SELECT Clause
</title> </title>
<para> <para>
In the <acronym>SQL92</acronym> standard, the optional keyword "AS" In the <acronym>SQL92</acronym> standard, the optional keyword <literal>AS</>
is just noise and can be is just noise and can be
omitted without affecting the meaning. omitted without affecting the meaning.
The <productname>Postgres</productname> parser requires this keyword when The <productname>Postgres</productname> parser requires this keyword when
renaming output columns because the type extensibility features lead to renaming output columns because the type extensibility features lead to
parsing ambiguities parsing ambiguities
in this context. "AS" is optional in FROM items, however.</para> in this context. <literal>AS</literal> is optional in FROM items, however.</para>
<para> <para>
The DISTINCT ON phrase is not part of <acronym>SQL92</acronym>. The DISTINCT ON phrase is not part of <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/unlisten.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/unlisten.sgml,v 1.15 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/unlisten.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ UNLISTEN { <replaceable class="PARAMETER">notifyname</replaceable> | * }
UNLISTEN cancels any existing registration of the current UNLISTEN cancels any existing registration of the current
<productname>Postgres</productname> session as a listener on the notify <productname>Postgres</productname> session as a listener on the notify
condition <replaceable class="PARAMETER">notifyname</replaceable>. condition <replaceable class="PARAMETER">notifyname</replaceable>.
The special condition wildcard "*" cancels all listener registrations The special condition wildcard <literal>*</literal> cancels all listener registrations
for the current session. for the current session.
</para> </para>

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/03 12:57:50 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml,v 1.17 2001/09/13 15:55:24 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ UPDATE <replaceable class="parameter">#</replaceable>
</title> </title>
<para> <para>
Change word "Drama" with "Dramatic" on column kind: Change word <literal>Drama</> with <literal>Dramatic</> on column <structfield>kind</>:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
UPDATE films UPDATE films

16
doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml,v 1.16 2001/09/12 01:22:25 ishii Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml,v 1.17 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $ -->
<Chapter Id="rules"> <Chapter Id="rules">
<Title>The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rule System</Title> <Title>The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rule System</Title>
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
</Para> </Para>
<Para> <Para>
The query rewrite rule system (the "rule system" from now on) The query rewrite rule system (the <firstterm>rule system</> from now on)
is totally different from stored procedures and triggers. is totally different from stored procedures and triggers.
It modifies queries to It modifies queries to
take rules into consideration, and then passes the modified take rules into consideration, and then passes the modified
@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
It's the simplest SELECT Al can do on our views, so we take this It's the simplest SELECT Al can do on our views, so we take this
to explain the basics of view rules. to explain the basics of view rules.
The 'SELECT * FROM shoelace' was interpreted by the parser and The <literal>SELECT * FROM shoelace</literal> was interpreted by the parser and
produced the parsetree produced the parsetree
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
It turns out that the planner will collapse this tree into a two-level It turns out that the planner will collapse this tree into a two-level
query tree: the bottommost selects will be "pulled up" into the middle query tree: the bottommost selects will be <quote>pulled up</quote> into the middle
select since there's no need to process them separately. But the select since there's no need to process them separately. But the
middle select will remain separate from the top, because it contains middle select will remain separate from the top, because it contains
aggregate functions. If we pulled those up it would change the behavior aggregate functions. If we pulled those up it would change the behavior
@ -912,7 +912,7 @@
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
in mind. in mind.
In the following, "update rules" means rules that are defined In the following, <firstterm>update rules</> means rules that are defined
ON INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE. ON INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.
</Para> </Para>
@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@
WHERE bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, 'sl7');</FirstTerm> WHERE bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, 'sl7');</FirstTerm>
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
There is a rule 'log_shoelace' that is ON UPDATE with the rule There is a rule <literal>log_shoelace</literal> that is ON UPDATE with the rule
qualification expression qualification expression
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@
FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive, shoelace_ok shoelace_ok; FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive, shoelace_ok shoelace_ok;
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
Now the first rule 'shoelace_ok_ins' is applied and turns it Now the first rule <literal>shoelace_ok_ins</literal> is applied and turns it
into into
<ProgramListing> <ProgramListing>
@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ Merge Join
hole, but in fact it isn't. If this would not work, the secretary hole, but in fact it isn't. If this would not work, the secretary
could setup a table with the same columns as phone_number and could setup a table with the same columns as phone_number and
copy the data to there once per day. Then it's his own data and copy the data to there once per day. Then it's his own data and
he can grant access to everyone he wants. A GRANT means "I trust you". he can grant access to everyone he wants. A GRANT means <quote>I trust you</quote>.
If someone you trust does the thing above, it's time to If someone you trust does the thing above, it's time to
think it over and then REVOKE. think it over and then REVOKE.
</Para> </Para>

4
doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.78 2001/09/12 14:06:37 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.79 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<Chapter Id="runtime"> <Chapter Id="runtime">
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ NOTICE: Initializing database with en_US collation order.
will cause indexes to be sorted in an order that prevents them from will cause indexes to be sorted in an order that prevents them from
being used for LIKE and regular-expression searches. If you need being used for LIKE and regular-expression searches. If you need
good performance of such searches, you should set your current locale good performance of such searches, you should set your current locale
to "C" and re-run <command>initdb</command>. On most systems, setting the to <literal>C</> and re-run <command>initdb</command>. On most systems, setting the
current locale is done by changing the value of the environment variable current locale is done by changing the value of the environment variable
<literal>LC_ALL</literal> or <literal>LANG</literal>. The sort order used <literal>LC_ALL</literal> or <literal>LANG</literal>. The sort order used
within a particular database cluster is set by <command>initdb</command> within a particular database cluster is set by <command>initdb</command>

4
doc/src/sgml/spi.sgml
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@ -955,8 +955,8 @@ char *<REPLACEABLE CLASS="PARAMETER">nulls</REPLACEABLE>
<PARA> <PARA>
Array describing what parameters get NULLs Array describing what parameters get NULLs
<SimpleList> <SimpleList>
<Member>'n' indicates NULL allowed</Member> <Member><literal>n</literal> indicates NULL allowed</Member>
<Member>' ' indicates NULL not allowed</Member> <Member>A space indicates NULL not allowed</Member>
</SimpleList> </SimpleList>
</PARA> </PARA>
</LISTITEM> </LISTITEM>

14
doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.46 2001/09/09 17:21:59 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.47 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="sql-syntax"> <chapter id="sql-syntax">
@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
where <replaceable>delim</replaceable> is the delimiter character where <replaceable>delim</replaceable> is the delimiter character
for the type, as recorded in its <literal>pg_type</literal> for the type, as recorded in its <literal>pg_type</literal>
entry. (For all built-in types, this is the comma character entry. (For all built-in types, this is the comma character
",".) Each <replaceable>val</replaceable> is either a constant <quote><literal>,</literal></>.) Each <replaceable>val</replaceable> is either a constant
of the array element type, or a sub-array. An example of an of the array element type, or a sub-array. An example of an
array constant is array constant is
<programlisting> <programlisting>
@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
"$" (dollar) cannot be a single-character operator, although it <literal>$</> (dollar) cannot be a single-character operator, although it
can be part of a multiple-character operator name. can be part of a multiple-character operator name.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
A multiple-character operator name cannot end in "+" or "-", A multiple-character operator name cannot end in <literal>+</> or <literal>-</>,
unless the name also contains at least one of these characters: unless the name also contains at least one of these characters:
<literallayout> <literallayout>
~ ! @ # % ^ &amp; | ` ? $ ~ ! @ # % ^ &amp; | ` ? $
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
<para> <para>
When working with non-SQL-standard operator names, you will usually When working with non-SQL-standard operator names, you will usually
need to separate adjacent operators with spaces to avoid ambiguity. need to separate adjacent operators with spaces to avoid ambiguity.
For example, if you have defined a left-unary operator named "@", For example, if you have defined a left-unary operator named <literal>@</literal>,
you cannot write <literal>X*@Y</literal>; you must write you cannot write <literal>X*@Y</literal>; you must write
<literal>X* @Y</literal> to ensure that <literal>X* @Y</literal> to ensure that
<productname>Postgres</productname> reads it as two operator names <productname>Postgres</productname> reads it as two operator names
@ -1016,8 +1016,8 @@ sqrt(2)
The precedence and associativity of the operators is hard-wired The precedence and associativity of the operators is hard-wired
into the parser. Most operators have the same precedence and are into the parser. Most operators have the same precedence and are
left-associative. This may lead to non-intuitive behavior; for left-associative. This may lead to non-intuitive behavior; for
example the Boolean operators "&lt;" and "&gt;" have a different example the Boolean operators <literal>&lt;</> and <literal>&gt;</> have a different
precedence than the Boolean operators "&lt;=" and "&gt;=". Also, precedence than the Boolean operators <literal>&lt;=</> and <literal>&gt;=</>. Also,
you will sometimes need to add parentheses when using combinations you will sometimes need to add parentheses when using combinations
of binary and unary operators. For instance of binary and unary operators. For instance
<programlisting> <programlisting>

8
doc/src/sgml/trigger.sgml
View File

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
<para> <para>
The trigger function must be created before the trigger is created as a The trigger function must be created before the trigger is created as a
function taking no arguments and returning opaque. If the function is function taking no arguments and returning opaque. If the function is
written in C, it must use the "version 1" function manager interface. written in C, it must use the <quote>version 1</> function manager interface.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ CREATE TRIGGER <replaceable>trigger</replaceable> [ BEFORE | AFTER ] [ INSERT |
<para> <para>
Also, <replaceable>procedure</replaceable> Also, <replaceable>procedure</replaceable>
may be used for triggering different relations (these may be used for triggering different relations (these
functions are named as "general trigger functions"). functions are named as <firstterm>general trigger functions</>).
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ CREATE TRIGGER <replaceable>trigger</replaceable> [ BEFORE | AFTER ] [ INSERT |
function that takes as its arguments two field names and puts the current function that takes as its arguments two field names and puts the current
user in one and the current timestamp in the other. This allows triggers to user in one and the current timestamp in the other. This allows triggers to
be written on INSERT events to automatically track creation of records in a be written on INSERT events to automatically track creation of records in a
transaction table for example. It could also be used as a "last updated" transaction table for example. It could also be used as a <quote>last updated</>
function if used in an UPDATE event. function if used in an UPDATE event.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ CREATE TRIGGER <replaceable>trigger</replaceable> [ BEFORE | AFTER ] [ INSERT |
<para> <para>
When a function is called by the trigger manager, it is not passed any When a function is called by the trigger manager, it is not passed any
normal parameters, but it is passed a "context" pointer pointing to a normal parameters, but it is passed a <quote>context</> pointer pointing to a
TriggerData structure. C functions can check whether they were called TriggerData structure. C functions can check whether they were called
from the trigger manager or not by executing the macro from the trigger manager or not by executing the macro
<literal>CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo)</literal>, which expands to <literal>CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo)</literal>, which expands to

12
doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
View File

@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Implicit conversions should never have surprising or unpredictable outcomes.
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
User-defined types, of which the parser has no a-priori knowledge, should be User-defined types, of which the parser has no a-priori knowledge, should be
"higher" in the type hierarchy. In mixed-type expressions, native types shall always <quote>higher</quote> in the type hierarchy. In mixed-type expressions, native types shall always
be converted to a user-defined type (of course, only if conversion is necessary). be converted to a user-defined type (of course, only if conversion is necessary).
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ are specified in the query. So, the parser looks for all candidate operators
and finds that there are candidates accepting both string-category and and finds that there are candidates accepting both string-category and
bit-string-category inputs. Since string category is preferred when available, bit-string-category inputs. Since string category is preferred when available,
that category is selected, and then the that category is selected, and then the
"preferred type" for strings, <type>text</type>, is used as the specific <quote>preferred type</quote> for strings, <type>text</type>, is used as the specific
type to resolve the unknown literals to. type to resolve the unknown literals to.
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>
@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
</step> </step>
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
If any input arguments are "unknown", check the type categories accepted If any input arguments are <type>unknown</type>, check the type categories accepted
at those argument positions by the remaining candidates. At each position, at those argument positions by the remaining candidates. At each position,
select "string" select <type>string</type>
category if any candidate accepts that category (this bias towards string category if any candidate accepts that category (this bias towards string
is appropriate since an unknown-type literal does look like a string). is appropriate since an unknown-type literal does look like a string).
Otherwise, if all the remaining candidates accept the same type category, Otherwise, if all the remaining candidates accept the same type category,
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ tgl=> select substr(text(varchar '1234'), 3);
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
Actually, the parser is aware that <type>text</type> and <type>varchar</type> Actually, the parser is aware that <type>text</type> and <type>varchar</type>
are "binary compatible", meaning that one can be passed to a function that are <firstterm>binary compatible</>, meaning that one can be passed to a function that
accepts the other without doing any physical conversion. Therefore, no accepts the other without doing any physical conversion. Therefore, no
explicit type conversion call is really inserted in this case. explicit type conversion call is really inserted in this case.
</para> </para>
@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ tgl=> SELECT text 'a' AS "Text" UNION SELECT 'b';
b b
(2 rows) (2 rows)
</programlisting> </programlisting>
Here, the unknown-type literal 'b' will be resolved as type text. Here, the unknown-type literal <literal>'b'</literal> will be resolved as type text.
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>

20
doc/src/sgml/xaggr.sgml
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xaggr.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xaggr.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="xaggr"> <chapter id="xaggr">
@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xaggr.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/10 21:58:47 peter
<para> <para>
If we define an aggregate that does not use a final function, If we define an aggregate that does not use a final function,
we have an aggregate that computes a running function of we have an aggregate that computes a running function of
the column values from each row. "Sum" is an the column values from each row. <function>Sum</> is an
example of this kind of aggregate. "Sum" starts at example of this kind of aggregate. <function>Sum</> starts at
zero and always adds the current row's value to zero and always adds the current row's value to
its running total. For example, if we want to make a Sum its running total. For example, if we want to make a Sum
aggregate to work on a data type for complex numbers, aggregate to work on a data type for complex numbers,
@ -61,30 +61,30 @@ SELECT complex_sum(a) FROM test_complex;
+------------+ +------------+
</programlisting> </programlisting>
(In practice, we'd just name the aggregate "sum", and rely on (In practice, we'd just name the aggregate <function>sum</function>, and rely on
<productname>Postgres</productname> to figure out which kind <productname>Postgres</productname> to figure out which kind
of sum to apply to a complex column.) of sum to apply to a complex column.)
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The above definition of "Sum" will return zero (the initial The above definition of <function>Sum</function> will return zero (the initial
state condition) if there are no non-null input values. state condition) if there are no non-null input values.
Perhaps we want to return NULL in that case instead --- SQL92 Perhaps we want to return NULL in that case instead --- SQL92
expects "Sum" to behave that way. We can do this simply by expects <function>Sum</function> to behave that way. We can do this simply by
omitting the <literal>initcond</literal> phrase, so that the initial state omitting the <literal>initcond</literal> phrase, so that the initial state
condition is NULL. Ordinarily this would mean that the <literal>sfunc</literal> condition is NULL. Ordinarily this would mean that the <literal>sfunc</literal>
would need to check for a NULL state-condition input, but for would need to check for a NULL state-condition input, but for
"Sum" and some other simple aggregates like "Max" and "Min", <function>Sum</function> and some other simple aggregates like <function>Max</> and <function>Min</>,
it's sufficient to insert the first non-null input value into it's sufficient to insert the first non-null input value into
the state variable and then start applying the transition function the state variable and then start applying the transition function
at the second non-null input value. <productname>Postgres</productname> at the second non-null input value. <productname>Postgres</productname>
will do that automatically if the initial condition is NULL and will do that automatically if the initial condition is NULL and
the transition function is marked "strict" (i.e., not to be called the transition function is marked <quote>strict</> (i.e., not to be called
for NULL inputs). for NULL inputs).
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Another bit of default behavior for a "strict" transition function Another bit of default behavior for a <quote>strict</> transition function
is that the previous state value is retained unchanged whenever a is that the previous state value is retained unchanged whenever a
NULL input value is encountered. Thus, NULLs are ignored. If you NULL input value is encountered. Thus, NULLs are ignored. If you
need some other behavior for NULL inputs, just define your transition need some other behavior for NULL inputs, just define your transition
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ SELECT complex_sum(a) FROM test_complex;
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
"Average" is a more complex example of an aggregate. It requires <function>Average</> is a more complex example of an aggregate. It requires
two pieces of running state: the sum of the inputs and the count two pieces of running state: the sum of the inputs and the count
of the number of inputs. The final result is obtained by dividing of the number of inputs. The final result is obtained by dividing
these quantities. Average is typically implemented by using a these quantities. Average is typically implemented by using a

20
doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml,v 1.35 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml,v 1.36 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="xfunc"> <chapter id="xfunc">
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml,v 1.35 2001/09/10 21:58:47 peter
Arguments to the SQL function may be referenced in the queries using Arguments to the SQL function may be referenced in the queries using
a $n syntax: $1 refers to the first argument, $2 to the second, and so a $n syntax: $1 refers to the first argument, $2 to the second, and so
on. If an argument is complex, then a <firstterm>dot</firstterm> on. If an argument is complex, then a <firstterm>dot</firstterm>
notation (e.g. "$1.emp") may be notation (e.g. <literal>$1.emp</literal>) may be
used to access attributes of the argument or used to access attributes of the argument or
to invoke functions. to invoke functions.
</para> </para>
@ -381,11 +381,11 @@ SELECT clean_EMP();
<para> <para>
Two different calling conventions are currently used for C functions. Two different calling conventions are currently used for C functions.
The newer "version 1" calling convention is indicated by writing The newer <quote>version 1</quote> calling convention is indicated by writing
a <literal>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1()</literal> macro call for the function, a <literal>PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1()</literal> macro call for the function,
as illustrated below. Lack of such a macro indicates an old-style as illustrated below. Lack of such a macro indicates an old-style
("version 0") function. The language name specified in CREATE FUNCTION ("version 0") function. The language name specified in <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>
is 'C' in either case. Old-style functions are now deprecated is <literal>C</literal> in either case. Old-style functions are now deprecated
because of portability problems and lack of functionality, but they because of portability problems and lack of functionality, but they
are still supported for compatibility reasons. are still supported for compatibility reasons.
</para> </para>
@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ SELECT clean_EMP();
<para> <para>
The following table gives the C type required for parameters in the C The following table gives the C type required for parameters in the C
functions that will be loaded into Postgres. The "Defined In" functions that will be loaded into Postgres. The <quote>Defined In</quote>
column gives the actual header file (in the column gives the actual header file (in the
<filename>.../src/backend/</filename> <filename>.../src/backend/</filename>
directory) that the equivalent C type is defined. Note that you should directory) that the equivalent C type is defined. Note that you should
@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ SELECT clean_EMP();
<para> <para>
Internally, <productname>Postgres</productname> regards a Internally, <productname>Postgres</productname> regards a
base type as a "blob of memory." The user-defined base type as a <quote>blob of memory</quote>. The user-defined
functions that you define over a type in turn define the functions that you define over a type in turn define the
way that <productname>Postgres</productname> can operate way that <productname>Postgres</productname> can operate
on it. That is, <productname>Postgres</productname> will on it. That is, <productname>Postgres</productname> will
@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION concat_text(text, text) RETURNS text
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Notice that we have specified the functions as "strict", meaning that Notice that we have specified the functions as <quote>strict</quote>, meaning that
the system should automatically assume a NULL result if any input the system should automatically assume a NULL result if any input
value is NULL. By doing this, we avoid having to check for NULL inputs value is NULL. By doing this, we avoid having to check for NULL inputs
in the function code. Without this, we'd have to check for NULLs in the function code. Without this, we'd have to check for NULLs
@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(funcname);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
must appear in the same source file (conventionally it's written must appear in the same source file (conventionally it's written
just before the function itself). This macro call is not needed just before the function itself). This macro call is not needed
for "internal"-language functions, since Postgres currently assumes for <literal>internal</>-language functions, since Postgres currently assumes
all internal functions are version-1. However, it is all internal functions are version-1. However, it is
<emphasis>required</emphasis> for dynamically-loaded functions. <emphasis>required</emphasis> for dynamically-loaded functions.
</para> </para>
@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ concat_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
An example is that in coding add_one_float8, we no longer need to An example is that in coding add_one_float8, we no longer need to
be aware that float8 is a pass-by-reference type. Another be aware that float8 is a pass-by-reference type. Another
example is that the GETARG macros for variable-length types hide example is that the GETARG macros for variable-length types hide
the need to deal with fetching "toasted" (compressed or the need to deal with fetching <quote>toasted</quote> (compressed or
out-of-line) values. The old-style <function>copytext</function> out-of-line) values. The old-style <function>copytext</function>
and <function>concat_text</function> functions shown above are and <function>concat_text</function> functions shown above are
actually wrong in the presence of toasted values, because they actually wrong in the presence of toasted values, because they

21
doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml,v 1.18 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml,v 1.19 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
Postgres documentation Postgres documentation
--> -->
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree';
impose a strict ordering on keys, lesser to greater. Since impose a strict ordering on keys, lesser to greater. Since
<productname>Postgres</productname> allows the user to define operators, <productname>Postgres</productname> allows the user to define operators,
<productname>Postgres</productname> cannot look at the name of an operator <productname>Postgres</productname> cannot look at the name of an operator
(e.g., "&gt;" or "&lt;") and tell what kind of comparison it is. In fact, (e.g., <literal>&gt;</> or <literal>&lt;</>) and tell what kind of comparison it is. In fact,
some access methods don't impose any ordering at all. For example, some access methods don't impose any ordering at all. For example,
<acronym>R-tree</acronym>s express a rectangle-containment relationship, <acronym>R-tree</acronym>s express a rectangle-containment relationship,
whereas a hashed data structure expresses only bitwise similarity based whereas a hashed data structure expresses only bitwise similarity based
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree';
needs some consistent way of taking a qualification in your query, needs some consistent way of taking a qualification in your query,
looking at the operator and then deciding if a usable index exists. This looking at the operator and then deciding if a usable index exists. This
implies that <productname>Postgres</productname> needs to know, for implies that <productname>Postgres</productname> needs to know, for
example, that the "&lt;=" and "&gt;" operators partition a example, that the <literal>&lt;=</> and <literal>&gt;</> operators partition a
<acronym>B-tree</acronym>. <productname>Postgres</productname> <acronym>B-tree</acronym>. <productname>Postgres</productname>
uses strategies to express these relationships between uses strategies to express these relationships between
operators and the way they can be used to scan indexes. operators and the way they can be used to scan indexes.
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree';
does, <filename>amorderstrategy</filename> is the number of the strategy does, <filename>amorderstrategy</filename> is the number of the strategy
routine that corresponds to the ordering operator. For example, B-tree routine that corresponds to the ordering operator. For example, B-tree
has <filename>amorderstrategy</filename> = 1 which is its has <filename>amorderstrategy</filename> = 1 which is its
"less than" strategy number. <quote>less than</quote> strategy number.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION complex_abs_eq(complex, complex)
<para> <para>
The final routine in the The final routine in the
file is the "support routine" mentioned when we discussed the amsupport file is the <quote>support routine</quote> mentioned when we discussed the amsupport
column of the <filename>pg_am</filename> table. We will use this column of the <filename>pg_am</filename> table. We will use this
later on. For now, ignore it. later on. For now, ignore it.
</para> </para>
@ -463,10 +463,11 @@ CREATE OPERATOR = (
c.oprname = '&lt;'; c.oprname = '&lt;';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
Now do this for the other operators substituting for the "1" in the Now do this for the other operators substituting for the <literal>1</> in the
second line above and the "&lt;" in the last line. Note the order: second line above and the <literal>&lt;</> in the last line. Note the order:
"less than" is 1, "less than or equal" is 2, "equal" is 3, "greater <quote>less than</> is 1, <quote>less than or equal</> is 2,
than or equal" is 4, and "greater than" is 5. <quote>equal</> is 3, <quote>greater than or equal</quote> is 4, and
<quote>greater than</quote> is 5.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -475,7 +476,7 @@ CREATE OPERATOR = (
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The final step is registration of the "support routine" previously The final step is registration of the <quote>support routine</quote> previously
described in our discussion of <filename>pg_am</filename>. The described in our discussion of <filename>pg_am</filename>. The
<filename>oid</filename> of this support routine is stored in the <filename>oid</filename> of this support routine is stored in the
<filename>pg_amproc</filename> table, keyed by the operator class <filename>pg_amproc</filename> table, keyed by the operator class

34
doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/10 21:58:47 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml,v 1.14 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<Chapter Id="xoper"> <Chapter Id="xoper">
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml,v 1.13 2001/09/10 21:58:47 peter
</Para> </Para>
<Para> <Para>
Every operator is "syntactic sugar" for a call to an Every operator is <quote>syntactic sugar</quote> for a call to an
underlying function that does the real work; so you must underlying function that does the real work; so you must
first create the underlying function before you can create first create the underlying function before you can create
the operator. However, an operator is <emphasis>not</emphasis> the operator. However, an operator is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
commutator of the operator being defined. We say that operator A is the commutator of the operator being defined. We say that operator A is the
commutator of operator B if (x A y) equals (y B x) for all possible input commutator of operator B if (x A y) equals (y B x) for all possible input
values x,y. Notice that B is also the commutator of A. For example, values x,y. Notice that B is also the commutator of A. For example,
operators '<' and '>' for a particular data type are usually each others' operators <literal>&lt;</> and <literal>&gt;</> for a particular data type are usually each others'
commutators, and operator '+' is usually commutative with itself. commutators, and operator <literal>+</> is usually commutative with itself.
But operator '-' is usually not commutative with anything. But operator <literal>-</> is usually not commutative with anything.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
is the negator of operator B if both return boolean results and is the negator of operator B if both return boolean results and
(x A y) equals NOT (x B y) for all possible inputs x,y. (x A y) equals NOT (x B y) for all possible inputs x,y.
Notice that B is also the negator of A. Notice that B is also the negator of A.
For example, '<' and '>=' are a negator pair for most data types. For example, <literal>&lt;</> and <literal>&gt;=</> are a negator pair for most data types.
An operator can never be validly be its own negator. An operator can never be validly be its own negator.
</para> </para>
@ -239,16 +239,16 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
scalargtsel for &gt; or &gt;= scalargtsel for &gt; or &gt;=
</ProgramListing> </ProgramListing>
It might seem a little odd that these are the categories, but they It might seem a little odd that these are the categories, but they
make sense if you think about it. '=' will typically accept only make sense if you think about it. <literal>=</> will typically accept only
a small fraction of the rows in a table; '&lt;&gt;' will typically reject a small fraction of the rows in a table; <literal>&lt;&gt;</> will typically reject
only a small fraction. '&lt;' will accept a fraction that depends on only a small fraction. <literal>&lt;</> will accept a fraction that depends on
where the given constant falls in the range of values for that table where the given constant falls in the range of values for that table
column (which, it just so happens, is information collected by column (which, it just so happens, is information collected by
<command>ANALYZE</command> and made available to the selectivity estimator). <command>ANALYZE</command> and made available to the selectivity estimator).
'&lt;=' will accept a slightly larger fraction than '&lt;' for the same <literal>&lt;=</> will accept a slightly larger fraction than <literal>&lt;</> for the same
comparison constant, but they're close enough to not be worth comparison constant, but they're close enough to not be worth
distinguishing, especially since we're not likely to do better than a distinguishing, especially since we're not likely to do better than a
rough guess anyhow. Similar remarks apply to '&gt;' and '&gt;='. rough guess anyhow. Similar remarks apply to <literal>&gt;</> and <literal>&gt;=</>.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
time intervals is not bitwise equality; the interval equality operator time intervals is not bitwise equality; the interval equality operator
considers two time intervals equal if they have the same considers two time intervals equal if they have the same
duration, whether or not their endpoints are identical. What this means duration, whether or not their endpoints are identical. What this means
is that a join using "=" between interval fields would yield different is that a join using <literal>=</literal> between interval fields would yield different
results if implemented as a hash join than if implemented another way, results if implemented as a hash join than if implemented another way,
because a large fraction of the pairs that should match will hash to because a large fraction of the pairs that should match will hash to
different values and will never be compared by the hash join. But different values and will never be compared by the hash join. But
@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
Merge join is based on the idea of sorting the left and righthand tables Merge join is based on the idea of sorting the left and righthand tables
into order and then scanning them in parallel. So, both data types must into order and then scanning them in parallel. So, both data types must
be capable of being fully ordered, and the join operator must be one be capable of being fully ordered, and the join operator must be one
that can only succeed for pairs of values that fall at the "same place" that can only succeed for pairs of values that fall at the <quote>same place</>
in the sort order. In practice this means that the join operator must in the sort order. In practice this means that the join operator must
behave like equality. But unlike hashjoin, where the left and right behave like equality. But unlike hashjoin, where the left and right
data types had better be the same (or at least bitwise equivalent), data types had better be the same (or at least bitwise equivalent),
@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
In practice you should only write SORT clauses for an '=' operator, In practice you should only write SORT clauses for an <literal>=</> operator,
and the two referenced operators should always be named '<'. Trying and the two referenced operators should always be named <literal>&lt;</>. Trying
to use merge join with operators named anything else will result in to use merge join with operators named anything else will result in
hopeless confusion, for reasons we'll see in a moment. hopeless confusion, for reasons we'll see in a moment.
</para> </para>
@ -433,9 +433,9 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
There must be '<' and '>' ordering operators having the same left and There must be <literal>&lt;</> and <literal>&gt;</> ordering operators having the same left and
right input data types as the mergejoinable operator itself. These right input data types as the mergejoinable operator itself. These
operators <emphasis>must</emphasis> be named '<' and '>'; you do operators <emphasis>must</emphasis> be named <literal>&lt;</> and <literal>&gt;</>; you do
not have any choice in the matter, since there is no provision for not have any choice in the matter, since there is no provision for
specifying them explicitly. Note that if the left and right data types specifying them explicitly. Note that if the left and right data types
are different, neither of these operators is the same as either are different, neither of these operators is the same as either

10
doc/src/sgml/y2k.sgml
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/y2k.sgml,v 1.10 2001/03/24 23:03:26 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/y2k.sgml,v 1.11 2001/09/13 15:55:23 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="y2k"> <sect1 id="y2k">
@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/y2k.sgml,v 1.10 2001/03/24 23:03:26 p
are documented in the current <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle> are documented in the current <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>
in the chapter on data types. in the chapter on data types.
For two-digit years, the significant transition year is 1970, not 2000; For two-digit years, the significant transition year is 1970, not 2000;
e.g. "<literal>70-01-01</literal>" is interpreted as 1970-01-01, e.g. <literal>70-01-01</literal> is interpreted as 1970-01-01,
whereas "<literal>69-01-01</literal>" is interpreted as 2069-01-01. whereas <literal>69-01-01</literal> is interpreted as 2069-01-01.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Any Y2K problems in the underlying OS related to obtaining "the Any Y2K problems in the underlying OS related to obtaining the
current time" may propagate into apparent Y2K problems in <quote>current time</quote> may propagate into apparent Y2K problems in
<productname>Postgres</productname>. <productname>Postgres</productname>.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>