Add hash partitioning.

Hash partitioning is useful when you want to partition a growing data
set evenly.  This can be useful to keep table sizes reasonable, which
makes maintenance operations such as VACUUM faster, or to enable
partition-wise join.

At present, we still depend on constraint exclusion for partitioning
pruning, and the shape of the partition constraints for hash
partitioning is such that that doesn't work.  Work is underway to fix
that, which should both improve performance and make partitioning
pruning work with hash partitioning.

Amul Sul, reviewed and tested by Dilip Kumar, Ashutosh Bapat, Yugo
Nagata, Rajkumar Raghuwanshi, Jesper Pedersen, and by me.  A few
final tweaks also by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAAJ_b96fhpJAP=ALbETmeLk1Uni_GFZD938zgenhF49qgDTjaQ@mail.gmail.com

src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h

@@ -777,12 +777,14 @@ typedef struct PartitionElem
 typedef struct PartitionSpec
 {
 	NodeTag		type;
-	char	   *strategy;		/* partitioning strategy ('list' or 'range') */
+	char	   *strategy;		/* partitioning strategy ('hash', 'list' or
+								 * 'range') */
 	List	   *partParams;		/* List of PartitionElems */
 	int			location;		/* token location, or -1 if unknown */
 } PartitionSpec;
 
 /* Internal codes for partitioning strategies */
+#define PARTITION_STRATEGY_HASH		'h'
 #define PARTITION_STRATEGY_LIST		'l'
 #define PARTITION_STRATEGY_RANGE	'r'
 
@@ -799,6 +801,10 @@ typedef struct PartitionBoundSpec
 	char		strategy;		/* see PARTITION_STRATEGY codes above */
 	bool		is_default;		/* is it a default partition bound? */
 
+	/* Partitioning info for HASH strategy: */
+	int			modulus;
+	int			remainder;
+
 	/* Partitioning info for LIST strategy: */
 	List	   *listdatums;		/* List of Consts (or A_Consts in raw tree) */