Add parallelism support for TID Range Scans

In v14, bb437f995 added support for scanning for ranges of TIDs using a
dedicated executor node for the purpose.  Here, we allow these scans to
be parallelized.  The range of blocks to scan is divvied up similarly to
how a Parallel Seq Scans does that, where 'chunks' of blocks are
allocated to each worker and the size of those chunks is slowly reduced
down to 1 block per worker by the time we're nearing the end of the
scan.  Doing that means workers finish at roughly the same time.

Allowing TID Range Scans to be parallelized removes the dilemma from the
planner as to whether a Parallel Seq Scan will cost less than a
non-parallel TID Range Scan due to the CPU concurrency of the Seq Scan
(disk costs are not divided by the number of workers).  It was possible
the planner could choose the Parallel Seq Scan which would result in
reading additional blocks during execution than the TID Scan would have.
Allowing Parallel TID Range Scans removes the trade-off the planner
makes when choosing between reduced CPU costs due to parallelism vs
additional I/O from the Parallel Seq Scan due to it scanning blocks from
outside of the required TID range.  There is also, of course, the
traditional parallelism performance benefits to be gained as well, which
likely doesn't need to be explained here.

Author: Cary Huang <cary.huang@highgo.ca>
Author: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Junwang Zhao <zhjwpku@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rafia Sabih <rafia.pghackers@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Steven Niu <niushiji@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/18f2c002a24.11bc2ab825151706.3749144144619388582@highgo.ca

src/test/regress/expected/tidrangescan.out

@@ -297,4 +297,109 @@ FETCH LAST c;
 
 COMMIT;
 DROP TABLE tidrangescan;
+-- Tests for parallel TID Range Scans
+BEGIN;
+SET LOCAL parallel_setup_cost TO 0;
+SET LOCAL parallel_tuple_cost TO 0;
+SET LOCAL min_parallel_table_scan_size TO 0;
+SET LOCAL max_parallel_workers_per_gather TO 4;
+CREATE TABLE parallel_tidrangescan (id integer, data text)
+WITH (fillfactor = 10);
+-- Insert enough tuples such that each page gets 5 tuples with fillfactor = 10
+INSERT INTO parallel_tidrangescan
+SELECT i, repeat('x', 100) FROM generate_series(1,200) AS s(i);
+-- Ensure there are 40 pages for parallel test
+SELECT min(ctid), max(ctid) FROM parallel_tidrangescan;
+  min  |  max   
+-------+--------
+ (0,1) | (39,5)
+(1 row)
+
+-- Parallel range scans with upper bound
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid < '(30,1)';
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Finalize Aggregate
+   ->  Gather
+         Workers Planned: 4
+         ->  Partial Aggregate
+               ->  Parallel Tid Range Scan on parallel_tidrangescan
+                     TID Cond: (ctid < '(30,1)'::tid)
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid < '(30,1)';
+ count 
+-------
+   150
+(1 row)
+
+-- Parallel range scans with lower bound
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)';
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Finalize Aggregate
+   ->  Gather
+         Workers Planned: 4
+         ->  Partial Aggregate
+               ->  Parallel Tid Range Scan on parallel_tidrangescan
+                     TID Cond: (ctid > '(10,0)'::tid)
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)';
+ count 
+-------
+   150
+(1 row)
+
+-- Parallel range scans with both bounds
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)' AND ctid < '(30,1)';
+                                    QUERY PLAN                                     
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Finalize Aggregate
+   ->  Gather
+         Workers Planned: 4
+         ->  Partial Aggregate
+               ->  Parallel Tid Range Scan on parallel_tidrangescan
+                     TID Cond: ((ctid > '(10,0)'::tid) AND (ctid < '(30,1)'::tid))
+(6 rows)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)' AND ctid < '(30,1)';
+ count 
+-------
+   100
+(1 row)
+
+-- Parallel rescans
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t.ctid,t2.c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t,
+LATERAL (SELECT count(*) c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t2 WHERE t2.ctid <= t.ctid) t2
+WHERE t.ctid < '(1,0)';
+                           QUERY PLAN                           
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop
+   ->  Gather
+         Workers Planned: 4
+         ->  Parallel Tid Range Scan on parallel_tidrangescan t
+               TID Cond: (ctid < '(1,0)'::tid)
+   ->  Aggregate
+         ->  Tid Range Scan on parallel_tidrangescan t2
+               TID Cond: (ctid <= t.ctid)
+(8 rows)
+
+SELECT t.ctid,t2.c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t,
+LATERAL (SELECT count(*) c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t2 WHERE t2.ctid <= t.ctid) t2
+WHERE t.ctid < '(1,0)';
+ ctid  | c 
+-------+---
+ (0,1) | 1
+ (0,2) | 2
+ (0,3) | 3
+ (0,4) | 4
+ (0,5) | 5
+(5 rows)
+
+ROLLBACK;
 RESET enable_seqscan;

src/test/regress/sql/tidrangescan.sql

@@ -98,4 +98,48 @@ COMMIT;
 
 DROP TABLE tidrangescan;
 
+-- Tests for parallel TID Range Scans
+BEGIN;
+
+SET LOCAL parallel_setup_cost TO 0;
+SET LOCAL parallel_tuple_cost TO 0;
+SET LOCAL min_parallel_table_scan_size TO 0;
+SET LOCAL max_parallel_workers_per_gather TO 4;
+
+CREATE TABLE parallel_tidrangescan (id integer, data text)
+WITH (fillfactor = 10);
+
+-- Insert enough tuples such that each page gets 5 tuples with fillfactor = 10
+INSERT INTO parallel_tidrangescan
+SELECT i, repeat('x', 100) FROM generate_series(1,200) AS s(i);
+
+-- Ensure there are 40 pages for parallel test
+SELECT min(ctid), max(ctid) FROM parallel_tidrangescan;
+
+-- Parallel range scans with upper bound
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid < '(30,1)';
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid < '(30,1)';
+
+-- Parallel range scans with lower bound
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)';
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)';
+
+-- Parallel range scans with both bounds
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)' AND ctid < '(30,1)';
+SELECT count(*) FROM parallel_tidrangescan WHERE ctid > '(10,0)' AND ctid < '(30,1)';
+
+-- Parallel rescans
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t.ctid,t2.c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t,
+LATERAL (SELECT count(*) c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t2 WHERE t2.ctid <= t.ctid) t2
+WHERE t.ctid < '(1,0)';
+
+SELECT t.ctid,t2.c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t,
+LATERAL (SELECT count(*) c FROM parallel_tidrangescan t2 WHERE t2.ctid <= t.ctid) t2
+WHERE t.ctid < '(1,0)';
+
+ROLLBACK;
 RESET enable_seqscan;