Eagerly scan all-visible pages to amortize aggressive vacuum

Aggressive vacuums must scan every unfrozen tuple in order to advance
the relfrozenxid/relminmxid. Because data is often vacuumed before it is
old enough to require freezing, relations may build up a large backlog
of pages that are set all-visible but not all-frozen in the visibility
map. When an aggressive vacuum is triggered, all of these pages must be
scanned. These pages have often been evicted from shared buffers and
even from the kernel buffer cache. Thus, aggressive vacuums often incur
large amounts of extra I/O at the expense of foreground workloads.

To amortize the cost of aggressive vacuums, eagerly scan some
all-visible but not all-frozen pages during normal vacuums.

All-visible pages that are eagerly scanned and set all-frozen in the
visibility map are counted as successful eager freezes and those not
frozen are counted as failed eager freezes.

If too many eager scans fail in a row, eager scanning is temporarily
suspended until a later portion of the relation. The number of failures
tolerated is configurable globally and per table.

To effectively amortize aggressive vacuums, we cap the number of
successes as well. Capping eager freeze successes also limits the amount
of potentially wasted work if these pages are modified again before the
next aggressive vacuum. Once we reach the maximum number of blocks
successfully eager frozen, eager scanning is disabled for the remainder
of the vacuum of the relation.

Original design idea from Robert Haas, with enhancements from
Andres Freund, Tomas Vondra, and me

Reviewed-by: Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Reviewed-by: Robert Treat <rob@xzilla.net>
Reviewed-by: Bilal Yavuz <byavuz81@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/CAAKRu_ZF_KCzZuOrPrOqjGVe8iRVWEAJSpzMgRQs%3D5-v84cXUg%40mail.gmail.com

doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

@@ -9147,6 +9147,45 @@ COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
+     <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-max-eager-freeze-failure-rate" xreflabel="vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate">
+      <term><varname>vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+        Specifies the maximum number of pages (as a fraction of total pages in
+        the relation) that <command>VACUUM</command> may scan and
+        <emphasis>fail</emphasis> to set all-frozen in the visibility map
+        before disabling eager scanning. A value of <literal>0</literal>
+        disables eager scanning altogether. The default is
+        <literal>0.03</literal> (3%).
+       </para>
+
+       <para>
+        Note that when eager scanning is enabled, successful page freezes do
+        not count against the cap on eager freeze failures. Successful page
+        freezes are capped internally at 20% of the all-visible but not
+        all-frozen pages in the relation. Capping successful page freezes helps
+        amortize the overhead across multiple normal vacuums and limits the
+        potential downside of wasted eager freezes of pages that are modified
+        again before the next aggressive vacuum.
+       </para>
+
+       <para>
+        This parameter can only be set in the
+        <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> file or on the server command
+        line; but the setting can be overridden for individual tables by
+        changing the
+        <link linkend="reloption-vacuum-max-eager-freeze-failure-rate">
+        corresponding table storage parameter</link>.
+        For more information on tuning vacuum's freezing behavior,
+        see <xref linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound"/>.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
      </variablelist>
     </sect2>
    </sect1>

doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml

@@ -496,9 +496,25 @@
     When that happens, <command>VACUUM</command> will eventually need to perform an
     <firstterm>aggressive vacuum</firstterm>, which will freeze all eligible unfrozen
     XID and MXID values, including those from all-visible but not all-frozen pages.
-    In practice most tables require periodic aggressive vacuuming.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    If a table is building up a backlog of all-visible but not all-frozen
+    pages, a normal vacuum may choose to scan skippable pages in an effort to
+    freeze them. Doing so decreases the number of pages the next aggressive
+    vacuum must scan. These are referred to as <firstterm>eagerly
+    scanned</firstterm> pages. Eager scanning can be tuned to attempt to freeze
+    more all-visible pages by increasing <xref
+    linkend="guc-vacuum-max-eager-freeze-failure-rate"/>. Even if eager
+    scanning has kept the number of all-visible but not all-frozen pages to a
+    minimum, most tables still require periodic aggressive vacuuming. However,
+    any pages successfully eager frozen may be skipped during an aggressive
+    vacuum, so eager freezing may minimize the overhead of aggressive vacuums.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
     <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-freeze-table-age"/>
-    controls when <command>VACUUM</command> does that: all-visible but not all-frozen
+    controls when a table is aggressively vacuumed. All all-visible but not all-frozen
     pages are scanned if the number of transactions that have passed since the
     last such scan is greater than <varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</varname> minus
     <varname>vacuum_freeze_min_age</varname>. Setting
@@ -626,10 +642,12 @@ SELECT datname, age(datfrozenxid) FROM pg_database;
    </tip>
 
    <para>
-    <command>VACUUM</command> normally only scans pages that have been modified
+    While <command>VACUUM</command> scans mostly pages that have been
-    since the last vacuum, but <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield> can only be
+    modified since the last vacuum, it may also eagerly scan some
-    advanced when every page of the table
+    all-visible but not all-frozen pages in an attempt to freeze them, but
-    that might contain unfrozen XIDs is scanned.  This happens when
+    the <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield> will only be advanced when
+    every page of the table that might contain unfrozen XIDs is scanned.
+    This happens when
     <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield> is more than
     <varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</varname> transactions old, when
     <command>VACUUM</command>'s <literal>FREEZE</literal> option is used, or when all
@@ -931,8 +949,7 @@ vacuum insert threshold = vacuum base insert threshold + vacuum insert scale fac
     If the <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield> value of the table
     is more than <varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</varname> transactions old,
     an aggressive vacuum is performed to freeze old tuples and advance
-    <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield>; otherwise, only pages that have been modified
+    <structfield>relfrozenxid</structfield>.
-    since the last vacuum are scanned.
    </para>
 
    <para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml

@@ -1950,6 +1950,21 @@ WITH ( MODULUS <replaceable class="parameter">numeric_literal</replaceable>, REM
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 
+   <varlistentry id="reloption-vacuum-max-eager-freeze-failure-rate" xreflabel="vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate">
+    <term><literal>vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate</literal>, <literal>toast.vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate</literal> (<type>floating point</type>)
+    <indexterm>
+     <primary><varname>vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate</varname></primary>
+     <secondary>storage parameter</secondary>
+    </indexterm>
+    </term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Per-table value for <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-max-eager-freeze-failure-rate"/>
+      parameter.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    <varlistentry id="reloption-user-catalog-table" xreflabel="user_catalog_table">
     <term><literal>user_catalog_table</literal> (<type>boolean</type>)
     <indexterm>

src/backend/access/common/reloptions.c

@@ -432,6 +432,16 @@ static relopt_real realRelOpts[] =
 		},
 		-1, 0.0, 100.0
 	},
+	{
+		{
+			"vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate",
+			"Fraction of pages in a relation vacuum can scan and fail to freeze before disabling eager scanning.",
+			RELOPT_KIND_HEAP | RELOPT_KIND_TOAST,
+			ShareUpdateExclusiveLock
+		},
+		-1, 0.0, 1.0
+	},
+
 	{
 		{
 			"seq_page_cost",
@@ -1891,7 +1901,9 @@ default_reloptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate, relopt_kind kind)
 		{"vacuum_index_cleanup", RELOPT_TYPE_ENUM,
 		offsetof(StdRdOptions, vacuum_index_cleanup)},
 		{"vacuum_truncate", RELOPT_TYPE_BOOL,
-		offsetof(StdRdOptions, vacuum_truncate)}
+		offsetof(StdRdOptions, vacuum_truncate)},
+		{"vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate", RELOPT_TYPE_REAL,
+		offsetof(StdRdOptions, vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate)}
 	};
 
 	return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate, kind,

src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
  * failsafe mechanism has triggered (to avoid transaction ID wraparound),
  * vacuum may skip phases II and III.
  *
- * If the TID store fills up in phase I, vacuum suspends phase I, proceeds to
+ * If the TID store fills up in phase I, vacuum suspends phase I and proceeds
- * phases II and II, cleaning up the dead tuples referenced in the current TID
+ * to phases II and III, cleaning up the dead tuples referenced in the current
- * store. This empties the TID store resumes phase I.
+ * TID store. This empties the TID store, allowing vacuum to resume phase I.
  *
  * In a way, the phases are more like states in a state machine, but they have
  * been referred to colloquially as phases for so long that they are referred
@@ -41,9 +41,53 @@
  * to the end, skipping pages as permitted by their visibility status, vacuum
  * options, and various other requirements.
  *
- * When page skipping is not disabled, a non-aggressive vacuum may scan pages
+ * Vacuums are either aggressive or normal. Aggressive vacuums must scan every
- * that are marked all-visible (and even all-frozen) in the visibility map if
+ * unfrozen tuple in order to advance relfrozenxid and avoid transaction ID
- * the range of skippable pages is below SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD.
+ * wraparound. Normal vacuums may scan otherwise skippable pages for one of
+ * two reasons:
+ *
+ * When page skipping is not disabled, a normal vacuum may scan pages that are
+ * marked all-visible (and even all-frozen) in the visibility map if the range
+ * of skippable pages is below SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD. This is primarily for the
+ * benefit of kernel readahead (see comment in heap_vac_scan_next_block()).
+ *
+ * A normal vacuum may also scan skippable pages in an effort to freeze them
+ * and decrease the backlog of all-visible but not all-frozen pages that have
+ * to be processed by the next aggressive vacuum. These are referred to as
+ * eagerly scanned pages. Pages scanned due to SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD do not
+ * count as eagerly scanned pages.
+ *
+ * Eagerly scanned pages that are set all-frozen in the VM are successful
+ * eager freezes and those not set all-frozen in the VM are failed eager
+ * freezes.
+ *
+ * Because we want to amortize the overhead of freezing pages over multiple
+ * vacuums, normal vacuums cap the number of successful eager freezes to
+ * MAX_EAGER_FREEZE_SUCCESS_RATE of the number of all-visible but not
+ * all-frozen pages at the beginning of the vacuum. Since eagerly frozen pages
+ * may be unfrozen before the next aggressive vacuum, capping the number of
+ * successful eager freezes also caps the downside of eager freezing:
+ * potentially wasted work.
+ *
+ * Once the success cap has been hit, eager scanning is disabled for the
+ * remainder of the vacuum of the relation.
+ *
+ * Success is capped globally because we don't want to limit our successes if
+ * old data happens to be concentrated in a particular part of the table. This
+ * is especially likely to happen for append-mostly workloads where the oldest
+ * data is at the beginning of the unfrozen portion of the relation.
+ *
+ * On the assumption that different regions of the table are likely to contain
+ * similarly aged data, normal vacuums use a localized eager freeze failure
+ * cap. The failure count is reset for each region of the table -- comprised
+ * of EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE blocks. In each region, we tolerate
+ * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate of EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE failures
+ * before suspending eager scanning until the end of the region.
+ * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate is configurable both globally and per
+ * table.
+ *
+ * Aggressive vacuums must examine every unfrozen tuple and thus are not
+ * subject to any of the limits imposed by the eager scanning algorithm.
  *
  * Once vacuum has decided to scan a given block, it must read the block and
  * obtain a cleanup lock to prune tuples on the page. A non-aggressive vacuum
@@ -100,6 +144,7 @@
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
 #include "common/int.h"
+#include "common/pg_prng.h"
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
@@ -185,6 +230,24 @@ typedef enum
 	VACUUM_ERRCB_PHASE_TRUNCATE,
 } VacErrPhase;
 
+/*
+ * An eager scan of a page that is set all-frozen in the VM is considered
+ * "successful". To spread out freezing overhead across multiple normal
+ * vacuums, we limit the number of successful eager page freezes. The maximum
+ * number of eager page freezes is calculated as a ratio of the all-visible
+ * but not all-frozen pages at the beginning of the vacuum.
+ */
+#define MAX_EAGER_FREEZE_SUCCESS_RATE 0.2
+
+/*
+ * On the assumption that different regions of the table tend to have
+ * similarly aged data, once vacuum fails to freeze
+ * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate of the blocks in a region of size
+ * EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE, it suspends eager scanning until it has progressed
+ * to another region of the table with potentially older data.
+ */
+#define EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE 4096
+
 typedef struct LVRelState
 {
 	/* Target heap relation and its indexes */
@@ -241,6 +304,13 @@ typedef struct LVRelState
 
 	BlockNumber rel_pages;		/* total number of pages */
 	BlockNumber scanned_pages;	/* # pages examined (not skipped via VM) */
+
+	/*
+	 * Count of all-visible blocks eagerly scanned (for logging only). This
+	 * does not include skippable blocks scanned due to SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD.
+	 */
+	BlockNumber eager_scanned_pages;
+
 	BlockNumber removed_pages;	/* # pages removed by relation truncation */
 	BlockNumber new_frozen_tuple_pages; /* # pages with newly frozen tuples */
 
@@ -282,9 +352,57 @@ typedef struct LVRelState
 	BlockNumber current_block;	/* last block returned */
 	BlockNumber next_unskippable_block; /* next unskippable block */
 	bool		next_unskippable_allvis;	/* its visibility status */
+	bool		next_unskippable_eager_scanned; /* if it was eagerly scanned */
 	Buffer		next_unskippable_vmbuffer;	/* buffer containing its VM bit */
+
+	/* State related to managing eager scanning of all-visible pages */
+
+	/*
+	 * A normal vacuum that has failed to freeze too many eagerly scanned
+	 * blocks in a region suspends eager scanning.
+	 * next_eager_scan_region_start is the block number of the first block
+	 * eligible for resumed eager scanning.
+	 *
+	 * When eager scanning is permanently disabled, either initially
+	 * (including for aggressive vacuum) or due to hitting the success cap,
+	 * this is set to InvalidBlockNumber.
+	 */
+	BlockNumber next_eager_scan_region_start;
+
+	/*
+	 * The remaining number of blocks a normal vacuum will consider eager
+	 * scanning when it is successful. When eager scanning is enabled, this is
+	 * initialized to MAX_EAGER_FREEZE_SUCCESS_RATE of the total number of
+	 * all-visible but not all-frozen pages. For each eager freeze success,
+	 * this is decremented. Once it hits 0, eager scanning is permanently
+	 * disabled. It is initialized to 0 if eager scanning starts out disabled
+	 * (including for aggressive vacuum).
+	 */
+	BlockNumber eager_scan_remaining_successes;
+
+	/*
+	 * The maximum number of blocks which may be eagerly scanned and not
+	 * frozen before eager scanning is temporarily suspended. This is
+	 * configurable both globally, via the
+	 * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate GUC, and per table, with a table
+	 * storage parameter of the same name. It is calculated as
+	 * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate of EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE blocks.
+	 * It is 0 when eager scanning is disabled.
+	 */
+	BlockNumber eager_scan_max_fails_per_region;
+
+	/*
+	 * The number of eagerly scanned blocks vacuum failed to freeze (due to
+	 * age) in the current eager scan region. Vacuum resets it to
+	 * eager_scan_max_fails_per_region each time it enters a new region of the
+	 * relation. If eager_scan_remaining_fails hits 0, eager scanning is
+	 * suspended until the next region. It is also 0 if eager scanning has
+	 * been permanently disabled.
+	 */
+	BlockNumber eager_scan_remaining_fails;
 } LVRelState;
 
+
 /* Struct for saving and restoring vacuum error information. */
 typedef struct LVSavedErrInfo
 {
@@ -296,8 +414,11 @@ typedef struct LVSavedErrInfo
 
 /* non-export function prototypes */
 static void lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel);
+static void heap_vacuum_eager_scan_setup(LVRelState *vacrel,
+										 VacuumParams *params);
 static bool heap_vac_scan_next_block(LVRelState *vacrel, BlockNumber *blkno,
-									 bool *all_visible_according_to_vm);
+									 bool *all_visible_according_to_vm,
+									 bool *was_eager_scanned);
 static void find_next_unskippable_block(LVRelState *vacrel, bool *skipsallvis);
 static bool lazy_scan_new_or_empty(LVRelState *vacrel, Buffer buf,
 								   BlockNumber blkno, Page page,
@@ -305,7 +426,7 @@ static bool lazy_scan_new_or_empty(LVRelState *vacrel, Buffer buf,
 static void lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel, Buffer buf,
 							BlockNumber blkno, Page page,
 							Buffer vmbuffer, bool all_visible_according_to_vm,
-							bool *has_lpdead_items);
+							bool *has_lpdead_items, bool *vm_page_frozen);
 static bool lazy_scan_noprune(LVRelState *vacrel, Buffer buf,
 							  BlockNumber blkno, Page page,
 							  bool *has_lpdead_items);
@@ -347,6 +468,130 @@ static void restore_vacuum_error_info(LVRelState *vacrel,
 									  const LVSavedErrInfo *saved_vacrel);
 
 
+
+/*
+ * Helper to set up the eager scanning state for vacuuming a single relation.
+ * Initializes the eager scan management related members of the LVRelState.
+ *
+ * Caller provides whether or not an aggressive vacuum is required due to
+ * vacuum options or for relfrozenxid/relminmxid advancement.
+ */
+static void
+heap_vacuum_eager_scan_setup(LVRelState *vacrel, VacuumParams *params)
+{
+	uint32		randseed;
+	BlockNumber allvisible;
+	BlockNumber allfrozen;
+	float		first_region_ratio;
+	bool		oldest_unfrozen_before_cutoff = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize eager scan management fields to their disabled values.
+	 * Aggressive vacuums, normal vacuums of small tables, and normal vacuums
+	 * of tables without sufficiently old tuples disable eager scanning.
+	 */
+	vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start = InvalidBlockNumber;
+	vacrel->eager_scan_max_fails_per_region = 0;
+	vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails = 0;
+	vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes = 0;
+
+	/* If eager scanning is explicitly disabled, just return. */
+	if (params->max_eager_freeze_failure_rate == 0)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * The caller will have determined whether or not an aggressive vacuum is
+	 * required by either the vacuum parameters or the relative age of the
+	 * oldest unfrozen transaction IDs. An aggressive vacuum must scan every
+	 * all-visible page to safely advance the relfrozenxid and/or relminmxid,
+	 * so scans of all-visible pages are not considered eager.
+	 */
+	if (vacrel->aggressive)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Aggressively vacuuming a small relation shouldn't take long, so it
+	 * isn't worth amortizing. We use two times the region size as the size
+	 * cutoff because the eager scan start block is a random spot somewhere in
+	 * the first region, making the second region the first to be eager
+	 * scanned normally.
+	 */
+	if (vacrel->rel_pages < 2 * EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * We only want to enable eager scanning if we are likely to be able to
+	 * freeze some of the pages in the relation.
+	 *
+	 * Tuples with XIDs older than OldestXmin or MXIDs older than OldestMxact
+	 * are technically freezable, but we won't freeze them unless the criteria
+	 * for opportunistic freezing is met. Only tuples with XIDs/MXIDs older
+	 * than the the FreezeLimit/MultiXactCutoff are frozen in the common case.
+	 *
+	 * So, as a heuristic, we wait until the FreezeLimit has advanced past the
+	 * relfrozenxid or the MultiXactCutoff has advanced past the relminmxid to
+	 * enable eager scanning.
+	 */
+	if (TransactionIdIsNormal(vacrel->cutoffs.relfrozenxid) &&
+		TransactionIdPrecedes(vacrel->cutoffs.relfrozenxid,
+							  vacrel->cutoffs.FreezeLimit))
+		oldest_unfrozen_before_cutoff = true;
+
+	if (!oldest_unfrozen_before_cutoff &&
+		MultiXactIdIsValid(vacrel->cutoffs.relminmxid) &&
+		MultiXactIdPrecedes(vacrel->cutoffs.relminmxid,
+							vacrel->cutoffs.MultiXactCutoff))
+		oldest_unfrozen_before_cutoff = true;
+
+	if (!oldest_unfrozen_before_cutoff)
+		return;
+
+	/* We have met the criteria to eagerly scan some pages. */
+
+	/*
+	 * Our success cap is MAX_EAGER_FREEZE_SUCCESS_RATE of the number of
+	 * all-visible but not all-frozen blocks in the relation.
+	 */
+	visibilitymap_count(vacrel->rel, &allvisible, &allfrozen);
+
+	vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes =
+		(BlockNumber) (MAX_EAGER_FREEZE_SUCCESS_RATE *
+					   (allvisible - allfrozen));
+
+	/* If every all-visible page is frozen, eager scanning is disabled. */
+	if (vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes == 0)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Now calculate the bounds of the first eager scan region. Its end block
+	 * will be a random spot somewhere in the first EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE
+	 * blocks. This affects the bounds of all subsequent regions and avoids
+	 * eager scanning and failing to freeze the same blocks each vacuum of the
+	 * relation.
+	 */
+	randseed = pg_prng_uint32(&pg_global_prng_state);
+
+	vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start = randseed % EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE;
+
+	Assert(params->max_eager_freeze_failure_rate > 0 &&
+		   params->max_eager_freeze_failure_rate <= 1);
+
+	vacrel->eager_scan_max_fails_per_region =
+		params->max_eager_freeze_failure_rate *
+		EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE;
+
+	/*
+	 * The first region will be smaller than subsequent regions. As such,
+	 * adjust the eager freeze failures tolerated for this region.
+	 */
+	first_region_ratio = 1 - (float) vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start /
+		EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE;
+
+	vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails =
+		vacrel->eager_scan_max_fails_per_region *
+		first_region_ratio;
+}
+
 /*
  *	heap_vacuum_rel() -- perform VACUUM for one heap relation
  *
@@ -477,6 +722,7 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 
 	/* Initialize page counters explicitly (be tidy) */
 	vacrel->scanned_pages = 0;
+	vacrel->eager_scanned_pages = 0;
 	vacrel->removed_pages = 0;
 	vacrel->new_frozen_tuple_pages = 0;
 	vacrel->lpdead_item_pages = 0;
@@ -502,6 +748,7 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	vacrel->vm_new_visible_pages = 0;
 	vacrel->vm_new_visible_frozen_pages = 0;
 	vacrel->vm_new_frozen_pages = 0;
+	vacrel->rel_pages = orig_rel_pages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get cutoffs that determine which deleted tuples are considered DEAD,
@@ -520,11 +767,16 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 	 * to increase the number of dead tuples it can prune away.)
 	 */
 	vacrel->aggressive = vacuum_get_cutoffs(rel, params, &vacrel->cutoffs);
-	vacrel->rel_pages = orig_rel_pages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
 	vacrel->vistest = GlobalVisTestFor(rel);
 	/* Initialize state used to track oldest extant XID/MXID */
 	vacrel->NewRelfrozenXid = vacrel->cutoffs.OldestXmin;
 	vacrel->NewRelminMxid = vacrel->cutoffs.OldestMxact;
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize state related to tracking all-visible page skipping. This is
+	 * very important to determine whether or not it is safe to advance the
+	 * relfrozenxid/relminmxid.
+	 */
 	vacrel->skippedallvis = false;
 	skipwithvm = true;
 	if (params->options & VACOPT_DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING)
@@ -539,6 +791,13 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 
 	vacrel->skipwithvm = skipwithvm;
 
+	/*
+	 * Set up eager scan tracking state. This must happen after determining
+	 * whether or not the vacuum must be aggressive, because only normal
+	 * vacuums use the eager scan algorithm.
+	 */
+	heap_vacuum_eager_scan_setup(vacrel, params);
+
 	if (verbose)
 	{
 		if (vacrel->aggressive)
@@ -734,12 +993,14 @@ heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel, VacuumParams *params,
 							 vacrel->relnamespace,
 							 vacrel->relname,
 							 vacrel->num_index_scans);
-			appendStringInfo(&buf, _("pages: %u removed, %u remain, %u scanned (%.2f%% of total)\n"),
+			appendStringInfo(&buf, _("pages: %u removed, %u remain, %u scanned (%.2f%% of total), %u eagerly scanned\n"),
 							 vacrel->removed_pages,
 							 new_rel_pages,
 							 vacrel->scanned_pages,
 							 orig_rel_pages == 0 ? 100.0 :
-							 100.0 * vacrel->scanned_pages / orig_rel_pages);
+							 100.0 * vacrel->scanned_pages /
+							 orig_rel_pages,
+							 vacrel->eager_scanned_pages);
 			appendStringInfo(&buf,
 							 _("tuples: %lld removed, %lld remain, %lld are dead but not yet removable\n"),
 							 (long long) vacrel->tuples_deleted,
@@ -910,8 +1171,10 @@ lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel)
 	BlockNumber rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages,
 				blkno,
 				next_fsm_block_to_vacuum = 0;
-	bool		all_visible_according_to_vm;
+	bool		all_visible_according_to_vm,
-
+				was_eager_scanned = false;
+	BlockNumber orig_eager_scan_success_limit =
+		vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes; /* for logging */
 	Buffer		vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
 	const int	initprog_index[] = {
 		PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
@@ -930,16 +1193,21 @@ lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel)
 	vacrel->current_block = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_block = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_allvis = false;
+	vacrel->next_unskippable_eager_scanned = false;
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
 
-	while (heap_vac_scan_next_block(vacrel, &blkno, &all_visible_according_to_vm))
+	while (heap_vac_scan_next_block(vacrel, &blkno, &all_visible_according_to_vm,
+									&was_eager_scanned))
 	{
 		Buffer		buf;
 		Page		page;
 		bool		has_lpdead_items;
+		bool		vm_page_frozen = false;
 		bool		got_cleanup_lock = false;
 
 		vacrel->scanned_pages++;
+		if (was_eager_scanned)
+			vacrel->eager_scanned_pages++;
 
 		/* Report as block scanned, update error traceback information */
 		pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_HEAP_BLKS_SCANNED, blkno);
@@ -1064,7 +1332,56 @@ lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel)
 		if (got_cleanup_lock)
 			lazy_scan_prune(vacrel, buf, blkno, page,
 							vmbuffer, all_visible_according_to_vm,
-							&has_lpdead_items);
+							&has_lpdead_items, &vm_page_frozen);
+
+		/*
+		 * Count an eagerly scanned page as a failure or a success.
+		 *
+		 * Only lazy_scan_prune() freezes pages, so if we didn't get the
+		 * cleanup lock, we won't have frozen the page. However, we only count
+		 * pages that were too new to require freezing as eager freeze
+		 * failures.
+		 *
+		 * We could gather more information from lazy_scan_noprune() about
+		 * whether or not there were tuples with XIDs or MXIDs older than the
+		 * FreezeLimit or MultiXactCutoff. However, for simplicity, we simply
+		 * exclude pages skipped due to cleanup lock contention from eager
+		 * freeze algorithm caps.
+		 */
+		if (got_cleanup_lock && was_eager_scanned)
+		{
+			/* Aggressive vacuums do not eager scan. */
+			Assert(!vacrel->aggressive);
+
+			if (vm_page_frozen)
+			{
+				Assert(vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes > 0);
+				vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes--;
+
+				if (vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_successes == 0)
+				{
+					/*
+					 * If we hit our success cap, permanently disable eager
+					 * scanning by setting the other eager scan management
+					 * fields to their disabled values.
+					 */
+					vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails = 0;
+					vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start = InvalidBlockNumber;
+					vacrel->eager_scan_max_fails_per_region = 0;
+
+					ereport(vacrel->verbose ? INFO : DEBUG2,
+							(errmsg("disabling eager scanning after freezing %u eagerly scanned blocks of \"%s.%s.%s\"",
+									orig_eager_scan_success_limit,
+									vacrel->dbname, vacrel->relnamespace,
+									vacrel->relname)));
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				Assert(vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails > 0);
+				vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails--;
+			}
+		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Now drop the buffer lock and, potentially, update the FSM.
@@ -1164,7 +1481,9 @@ lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel)
  *
  * The block number and visibility status of the next block to process are set
  * in *blkno and *all_visible_according_to_vm.  The return value is false if
- * there are no further blocks to process.
+ * there are no further blocks to process. If the block is being eagerly
+ * scanned, was_eager_scanned is set so that the caller can count whether or
+ * not an eagerly scanned page is successfully frozen.
  *
  * vacrel is an in/out parameter here.  Vacuum options and information about
  * the relation are read.  vacrel->skippedallvis is set if we skip a block
@@ -1174,13 +1493,16 @@ lazy_scan_heap(LVRelState *vacrel)
  */
 static bool
 heap_vac_scan_next_block(LVRelState *vacrel, BlockNumber *blkno,
-						 bool *all_visible_according_to_vm)
+						 bool *all_visible_according_to_vm,
+						 bool *was_eager_scanned)
 {
 	BlockNumber next_block;
 
 	/* relies on InvalidBlockNumber + 1 overflowing to 0 on first call */
 	next_block = vacrel->current_block + 1;
 
+	*was_eager_scanned = false;
+
 	/* Have we reached the end of the relation? */
 	if (next_block >= vacrel->rel_pages)
 	{
@@ -1253,6 +1575,7 @@ heap_vac_scan_next_block(LVRelState *vacrel, BlockNumber *blkno,
 
 		*blkno = vacrel->current_block = next_block;
 		*all_visible_according_to_vm = vacrel->next_unskippable_allvis;
+		*was_eager_scanned = vacrel->next_unskippable_eager_scanned;
 		return true;
 	}
 }
@@ -1276,11 +1599,12 @@ find_next_unskippable_block(LVRelState *vacrel, bool *skipsallvis)
 	BlockNumber rel_pages = vacrel->rel_pages;
 	BlockNumber next_unskippable_block = vacrel->next_unskippable_block + 1;
 	Buffer		next_unskippable_vmbuffer = vacrel->next_unskippable_vmbuffer;
+	bool		next_unskippable_eager_scanned = false;
 	bool		next_unskippable_allvis;
 
 	*skipsallvis = false;
 
-	for (;;)
+	for (;; next_unskippable_block++)
 	{
 		uint8		mapbits = visibilitymap_get_status(vacrel->rel,
 													   next_unskippable_block,
@@ -1288,6 +1612,19 @@ find_next_unskippable_block(LVRelState *vacrel, bool *skipsallvis)
 
 		next_unskippable_allvis = (mapbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE) != 0;
 
+		/*
+		 * At the start of each eager scan region, normal vacuums with eager
+		 * scanning enabled reset the failure counter, allowing vacuum to
+		 * resume eager scanning if it had been suspended in the previous
+		 * region.
+		 */
+		if (next_unskippable_block >= vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start)
+		{
+			vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails =
+				vacrel->eager_scan_max_fails_per_region;
+			vacrel->next_eager_scan_region_start += EAGER_SCAN_REGION_SIZE;
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * A block is unskippable if it is not all visible according to the
 		 * visibility map.
@@ -1316,28 +1653,41 @@ find_next_unskippable_block(LVRelState *vacrel, bool *skipsallvis)
 			break;
 
 		/*
-		 * Aggressive VACUUM caller can't skip pages just because they are
+		 * All-frozen pages cannot contain XIDs < OldestXmin (XIDs that aren't
-		 * all-visible.  They may still skip all-frozen pages, which can't
+		 * already frozen by now), so this page can be skipped.
-		 * contain XIDs < OldestXmin (XIDs that aren't already frozen by now).
+		 */
+		if ((mapbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) != 0)
+			continue;
+
+		/*
+		 * Aggressive vacuums cannot skip any all-visible pages that are not
+		 * also all-frozen.
 		 */
-		if ((mapbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) == 0)
-		{
 		if (vacrel->aggressive)
 			break;
 
 		/*
-			 * All-visible block is safe to skip in non-aggressive case.  But
+		 * Normal vacuums with eager scanning enabled only skip all-visible
+		 * but not all-frozen pages if they have hit the failure limit for the
+		 * current eager scan region.
+		 */
+		if (vacrel->eager_scan_remaining_fails > 0)
+		{
+			next_unskippable_eager_scanned = true;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * All-visible blocks are safe to skip in a normal vacuum. But
 		 * remember that the final range contains such a block for later.
 		 */
 		*skipsallvis = true;
 	}
 
-		next_unskippable_block++;
-	}
-
 	/* write the local variables back to vacrel */
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_block = next_unskippable_block;
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_allvis = next_unskippable_allvis;
+	vacrel->next_unskippable_eager_scanned = next_unskippable_eager_scanned;
 	vacrel->next_unskippable_vmbuffer = next_unskippable_vmbuffer;
 }
 
@@ -1368,6 +1718,12 @@ find_next_unskippable_block(LVRelState *vacrel, bool *skipsallvis)
  * lazy_scan_prune (or lazy_scan_noprune).  Otherwise returns true, indicating
  * that lazy_scan_heap is done processing the page, releasing lock on caller's
  * behalf.
+ *
+ * No vm_page_frozen output parameter (like that passed to lazy_scan_prune())
+ * is passed here because neither empty nor new pages can be eagerly frozen.
+ * New pages are never frozen. Empty pages are always set frozen in the VM at
+ * the same time that they are set all-visible, and we don't eagerly scan
+ * frozen pages.
  */
 static bool
 lazy_scan_new_or_empty(LVRelState *vacrel, Buffer buf, BlockNumber blkno,
@@ -1507,6 +1863,10 @@ cmpOffsetNumbers(const void *a, const void *b)
  *
  * *has_lpdead_items is set to true or false depending on whether, upon return
  * from this function, any LP_DEAD items are still present on the page.
+ *
+ * *vm_page_frozen is set to true if the page is newly set all-frozen in the
+ * VM. The caller currently only uses this for determining whether an eagerly
+ * scanned page was successfully set all-frozen.
  */
 static void
 lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel,
@@ -1515,7 +1875,8 @@ lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel,
 				Page page,
 				Buffer vmbuffer,
 				bool all_visible_according_to_vm,
-				bool *has_lpdead_items)
+				bool *has_lpdead_items,
+				bool *vm_page_frozen)
 {
 	Relation	rel = vacrel->rel;
 	PruneFreezeResult presult;
@@ -1667,11 +2028,17 @@ lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel,
 		{
 			vacrel->vm_new_visible_pages++;
 			if (presult.all_frozen)
+			{
 				vacrel->vm_new_visible_frozen_pages++;
+				*vm_page_frozen = true;
+			}
 		}
 		else if ((old_vmbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) == 0 &&
 				 presult.all_frozen)
+		{
 			vacrel->vm_new_frozen_pages++;
+			*vm_page_frozen = true;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1759,6 +2126,7 @@ lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel,
 		{
 			vacrel->vm_new_visible_pages++;
 			vacrel->vm_new_visible_frozen_pages++;
+			*vm_page_frozen = true;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -1766,7 +2134,10 @@ lazy_scan_prune(LVRelState *vacrel,
 		 * above, so we don't need to test the value of old_vmbits.
 		 */
 		else
+		{
 			vacrel->vm_new_frozen_pages++;
+			*vm_page_frozen = true;
+		}
 	}
 }
 

src/backend/commands/vacuum.c

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ int			vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age;
 int			vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age;
 int			vacuum_failsafe_age;
 int			vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age;
+double		vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
 
 /*
  * Variables for cost-based vacuum delay. The defaults differ between
@@ -405,6 +406,11 @@ ExecVacuum(ParseState *pstate, VacuumStmt *vacstmt, bool isTopLevel)
 	/* user-invoked vacuum uses VACOPT_VERBOSE instead of log_min_duration */
 	params.log_min_duration = -1;
 
+	/*
+	 * Later, in vacuum_rel(), we check if a reloption override was specified.
+	 */
+	params.max_eager_freeze_failure_rate = vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
+
 	/*
 	 * Create special memory context for cross-transaction storage.
 	 *
@@ -2165,6 +2171,15 @@ vacuum_rel(Oid relid, RangeVar *relation, VacuumParams *params,
 		}
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Check if the vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate table storage
+	 * parameter was specified. This overrides the GUC value.
+	 */
+	if (rel->rd_options != NULL &&
+		((StdRdOptions *) rel->rd_options)->vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate >= 0)
+		params->max_eager_freeze_failure_rate =
+			((StdRdOptions *) rel->rd_options)->vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
+
 	/*
 	 * Set truncate option based on truncate reloption if it wasn't specified
 	 * in VACUUM command, or when running in an autovacuum worker

src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c

@@ -2827,6 +2827,12 @@ table_recheck_autovac(Oid relid, HTAB *table_toast_map,
 		tab->at_params.is_wraparound = wraparound;
 		tab->at_params.log_min_duration = log_min_duration;
 		tab->at_params.toast_parent = InvalidOid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Later, in vacuum_rel(), we check reloptions for any
+		 * vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate override.
+		 */
+		tab->at_params.max_eager_freeze_failure_rate = vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
 		tab->at_storage_param_vac_cost_limit = avopts ?
 			avopts->vacuum_cost_limit : 0;
 		tab->at_storage_param_vac_cost_delay = avopts ?

src/backend/utils/misc/guc_tables.c

@@ -4034,6 +4034,16 @@ struct config_real ConfigureNamesReal[] =
 		NULL, NULL, NULL
 	},
 
+	{
+		{"vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate", PGC_USERSET, VACUUM_FREEZING,
+			gettext_noop("Fraction of pages in a relation vacuum can scan and fail to freeze before disabling eager scanning."),
+			gettext_noop("A value of 0.0 disables eager scanning and a value of 1.0 will eagerly scan up to 100 percent of the all-visible pages in the relation. If vacuum successfully freezes these pages, the cap is lower than 100 percent, because the goal is to amortize page freezing across multiple vacuums.")
+		},
+		&vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate,
+		0.03, 0.0, 1.0,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+
 	/* End-of-list marker */
 	{
 		{NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL}, NULL, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, NULL, NULL, NULL

src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample

@@ -704,6 +704,7 @@ autovacuum_worker_slots = 16	# autovacuum worker slots to allocate
 #vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000
 #vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000
 #vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age = 1600000000
+#vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate = 0.03 # 0 disables eager scanning
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS

src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c

@@ -1390,10 +1390,12 @@ static const char *const table_storage_parameters[] = {
 	"toast.autovacuum_vacuum_threshold",
 	"toast.log_autovacuum_min_duration",
 	"toast.vacuum_index_cleanup",
+	"toast.vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate",
 	"toast.vacuum_truncate",
 	"toast_tuple_target",
 	"user_catalog_table",
 	"vacuum_index_cleanup",
+	"vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate",
 	"vacuum_truncate",
 	NULL
 };

src/include/commands/vacuum.h

@@ -231,6 +231,13 @@ typedef struct VacuumParams
 	VacOptValue truncate;		/* Truncate empty pages at the end */
 	Oid			toast_parent;	/* for privilege checks when recursing */
 
+	/*
+	 * Fraction of pages in a relation that vacuum can eagerly scan and fail
+	 * to freeze. Only applicable for table AMs using visibility maps. Derived
+	 * from GUC or table storage parameter. 0 if disabled.
+	 */
+	double		max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
+
 	/*
 	 * The number of parallel vacuum workers.  0 by default which means choose
 	 * based on the number of indexes.  -1 indicates parallel vacuum is
@@ -297,6 +304,16 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT int vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int vacuum_failsafe_age;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age;
 
+/*
+ * Relevant for vacuums implementing eager scanning. Normal vacuums may
+ * eagerly scan some all-visible but not all-frozen pages. Since the goal
+ * is to freeze these pages, an eager scan that fails to set the page
+ * all-frozen in the VM is considered to have "failed". This is the
+ * fraction of pages in the relation vacuum may scan and fail to freeze
+ * before disabling eager scanning.
+ */
+extern PGDLLIMPORT double vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
+
 /*
  * Maximum value for default_statistics_target and per-column statistics
  * targets.  This is fairly arbitrary, mainly to prevent users from creating

src/include/utils/rel.h

@@ -344,6 +344,12 @@ typedef struct StdRdOptions
 	int			parallel_workers;	/* max number of parallel workers */
 	StdRdOptIndexCleanup vacuum_index_cleanup;	/* controls index vacuuming */
 	bool		vacuum_truncate;	/* enables vacuum to truncate a relation */
+
+	/*
+	 * Fraction of pages in a relation that vacuum can eagerly scan and fail
+	 * to freeze. 0 if disabled, -1 if unspecified.
+	 */
+	double		vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate;
 } StdRdOptions;
 
 #define HEAP_MIN_FILLFACTOR			10