diff --git a/bindings/python/README.md b/bindings/python/README.md
index a8dd25d..94fb775 100644
--- a/bindings/python/README.md
+++ b/bindings/python/README.md
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ pdm sync
 Run lint:
 ```bash
 pdm run format
+pdm run fix
 pdm run check
 ```
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/examples/psycopg_example.py b/bindings/python/examples/psycopg_example.py
index 148c7f6..542fc08 100644
--- a/bindings/python/examples/psycopg_example.py
+++ b/bindings/python/examples/psycopg_example.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import psycopg
 from pgvecto_rs.psycopg import register_vector
 
 URL = "postgresql://{username}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{db_name}".format(
-    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", 5432),
+    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", "5432"),
     host=os.getenv("DB_HOST", "localhost"),
     username=os.getenv("DB_USER", "postgres"),
     password=os.getenv("DB_PASS", "mysecretpassword"),
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ with psycopg.connect(URL) as conn:
     conn.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vectors;")
     register_vector(conn)
     conn.execute(
-        "CREATE TABLE documents (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, text TEXT NOT NULL, embedding vector(3) NOT NULL);"
+        "CREATE TABLE documents (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, text TEXT NOT NULL, embedding vector(3) NOT NULL);",
     )
     conn.commit()
     try:
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ with psycopg.connect(URL) as conn:
 
         # Select the row "hello pgvecto.rs"
         cur = conn.execute(
-            "SELECT * FROM documents WHERE text = %s;", ("hello pgvecto.rs",)
+            "SELECT * FROM documents WHERE text = %s;",
+            ("hello pgvecto.rs",),
         )
         target = cur.fetchone()[2]
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/examples/sdk_example.py b/bindings/python/examples/sdk_example.py
index 8791eff..d4cff4a 100644
--- a/bindings/python/examples/sdk_example.py
+++ b/bindings/python/examples/sdk_example.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from openai import OpenAI
 from pgvecto_rs.sdk import PGVectoRs, Record, filters
 
 URL = "postgresql+psycopg://{username}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{db_name}".format(
-    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", 5432),
+    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", "5432"),
     host=os.getenv("DB_HOST", "localhost"),
     username=os.getenv("DB_USER", "postgres"),
     password=os.getenv("DB_PASS", "mysecretpassword"),
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ try:
     # Query (With a filter from the filters module)
     print("#################### First Query ####################")
     for record, dis in client.search(
-        target, filter=filters.meta_contains({"src": "one"})
+        target,
+        filter=filters.meta_contains({"src": "one"}),
     ):
         print(f"DISTANCE SCORE: {dis}")
         print(record)
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ try:
     # Another Query (Equivalent to the first one, but with a lambda filter written by hand)
     print("#################### Second Query ####################")
     for record, dis in client.search(
-        target, filter=lambda r: r.meta.contains({"src": "one"})
+        target,
+        filter=lambda r: r.meta.contains({"src": "one"}),
     ):
         print(f"DISTANCE SCORE: {dis}")
         print(record)
diff --git a/bindings/python/examples/sqlalchemy_example.py b/bindings/python/examples/sqlalchemy_example.py
index d8e6c26..2894367 100644
--- a/bindings/python/examples/sqlalchemy_example.py
+++ b/bindings/python/examples/sqlalchemy_example.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, Session, mapped_column
 from pgvecto_rs.sqlalchemy import Vector
 
 URL = "postgresql+psycopg://{username}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{db_name}".format(
-    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", 5432),
+    port=os.getenv("DB_PORT", "5432"),
     host=os.getenv("DB_HOST", "localhost"),
     username=os.getenv("DB_USER", "postgres"),
     password=os.getenv("DB_PASS", "mysecretpassword"),
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ with Session(engine) as session:
     stmt = select(
         Document.text,
         Document.embedding.squared_euclidean_distance(target.embedding).label(
-            "distance"
+            "distance",
         ),
     ).order_by("distance")
     for doc in session.execute(stmt):
diff --git a/bindings/python/pdm.lock b/bindings/python/pdm.lock
index 4c5b0d4..568ccb4 100644
--- a/bindings/python/pdm.lock
+++ b/bindings/python/pdm.lock
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 groups = ["default", "lint", "psycopg3", "sdk", "sqlalchemy", "test"]
 strategy = ["cross_platform", "direct_minimal_versions"]
 lock_version = "4.4"
-content_hash = "sha256:f65e8d98636d7592453753c6ba60e73a6912f0e21205dff0e0f92bb148befce3"
+content_hash = "sha256:a7e2c999c870cd4bac136205366ffe7d592d8ca043fd0946c3df631f7326282f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "annotated-types"
@@ -506,27 +506,27 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.5"
 requires_python = ">=3.7"
-summary = "An extremely fast Python linter, written in Rust."
+summary = "An extremely fast Python linter and code formatter, written in Rust."
 files = [
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-macosx_10_7_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b7cdc893aef23ccc14c54bd79a8109a82a2c527e11d030b62201d86f6c2b81c5"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-macosx_10_9_x86_64.macosx_11_0_arm64.macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:620d4b34302538dbd8bbbe8fdb8e8f98d72d29bd47e972e2b59ce6c1e8862257"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:2a909d3930afdbc2e9fd893b0034479e90e7981791879aab50ce3d9f55205bd6"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_armv7l.manylinux2014_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:3305d1cb4eb8ff6d3e63a48d1659d20aab43b49fe987b3ca4900528342367145"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:c34ae501d0ec71acf19ee5d4d889e379863dcc4b796bf8ce2934a9357dc31db7"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64.manylinux2014_ppc64.whl", hash = "sha256:6aa7e63c3852cf8fe62698aef31e563e97143a4b801b57f920012d0e07049a8d"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64le.manylinux2014_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:2d68367d1379a6b47e61bc9de144a47bcdb1aad7903bbf256e4c3d31f11a87ae"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:bc11955f6ce3398d2afe81ad7e49d0ebf0a581d8bcb27b8c300281737735e3a3"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:cbbd8eead88ea83a250499074e2a8e9d80975f0b324b1e2e679e4594da318c25"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:f4780e2bb52f3863a565ec3f699319d3493b83ff95ebbb4993e59c62aaf6e75e"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:8f5b24daddf35b6c207619301170cae5d2699955829cda77b6ce1e5fc69340df"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:d3f9ac658ba29e07b95c80fa742b059a55aefffa8b1e078bc3c08768bdd4b11a"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:3521bf910104bf781e6753282282acc145cbe3eff79a1ce6b920404cd756075a"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:ba3208543ab91d3e4032db2652dcb6c22a25787b85b8dc3aeff084afdc612e5c"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:3ff3006c97d9dc396b87fb46bb65818e614ad0181f059322df82bbfe6944e264"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:e140bd717c49164c8feb4f65c644046fe929c46f42493672853e3213d7bdbce2"},
-    {file = "ruff-0.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c90461ae4abec261609e5ea436de4a4b5f2822921cf04c16d2cc9327182dbbcc"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-macosx_10_7_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:32d47fc69261c21a4c48916f16ca272bf2f273eb635d91c65d5cd548bf1f3d96"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-macosx_10_9_x86_64.macosx_11_0_arm64.macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:171276c1df6c07fa0597fb946139ced1c2978f4f0b8254f201281729981f3c17"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:17ef33cd0bb7316ca65649fc748acc1406dfa4da96a3d0cde6d52f2e866c7b39"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_armv7l.manylinux2014_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:b2c205827b3f8c13b4a432e9585750b93fd907986fe1aec62b2a02cf4401eee6"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_i686.manylinux2014_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:bb408e3a2ad8f6881d0f2e7ad70cddb3ed9f200eb3517a91a245bbe27101d379"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64.manylinux2014_ppc64.whl", hash = "sha256:f20dc5e5905ddb407060ca27267c7174f532375c08076d1a953cf7bb016f5a24"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_ppc64le.manylinux2014_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:aafb9d2b671ed934998e881e2c0f5845a4295e84e719359c71c39a5363cccc91"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_s390x.manylinux2014_s390x.whl", hash = "sha256:a4894dddb476597a0ba4473d72a23151b8b3b0b5f958f2cf4d3f1c572cdb7af7"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:a00a7ec893f665ed60008c70fe9eeb58d210e6b4d83ec6654a9904871f982a2a"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:a8c11206b47f283cbda399a654fd0178d7a389e631f19f51da15cbe631480c5b"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_armv7l.whl", hash = "sha256:fa29e67b3284b9a79b1a85ee66e293a94ac6b7bb068b307a8a373c3d343aa8ec"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_i686.whl", hash = "sha256:9b97fd6da44d6cceb188147b68db69a5741fbc736465b5cea3928fdac0bc1aeb"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:721f4b9d3b4161df8dc9f09aa8562e39d14e55a4dbaa451a8e55bdc9590e20f4"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:f80c73bba6bc69e4fdc73b3991db0b546ce641bdcd5b07210b8ad6f64c79f1ab"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:c21fe20ee7d76206d290a76271c1af7a5096bc4c73ab9383ed2ad35f852a0087"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:82bfcb9927e88c1ed50f49ac6c9728dab3ea451212693fe40d08d314663e412f"},
+    {file = "ruff-0.1.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5cbec0ef2ae1748fb194f420fb03fb2c25c3258c86129af7172ff8f198f125ab"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/bindings/python/pyproject.toml b/bindings/python/pyproject.toml
index dff01ce..ca92105 100644
--- a/bindings/python/pyproject.toml
+++ b/bindings/python/pyproject.toml
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ name = "pgvecto-rs"
 version = "0.1.3"
 description = "Python binding for pgvecto.rs"
 authors = [
-    { name = "TensorChord", email = "envd-maintainers@tensorchord.ai" },
-    { name = "盐粒 Yanli", email = "mail@yanli.one" },
+{ name = "TensorChord", email = "envd-maintainers@tensorchord.ai" },
+{ name = "盐粒 Yanli", email = "mail@yanli.one" },
 ]
 dependencies = [
   "numpy>=1.23",
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ classifiers = [
 
 [build-system]
 build-backend = "pdm.backend"
-requires      = [
+requires = [
   "pdm-backend",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
-psycopg3   = [
+psycopg3 = [
   "psycopg[binary]>=3.1.12",
 ]
-sdk        = [
+sdk = [
   "openai>=1.2.2",
   "pgvecto_rs[sqlalchemy]",
 ]
@@ -40,19 +40,34 @@ sqlalchemy = [
   "SQLAlchemy>=2.0.23",
 ]
 [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]
-lint = ["ruff>=0.1.1"]
+lint = ["ruff>=0.1.5"]
 test = ["pytest>=7.4.3"]
 
 [tool.pdm.scripts]
-test   = "pytest tests/"
+test = "pytest tests/"
 format = "ruff format ."
-fix    = "ruff --fix ."
-check  = { composite = ["ruff format . --check", "ruff ."] }
+fix = "ruff --fix ."
+check = { composite = ["ruff format . --check", "ruff ."] }
 
 [tool.ruff]
-select = ["E", "F", "I", "TID"]
-ignore = ["E731", "E501"]
-src    = ["src"]
+select = [
+  "E", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#error-e
+  "F", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pyflakes-f
+  "I", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#isort-i
+  "TID", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-tidy-imports-tid
+  "S", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-bandit-s
+  "B", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-bugbear-b
+  "SIM", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-simplify-sim
+  "N", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pep8-naming-n
+  "PT", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flake8-pytest-style-pt
+  "TRY", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#tryceratops-try
+  "FLY", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#flynt-fly
+  "PL", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pylint-pl
+  "NPY", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#numpy-specific-rules-npy
+  "RUF", #https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#ruff-specific-rules-ruf
+]
+ignore = ["S101", "E731", "E501"]
+src = ["src"]
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "-r aR"
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/errors.py b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7487182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class PGVectoRsError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class NDArrayDimensionError(PGVectoRsError):
+    def __init__(self, dim: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"ndarray must be 1D for vector, got {dim}D")
+
+
+class NDArrayDtypeError(PGVectoRsError):
+    def __init__(self, dtype: np.dtype) -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"ndarray data type must be numeric for vector, got {dtype}")
+
+
+class BuiltinListTypeError(PGVectoRsError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__("list data type must be numeric for vector")
+
+
+class VectorDimensionError(PGVectoRsError):
+    def __init__(self, dim: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(f"vector dimension must be > 0, got {dim}")
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/psycopg/__init__.py b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/psycopg/__init__.py
index 7298d5c..9f04978 100644
--- a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/psycopg/__init__.py
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/psycopg/__init__.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ async def register_vector_async(context: Connection):
 
 def register_vector_info(context: Connection, info: TypeInfo):
     if info is None:
-        raise ProgrammingError("vector type not found in the database")
+        raise ProgrammingError(info="vector type not found in the database")
     info.register(context)
 
     class VectorTextDumper(VectorDumper):
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sdk/client.py b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sdk/client.py
index 3e51da6..17f1f8c 100644
--- a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sdk/client.py
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sdk/client.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class PGVectoRs:
         """Connect to an existing table or create a new empty one.
 
         Args:
+        ----
             db_url (str): url to the database.
             table_name (str): name of the table.
             dimension (int): dimension of the embeddings.
@@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ class PGVectoRs:
         class _Table(RecordORM):
             __tablename__ = f"collection_{collection_name}"
             id: Mapped[UUID] = mapped_column(
-                postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True
+                postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True),
+                primary_key=True,
             )
             text: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String)
             meta: Mapped[dict] = mapped_column(postgresql.JSONB)
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ class PGVectoRs:
                         text=record.text,
                         meta=record.meta,
                         embedding=record.embedding,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
             session.commit()
 
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@ class PGVectoRs:
         """Search for the nearest records.
 
         Args:
+        ----
             embedding : Target embedding.
             distance_op : Distance op.
             top_k : Max records to return. Defaults to 4.
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ class PGVectoRs:
             order_by_dis : Order by distance. Defaults to True.
 
         Returns:
+        -------
             List of records and coresponding distances.
 
         """
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ class PGVectoRs:
                 select(
                     self._table,
                     self._table.embedding.op(distance_op, return_type=Float)(
-                        embedding
+                        embedding,
                     ).label("distance"),
                 )
                 .limit(top_k)
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
index eae4f7e..83fe58d 100644
--- a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import sqlalchemy.types as types
+from sqlalchemy import types
 
+from pgvecto_rs.errors import VectorDimensionError
 from pgvecto_rs.utils import serializer
 
 
@@ -8,13 +9,13 @@ class Vector(types.UserDefinedType):
 
     def __init__(self, dim):
         if dim < 0:
-            raise ValueError("negative dim is not allowed")
+            raise VectorDimensionError(dim)
         self.dim = dim
 
     def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
         if self.dim is None or self.dim == 0:
             return "VECTOR"
-        return "VECTOR({})".format(self.dim)
+        return f"VECTOR({self.dim})"
 
     def bind_processor(self, dialect):
         def _processor(value):
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class Vector(types.UserDefinedType):
 
         return _processor
 
-    class comparator_factory(types.UserDefinedType.Comparator):
+    class comparator_factory(types.UserDefinedType.Comparator):  # noqa: N801
         def squared_euclidean_distance(self, other):
             return self.op("<->", return_type=types.Float)(other)
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/utils/decorators.py b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/utils/decorators.py
index c483c46..1e812b1 100644
--- a/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/utils/decorators.py
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pgvecto_rs/utils/decorators.py
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ from functools import wraps
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from pgvecto_rs.errors import (
+    BuiltinListTypeError,
+    NDArrayDimensionError,
+    NDArrayDtypeError,
+)
+
 
 def ignore_none(func):
     @wraps(func)
@@ -26,9 +32,9 @@ def validate_ndarray(func):
     def _func(value: np.ndarray, *args, **kwargs):
         if isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
             if value.ndim != 1:
-                raise ValueError("ndarray must be 1D for vector")
+                raise NDArrayDimensionError(value.ndim)
             if not np.issubdtype(value.dtype, np.number):
-                raise ValueError("ndarray data type must be numeric for vector")
+                raise NDArrayDtypeError(value.dtype)
         return func(value, *args, **kwargs)
 
     return _func
@@ -41,7 +47,7 @@ def validate_builtin_list(func):
     def _func(value: list, *args, **kwargs):
         if isinstance(value, list):
             if not all(isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in value):
-                raise ValueError("list data type must be numeric for vector")
+                raise BuiltinListTypeError()
             value = np.array(value, dtype=np.float32)
         return func(value, *args, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/tests/__init__.py b/bindings/python/tests/__init__.py
index 17e682a..1e28cc7 100644
--- a/bindings/python/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/bindings/python/tests/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import os
 import numpy as np
 import toml
 
-PORT = os.getenv("DB_PORT", 5432)
+PORT = os.getenv("DB_PORT", "5432")
 HOST = os.getenv("DB_HOST", "localhost")
 USER = os.getenv("DB_USER", "postgres")
 PASS = os.getenv("DB_PASS", "mysecretpassword")
@@ -11,13 +11,7 @@ DB_NAME = os.getenv("DB_NAME", "postgres")
 
 # Run tests with shell:
 #   DB_HOST=localhost DB_USER=postgres DB_PASS=password DB_NAME=postgres python3 -m pytest bindings/python/tests/
-URL = "postgresql://{username}:{password}@{host}:{port}/{db_name}".format(
-    port=PORT,
-    host=HOST,
-    username=USER,
-    password=PASS,
-    db_name=DB_NAME,
-)
+URL = f"postgresql://{USER}:{PASS}@{HOST}:{PORT}/{DB_NAME}"
 
 
 # ==== test_create_index ====
@@ -27,13 +21,13 @@ TOML_SETTINGS = {
         {
             "capacity": 2097152,
             "algorithm": {"flat": {}},
-        }
+        },
     ),
     "hnsw": toml.dumps(
         {
             "capacity": 2097152,
             "algorithm": {"hnsw": {}},
-        }
+        },
     ),
 }
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/tests/test_psycopg.py b/bindings/python/tests/test_psycopg.py
index 68b3db0..f79b4e2 100644
--- a/bindings/python/tests/test_psycopg.py
+++ b/bindings/python/tests/test_psycopg.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def conn():
         register_vector(conn)
         conn.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_test_item;")
         conn.execute(
-            "CREATE TABLE tb_test_item (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3) NOT NULL);"
+            "CREATE TABLE tb_test_item (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3) NOT NULL);",
         )
         conn.commit()
         try:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def conn():
             conn.commit()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("index_name,index_setting", TOML_SETTINGS.items())
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("index_name", "index_setting"), TOML_SETTINGS.items())
 def test_create_index(conn: Connection, index_name: str, index_setting: str):
     stat = sql.SQL(
         "CREATE INDEX {} ON tb_test_item USING vectors (embedding l2_ops) WITH (options={});",
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ def test_create_index(conn: Connection, index_name: str, index_setting: str):
 def test_insert(conn: Connection):
     with conn.cursor() as cur:
         cur.executemany(
-            "INSERT INTO tb_test_item (embedding) VALUES (%s);", [(e,) for e in VECTORS]
+            "INSERT INTO tb_test_item (embedding) VALUES (%s);",
+            [(e,) for e in VECTORS],
         )
         cur.execute("SELECT * FROM tb_test_item;")
         conn.commit()
@@ -80,7 +81,8 @@ def test_insert(conn: Connection):
 
 def test_squared_euclidean_distance(conn: Connection):
     cur = conn.execute(
-        "SELECT embedding <-> %s FROM tb_test_item;", (OP_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS,)
+        "SELECT embedding <-> %s FROM tb_test_item;",
+        (OP_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS,),
     )
     for i, row in enumerate(cur.fetchall()):
         assert np.allclose(EXPECTED_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS[i], row[0], atol=1e-10)
@@ -88,7 +90,8 @@ def test_squared_euclidean_distance(conn: Connection):
 
 def test_negative_dot_product_distance(conn: Connection):
     cur = conn.execute(
-        "SELECT embedding <#> %s FROM tb_test_item;", (OP_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS,)
+        "SELECT embedding <#> %s FROM tb_test_item;",
+        (OP_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS,),
     )
     for i, row in enumerate(cur.fetchall()):
         assert np.allclose(EXPECTED_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS[i], row[0], atol=1e-10)
diff --git a/bindings/python/tests/test_sdk.py b/bindings/python/tests/test_sdk.py
index 6409e90..162604b 100644
--- a/bindings/python/tests/test_sdk.py
+++ b/bindings/python/tests/test_sdk.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from tests import (
 )
 
 URL = URL.replace("postgresql", "postgresql+psycopg")
-mockTexts = {
+MockTexts = {
     "text0": VECTORS[0],
     "text1": VECTORS[1],
     "text2": VECTORS[2],
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ mockTexts = {
 
 class MockEmbedder:
     def embed(self, text: str) -> np.ndarray:
-        if isinstance(mockTexts[text], list):
-            return np.array(mockTexts[text], dtype=np.float32)
-        return mockTexts[text]
+        if isinstance(MockTexts[text], list):
+            return np.array(MockTexts[text], dtype=np.float32)
+        return MockTexts[text]
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ def client():
     client = PGVectoRs(db_url=URL, collection_name="empty", dimension=3)
     try:
         records1 = [
-            Record.from_text(t, v, {"src": "src1"}) for t, v in mockTexts.items()
+            Record.from_text(t, v, {"src": "src1"}) for t, v in MockTexts.items()
         ]
         records2 = [
-            Record.from_text(t, v, {"src": "src2"}) for t, v in mockTexts.items()
+            Record.from_text(t, v, {"src": "src2"}) for t, v in MockTexts.items()
         ]
         client.insert(records1)
         client.insert(records2)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ filter_src2: Filter = lambda r: r.meta.contains({"src": "src2"})
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("filter", [filter_src1, filter_src2])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "dis_op, dis_oprand, dis_expected",
+    ("dis_op", "dis_oprand", "dis_expected"),
     zip(
         ["<->", "<#>", "<=>"],
         [OP_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS, OP_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS, OP_NEG_COS_DIS],
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_search_filter_and_op(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "dis_op, dis_oprand, dis_expected",
+    ("dis_op", "dis_oprand", "dis_expected"),
     zip(
         ["<->", "<#>", "<=>"],
         [OP_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS, OP_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS, OP_NEG_COS_DIS],
@@ -92,5 +92,5 @@ def test_search_order_and_limit(
 ):
     dis_expected = dis_expected.copy()
     dis_expected.sort()
-    for i, (rec, dis) in enumerate(client.search(dis_oprand, dis_op, top_k=4)):
+    for i, (_rec, dis) in enumerate(client.search(dis_oprand, dis_op, top_k=4)):
         assert np.allclose(dis, dis_expected[i // 2])
diff --git a/bindings/python/tests/test_sqlalchemy.py b/bindings/python/tests/test_sqlalchemy.py
index 9156368..d51e58b 100644
--- a/bindings/python/tests/test_sqlalchemy.py
+++ b/bindings/python/tests/test_sqlalchemy.py
@@ -36,11 +36,9 @@ class Document(Base):
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def session():
-    """
-    Connect to the test db pointed by the URL. Can check more details
+    """Connect to the test db pointed by the URL. Can check more details
     in `tests/__init__.py`
     """
-
     engine = create_engine(URL.replace("postgresql", "postgresql+psycopg"))
 
     # ensure that we have installed pgvector.rs extension
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def session():
 # =================================
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("index_name,index_setting", TOML_SETTINGS.items())
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("index_name", "index_setting"), TOML_SETTINGS.items())
 def test_create_index(session: Session, index_name: str, index_setting: str):
     index = Index(
         index_name,
@@ -76,15 +74,15 @@ def test_create_index(session: Session, index_name: str, index_setting: str):
     session.commit()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("i,e", enumerate(INVALID_VECTORS))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("i", "e"), enumerate(INVALID_VECTORS))
 def test_invalid_insert(session: Session, i: int, e: np.ndarray):
     try:
         session.execute(insert(Document).values(id=i, embedding=e))
     except StatementError:
         pass
     else:
-        raise AssertionError(
-            "failed to raise invalid value error for {}th vector {}".format(i, e),
+        raise AssertionError(  # noqa: TRY003
+            f"failed to raise invalid value error for {i}th vector {e}",
         )
     finally:
         session.rollback()
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ def test_squared_euclidean_distance(session: Session):
         select(
             Document.id,
             Document.embedding.squared_euclidean_distance(OP_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS),
-        )
+        ),
     ):
         (i, res) = row
         assert np.allclose(EXPECTED_SQRT_EUCLID_DIS[i], res, atol=1e-10)
@@ -121,7 +119,7 @@ def test_negative_dot_product_distance(session: Session):
         select(
             Document.id,
             Document.embedding.negative_dot_product_distance(OP_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS),
-        )
+        ),
     ):
         (i, res) = row
         assert np.allclose(EXPECTED_NEG_DOT_PROD_DIS[i], res, atol=1e-10)
@@ -129,7 +127,9 @@ def test_negative_dot_product_distance(session: Session):
 
 def test_negative_cosine_distance(session: Session):
     for row in session.execute(
-        select(Document.id, Document.embedding.negative_cosine_distance(OP_NEG_COS_DIS))
+        select(
+            Document.id, Document.embedding.negative_cosine_distance(OP_NEG_COS_DIS)
+        ),
     ):
         (i, res) = row
         assert np.allclose(EXPECTED_NEG_COS_DIS[i], res, atol=1e-10)
diff --git a/bindings/python/tox.ini b/bindings/python/tox.ini
index 2ea13b2..03575dc 100644
--- a/bindings/python/tox.ini
+++ b/bindings/python/tox.ini
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ env_list = py3{10, 11}
 [testenv]
 deps = pdm
 commands =
-    pdm sync -d -G lint
+    pdm sync -d -G :all
     pdm run -v check
     pdm run -v test