The bug

MDEV-4489 "Replication of big5, cp932, gbk, sjis strings makes wrong values on slave"
has been fixed.

Problem:
String constants of some Asian charsets (big5,cp932,gbk,sjis)
can have backslash '\' (0x5C) in the second byte of multi-byte characters.
Replicating of such constants using the standard '\'-escaping is dangerous.
Therefore, constants of these charsets are replicated using hex notation:
INSERT INTO t1 (a) VALUES (0x815C);

However, 0xHHHH constants do not work well in some cases,
because they can behave as strings and as numbers, depending on context
(for example, depending on the data type of the column in an INSERT statement).

This SQL script was not replicated correctly with statement-based replication:

SET NAMES gbk;
PREPARE STMT FROM 'INSERT INTO t1 (a) VALUES (?)';
SET @a = '1';
EXECUTE STMT USING @a;

The INSERT statement was replicated as:
INSERT INTO t1 (a) VALUES (0x31);

'1' was correctly converted to the number 1 on master.
But the 0x31 constant was treated as number 49 on slave.

Fix:

1. Binary log now uses X'HHHH' instead of 0xHHHH constants.
2. The X'HHHH' constants now work always as strings, in all contexts.
This is the SQL standard compliant behaviour.

After the fix, the above statement is replicated as:
INSERT INTO t1 (a) VALUES (X'31');
X'31' is treated as string '1' on slave, and is correctly converted to 1.


modified:
  @ mysql-test/r/ctype_cp932_binlog_stm.result
  @ mysql-test/r/select.result
  @ mysql-test/r/select_jcl6.result
  @ mysql-test/r/select_pkeycache.result
  @ mysql-test/r/user_var-binlog.result
  @ mysql-test/r/varbinary.result
  @ mysql-test/suite/binlog/r/binlog_stm_ctype_ucs.result
  @ mysql-test/suite/binlog/r/binlog_stm_mix_innodb_myisam.result
  @ mysql-test/suite/rpl/r/rpl_charset_sjis.result
  @ mysql-test/suite/rpl/r/rpl_mdev382.result
  @ mysql-test/suite/rpl/t/rpl_charset_sjis.test
  @ mysql-test/t/ctype_cp932_binlog_stm.test
  @ mysql-test/t/select.test
  @ mysql-test/t/varbinary.test
    Adding and updating tests

  @ sql/item.cc
  @ sql/item.h
  @ sql/sql_yacc.yy
  @ sql/sql_lex.cc
    Splitting the implementations of X'HH' and 0xHH constants into two
    separate classes. Fixing the parser to distinguish the two syntaxes.

  @ sql/log_event.cc
    Using X'HH' instead of 0xHH for binary logging for string constants
    of the "dangerous" charsets.

  @ sql/sql_string.h
    Adding a helped method String::append_hex().

mysql-test/r/varbinary.result

@@ -5,9 +5,62 @@ A	65	9223372036854775807	18446744073709551615
 select 0x31+1,concat(0x31)+1,-0xf;
 0x31+1	concat(0x31)+1	-0xf
 50	2	-15
-select x'31',X'ffff'+0;
-x'31'	X'ffff'+0
+select x'31',0xffff+0;
+x'31'	0xffff+0
 1	65535
+select X'FFFF'+0;
+X'FFFF'+0
+0
+Warnings:
+Warning	1292	Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '\xFF\xFF'
+SELECT x'31'+0, 0x31+0;
+x'31'+0	0x31+0
+1	49
+SELECT x'31'+0.1e0, 0x31+0.1e0;
+x'31'+0.1e0	0x31+0.1e0
+1.1	49.1
+SELECT x'312E39'+0e0, 0x312E39+0e0;
+x'312E39'+0e0	0x312E39+0e0
+1.9	3223097
+SELECT CAST(x'31' AS SIGNED), CAST(0x31 AS SIGNED);
+CAST(x'31' AS SIGNED)	CAST(0x31 AS SIGNED)
+1	49
+SELECT CAST(x'31' AS DECIMAL(10,1)), CAST(0x31 AS DECIMAL(10,1));
+CAST(x'31' AS DECIMAL(10,1))	CAST(0x31 AS DECIMAL(10,1))
+1.0	49.0
+SELECT CAST(x'312E39' AS SIGNED), CAST(0x312E39 AS SIGNED);
+CAST(x'312E39' AS SIGNED)	CAST(0x312E39 AS SIGNED)
+1	3223097
+Warnings:
+Warning	1292	Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: '1.9'
+SELECT CAST(x'312E39' AS DECIMAL(10,1)), CAST(0x312E39 AS DECIMAL(10,1));
+CAST(x'312E39' AS DECIMAL(10,1))	CAST(0x312E39 AS DECIMAL(10,1))
+1.9	3223097.0
+EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT X'FFFF', 0xFFFF;
+id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
+1	SIMPLE	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	No tables used
+Warnings:
+Note	1003	select X'ffff' AS `X'FFFF'`,0xffff AS `0xFFFF`
+CREATE TABLE t1 (a int);
+INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (X'31'),(0x31);
+INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (X'312E39'),(0x312E39);
+SELECT * FROM t1;
+a
+1
+49
+2
+3223097
+DROP TABLE t1;
+CREATE TABLE t1 (a DECIMAL(10,1));
+INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (X'31'),(0x31);
+INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (X'312E39'),(0x312E39);
+SELECT * FROM t1;
+a
+1.0
+49.0
+1.9
+3223097.0
+DROP TABLE t1;
 create table t1 (ID int(8) unsigned zerofill not null auto_increment,UNIQ bigint(21) unsigned zerofill not null,primary key (ID),unique (UNIQ) );
 insert into t1 set UNIQ=0x38afba1d73e6a18a;
 insert into t1 set UNIQ=123;
@@ -104,8 +157,8 @@ A
 select b'01000001';
 b'01000001'
 A
-select x'41', 0+x'41';
-x'41'	0+x'41'
+select x'41', 0+x'3635';
+x'41'	0+x'3635'
 A	65
 select N'abc', length(N'abc');
 abc	length(N'abc')