MDEV-30034 UNIQUE USING HASH accepts duplicate entries for tricky collations

- Adding a new argument "flag" to MY_COLLATION_HANDLER::strnncollsp_nchars()
  and a flag MY_STRNNCOLLSP_NCHARS_EMULATE_TRIMMED_TRAILING_SPACES.
  The flag defines if strnncollsp_nchars() should emulate trailing spaces
  which were possibly trimmed earlier (e.g. in InnoDB CHAR compression).
  This is important for NOPAD collations.

  For example, with this input:
   - str1= 'a '    (Latin letter a followed by one space)
   - str2= 'a  '   (Latin letter a followed by two spaces)
   - nchars= 3
  if the flag is given, strnncollsp_nchars() will virtually restore
  one trailing space to str1 up to nchars (3) characters and compare two
  strings as equal:
  - str1= 'a  '  (one extra trailing space emulated)
  - str2= 'a  '  (as is)

  If the flag is not given, strnncollsp_nchars() does not add trailing
  virtual spaces, so in case of a NOPAD collation, str1 will be compared
  as less than str2 because it is shorter.

- Field_string::cmp_prefix() now passes the new flag.
  Field_varstring::cmp_prefix() and Field_blob::cmp_prefix() do
  not pass the new flag.

- The branch in cmp_whole_field() in storage/innobase/rem/rem0cmp.cc
  (which handles the CHAR data type) now also passed the new flag.

- Fixing UCA collations to respect the new flag.
  Other collations are possibly also affected, however
  I had no success in making an SQL script demonstrating the problem.
  Other collations will be extended to respect this flags in a separate
  patch later.

- Changing the meaning of the last parameter of Field::cmp_prefix()
  from "number of bytes" (internal length)
  to "number of characters" (user visible length).

  The code calling cmp_prefix() from handler.cc was wrong.
  After this change, the call in handler.cc became correct.

  The code calling cmp_prefix() from key_rec_cmp() in key.cc
  was adjusted according to this change.

- Old strnncollsp_nchar() related tests in unittest/strings/strings-t.c
  now pass the new flag.
  A few new tests also were added, without the flag.

strings/ctype-bin.c

@@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ static int my_strnncollsp_binary(CHARSET_INFO * cs __attribute__((unused)),
 static int my_strnncollsp_nchars_binary(CHARSET_INFO * cs __attribute__((unused)),
                                         const uchar *s, size_t slen,
                                         const uchar *t, size_t tlen,
-                                        size_t nchars)
+                                        size_t nchars,
+                                        uint flags)
 {
   set_if_smaller(slen, nchars);
   set_if_smaller(tlen, nchars);
@@ -213,7 +214,8 @@ static int my_strnncollsp_8bit_bin(CHARSET_INFO * cs __attribute__((unused)),
 static int my_strnncollsp_nchars_8bit_bin(CHARSET_INFO * cs,
                                           const uchar *a, size_t a_length,
                                           const uchar *b, size_t b_length,
-                                          size_t nchars)
+                                          size_t nchars,
+                                          uint flags)
 {
   set_if_smaller(a_length, nchars);
   set_if_smaller(b_length, nchars);