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			612 lines
		
	
	
		
			19 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			C++
		
	
	
	
	
	
//  Boost rational.hpp header file  ------------------------------------------//
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//  (C) Copyright Paul Moore 1999. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
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//  distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
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//  in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or
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//  implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
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// boostinspect:nolicense (don't complain about the lack of a Boost license)
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// (Paul Moore hasn't been in contact for years, so there's no way to change the
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// license.)
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//  See http://www.boost.org/libs/rational for documentation.
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//  Credits:
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//  Thanks to the boost mailing list in general for useful comments.
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//  Particular contributions included:
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//    Andrew D Jewell, for reminding me to take care to avoid overflow
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//    Ed Brey, for many comments, including picking up on some dreadful typos
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//    Stephen Silver contributed the test suite and comments on user-defined
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//    IntType
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//    Nickolay Mladenov, for the implementation of operator+=
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//  Revision History
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//  05 Nov 06  Change rational_cast to not depend on division between different
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//             types (Daryle Walker)
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//  04 Nov 06  Off-load GCD and LCM to Boost.Math; add some invariant checks;
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//             add std::numeric_limits<> requirement to help GCD (Daryle Walker)
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//  31 Oct 06  Recoded both operator< to use round-to-negative-infinity
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//             divisions; the rational-value version now uses continued fraction
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//             expansion to avoid overflows, for bug #798357 (Daryle Walker)
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//  20 Oct 06  Fix operator bool_type for CW 8.3 (Joaquín M López Muñoz)
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//  18 Oct 06  Use EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_TYPE helper macros from Boost.Config
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//             (Joaquín M López Muñoz)
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//  27 Dec 05  Add Boolean conversion operator (Daryle Walker)
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//  28 Sep 02  Use _left versions of operators from operators.hpp
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//  05 Jul 01  Recode gcd(), avoiding std::swap (Helmut Zeisel)
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//  03 Mar 01  Workarounds for Intel C++ 5.0 (David Abrahams)
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//  05 Feb 01  Update operator>> to tighten up input syntax
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//  05 Feb 01  Final tidy up of gcd code prior to the new release
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//  27 Jan 01  Recode abs() without relying on abs(IntType)
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//  21 Jan 01  Include Nickolay Mladenov's operator+= algorithm,
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//             tidy up a number of areas, use newer features of operators.hpp
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//             (reduces space overhead to zero), add operator!,
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//             introduce explicit mixed-mode arithmetic operations
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//  12 Jan 01  Include fixes to handle a user-defined IntType better
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//  19 Nov 00  Throw on divide by zero in operator /= (John (EBo) David)
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//  23 Jun 00  Incorporate changes from Mark Rodgers for Borland C++
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//  22 Jun 00  Change _MSC_VER to BOOST_MSVC so other compilers are not
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//             affected (Beman Dawes)
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//   6 Mar 00  Fix operator-= normalization, #include <string> (Jens Maurer)
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//  14 Dec 99  Modifications based on comments from the boost list
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//  09 Dec 99  Initial Version (Paul Moore)
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#ifndef BOOST_RATIONAL_HPP
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#define BOOST_RATIONAL_HPP
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#include <iostream>              // for std::istream and std::ostream
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#include <ios>                   // for std::noskipws
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#include <stdexcept>             // for std::domain_error
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#include <string>                // for std::string implicit constructor
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#include <boost/operators.hpp>   // for boost::addable etc
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#include <cstdlib>               // for std::abs
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#include <boost/call_traits.hpp> // for boost::call_traits
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#include <boost/config.hpp>      // for BOOST_NO_STDC_NAMESPACE, BOOST_MSVC
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#include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp> // for BOOST_WORKAROUND
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#include <boost/assert.hpp>      // for BOOST_ASSERT
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#include <boost/math/common_factor_rt.hpp>  // for boost::math::gcd, lcm
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#include <limits>                // for std::numeric_limits
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#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>  // for BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT
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// Control whether depreciated GCD and LCM functions are included (default: yes)
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#ifndef BOOST_CONTROL_RATIONAL_HAS_GCD
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#define BOOST_CONTROL_RATIONAL_HAS_GCD  1
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#endif
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namespace boost {
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#if BOOST_CONTROL_RATIONAL_HAS_GCD
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template <typename IntType>
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IntType gcd(IntType n, IntType m)
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{
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    // Defer to the version in Boost.Math
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    return math::gcd( n, m );
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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IntType lcm(IntType n, IntType m)
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{
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    // Defer to the version in Boost.Math
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    return math::lcm( n, m );
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}
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#endif  // BOOST_CONTROL_RATIONAL_HAS_GCD
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class bad_rational : public std::domain_error
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{
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public:
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    explicit bad_rational() : std::domain_error("bad rational: zero denominator") {}
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};
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template <typename IntType>
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class rational;
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template <typename IntType>
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rational<IntType> abs(const rational<IntType>& r);
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template <typename IntType>
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class rational :
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    less_than_comparable < rational<IntType>,
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    equality_comparable < rational<IntType>,
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    less_than_comparable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    equality_comparable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    addable < rational<IntType>,
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    subtractable < rational<IntType>,
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    multipliable < rational<IntType>,
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    dividable < rational<IntType>,
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    addable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    subtractable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    subtractable2_left < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    multipliable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    dividable2 < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    dividable2_left < rational<IntType>, IntType,
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    incrementable < rational<IntType>,
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    decrementable < rational<IntType>
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    > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
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{
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    // Class-wide pre-conditions
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    BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( ::std::numeric_limits<IntType>::is_specialized );
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    // Helper types
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    typedef typename boost::call_traits<IntType>::param_type param_type;
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    struct helper { IntType parts[2]; };
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    typedef IntType (helper::* bool_type)[2];
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public:
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    typedef IntType int_type;
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    rational() : num(0), den(1) {}
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    rational(param_type n) : num(n), den(1) {}
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    rational(param_type n, param_type d) : num(n), den(d) { normalize(); }
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    // Default copy constructor and assignment are fine
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    // Add assignment from IntType
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    rational& operator=(param_type n) { return assign(n, 1); }
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    // Assign in place
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    rational& assign(param_type n, param_type d);
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    // Access to representation
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    IntType numerator() const { return num; }
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    IntType denominator() const { return den; }
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    // Arithmetic assignment operators
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    rational& operator+= (const rational& r);
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    rational& operator-= (const rational& r);
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    rational& operator*= (const rational& r);
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    rational& operator/= (const rational& r);
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    rational& operator+= (param_type i);
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    rational& operator-= (param_type i);
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    rational& operator*= (param_type i);
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    rational& operator/= (param_type i);
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    // Increment and decrement
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    const rational& operator++();
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    const rational& operator--();
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    // Operator not
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    bool operator!() const { return !num; }
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    // Boolean conversion
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#if BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__,<=0x3003)
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    // The "ISO C++ Template Parser" option in CW 8.3 chokes on the
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    // following, hence we selectively disable that option for the
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    // offending memfun.
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#pragma parse_mfunc_templ off
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#endif
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    operator bool_type() const { return operator !() ? 0 : &helper::parts; }
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#if BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__,<=0x3003)
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#pragma parse_mfunc_templ reset
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#endif
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    // Comparison operators
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    bool operator< (const rational& r) const;
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    bool operator== (const rational& r) const;
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    bool operator< (param_type i) const;
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    bool operator> (param_type i) const;
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    bool operator== (param_type i) const;
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private:
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    // Implementation - numerator and denominator (normalized).
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    // Other possibilities - separate whole-part, or sign, fields?
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    IntType num;
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    IntType den;
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    // Representation note: Fractions are kept in normalized form at all
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    // times. normalized form is defined as gcd(num,den) == 1 and den > 0.
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    // In particular, note that the implementation of abs() below relies
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    // on den always being positive.
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    bool test_invariant() const;
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    void normalize();
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};
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// Assign in place
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::assign(param_type n, param_type d)
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{
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    num = n;
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    den = d;
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    normalize();
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    return *this;
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}
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// Unary plus and minus
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType> operator+ (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    return r;
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType> operator- (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    return rational<IntType>(-r.numerator(), r.denominator());
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}
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// Arithmetic assignment operators
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template <typename IntType>
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rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator+= (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    // This calculation avoids overflow, and minimises the number of expensive
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    // calculations. Thanks to Nickolay Mladenov for this algorithm.
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    //
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    // Proof:
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    // We have to compute a/b + c/d, where gcd(a,b)=1 and gcd(b,c)=1.
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    // Let g = gcd(b,d), and b = b1*g, d=d1*g. Then gcd(b1,d1)=1
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    //
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    // The result is (a*d1 + c*b1) / (b1*d1*g).
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    // Now we have to normalize this ratio.
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    // Let's assume h | gcd((a*d1 + c*b1), (b1*d1*g)), and h > 1
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    // If h | b1 then gcd(h,d1)=1 and hence h|(a*d1+c*b1) => h|a.
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    // But since gcd(a,b1)=1 we have h=1.
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    // Similarly h|d1 leads to h=1.
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    // So we have that h | gcd((a*d1 + c*b1) , (b1*d1*g)) => h|g
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    // Finally we have gcd((a*d1 + c*b1), (b1*d1*g)) = gcd((a*d1 + c*b1), g)
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    // Which proves that instead of normalizing the result, it is better to
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    // divide num and den by gcd((a*d1 + c*b1), g)
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    // Protect against self-modification
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    IntType r_num = r.num;
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    IntType r_den = r.den;
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    IntType g = math::gcd(den, r_den);
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    den /= g;  // = b1 from the calculations above
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    num = num * (r_den / g) + r_num * den;
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    g = math::gcd(num, g);
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    num /= g;
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    den *= r_den/g;
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    return *this;
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator-= (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    // Protect against self-modification
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    IntType r_num = r.num;
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    IntType r_den = r.den;
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    // This calculation avoids overflow, and minimises the number of expensive
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    // calculations. It corresponds exactly to the += case above
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    IntType g = math::gcd(den, r_den);
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    den /= g;
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    num = num * (r_den / g) - r_num * den;
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    g = math::gcd(num, g);
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    num /= g;
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    den *= r_den/g;
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    return *this;
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator*= (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    // Protect against self-modification
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    IntType r_num = r.num;
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    IntType r_den = r.den;
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    // Avoid overflow and preserve normalization
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    IntType gcd1 = math::gcd(num, r_den);
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    IntType gcd2 = math::gcd(r_num, den);
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    num = (num/gcd1) * (r_num/gcd2);
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    den = (den/gcd2) * (r_den/gcd1);
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    return *this;
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator/= (const rational<IntType>& r)
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{
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    // Protect against self-modification
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    IntType r_num = r.num;
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    IntType r_den = r.den;
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    // Avoid repeated construction
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    IntType zero(0);
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    // Trap division by zero
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    if (r_num == zero)
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        throw bad_rational();
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    if (num == zero)
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        return *this;
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    // Avoid overflow and preserve normalization
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    IntType gcd1 = math::gcd(num, r_num);
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    IntType gcd2 = math::gcd(r_den, den);
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    num = (num/gcd1) * (r_den/gcd2);
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    den = (den/gcd2) * (r_num/gcd1);
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    if (den < zero) {
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        num = -num;
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        den = -den;
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    }
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    return *this;
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}
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// Mixed-mode operators
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType>&
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rational<IntType>::operator+= (param_type i)
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{
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    return operator+= (rational<IntType>(i));
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType>&
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rational<IntType>::operator-= (param_type i)
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{
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    return operator-= (rational<IntType>(i));
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType>&
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rational<IntType>::operator*= (param_type i)
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{
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    return operator*= (rational<IntType>(i));
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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inline rational<IntType>&
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rational<IntType>::operator/= (param_type i)
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{
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    return operator/= (rational<IntType>(i));
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}
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// Increment and decrement
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template <typename IntType>
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inline const rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator++()
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{
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    // This can never denormalise the fraction
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    num += den;
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    return *this;
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}
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template <typename IntType>
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inline const rational<IntType>& rational<IntType>::operator--()
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{
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    // This can never denormalise the fraction
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    num -= den;
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    return *this;
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}
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// Comparison operators
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template <typename IntType>
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bool rational<IntType>::operator< (const rational<IntType>& r) const
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{
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    // Avoid repeated construction
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    int_type const  zero( 0 );
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    // This should really be a class-wide invariant.  The reason for these
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    // checks is that for 2's complement systems, INT_MIN has no corresponding
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    // positive, so negating it during normalization keeps it INT_MIN, which
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    // is bad for later calculations that assume a positive denominator.
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    BOOST_ASSERT( this->den > zero );
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    BOOST_ASSERT( r.den > zero );
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    // Determine relative order by expanding each value to its simple continued
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    // fraction representation using the Euclidian GCD algorithm.
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    struct { int_type  n, d, q, r; }
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     ts = { this->num, this->den, static_cast<int_type>(this->num / this->den),
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     static_cast<int_type>(this->num % this->den) },
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     rs = { r.num, r.den, static_cast<int_type>(r.num / r.den),
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     static_cast<int_type>(r.num % r.den) };
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    unsigned  reverse = 0u;
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    // Normalize negative moduli by repeatedly adding the (positive) denominator
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    // and decrementing the quotient.  Later cycles should have all positive
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    // values, so this only has to be done for the first cycle.  (The rules of
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    // C++ require a nonnegative quotient & remainder for a nonnegative dividend
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    // & positive divisor.)
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    while ( ts.r < zero )  { ts.r += ts.d; --ts.q; }
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    while ( rs.r < zero )  { rs.r += rs.d; --rs.q; }
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    // Loop through and compare each variable's continued-fraction components
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    while ( true )
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    {
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        // The quotients of the current cycle are the continued-fraction
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        // components.  Comparing two c.f. is comparing their sequences,
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        // stopping at the first difference.
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        if ( ts.q != rs.q )
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        {
 | 
						|
            // Since reciprocation changes the relative order of two variables,
 | 
						|
            // and c.f. use reciprocals, the less/greater-than test reverses
 | 
						|
            // after each index.  (Start w/ non-reversed @ whole-number place.)
 | 
						|
            return reverse ? ts.q > rs.q : ts.q < rs.q;
 | 
						|
        }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
        // Prepare the next cycle
 | 
						|
        reverse ^= 1u;
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
        if ( (ts.r == zero) || (rs.r == zero) )
 | 
						|
        {
 | 
						|
            // At least one variable's c.f. expansion has ended
 | 
						|
            break;
 | 
						|
        }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
        ts.n = ts.d;         ts.d = ts.r;
 | 
						|
        ts.q = ts.n / ts.d;  ts.r = ts.n % ts.d;
 | 
						|
        rs.n = rs.d;         rs.d = rs.r;
 | 
						|
        rs.q = rs.n / rs.d;  rs.r = rs.n % rs.d;
 | 
						|
    }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Compare infinity-valued components for otherwise equal sequences
 | 
						|
    if ( ts.r == rs.r )
 | 
						|
    {
 | 
						|
        // Both remainders are zero, so the next (and subsequent) c.f.
 | 
						|
        // components for both sequences are infinity.  Therefore, the sequences
 | 
						|
        // and their corresponding values are equal.
 | 
						|
        return false;
 | 
						|
    }
 | 
						|
    else
 | 
						|
    {
 | 
						|
#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
 | 
						|
#pragma warning(push)
 | 
						|
#pragma warning(disable:4800)
 | 
						|
#endif
 | 
						|
        // Exactly one of the remainders is zero, so all following c.f.
 | 
						|
        // components of that variable are infinity, while the other variable
 | 
						|
        // has a finite next c.f. component.  So that other variable has the
 | 
						|
        // lesser value (modulo the reversal flag!).
 | 
						|
        return ( ts.r != zero ) != static_cast<bool>( reverse );
 | 
						|
#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
 | 
						|
#pragma warning(pop)
 | 
						|
#endif
 | 
						|
    }
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
bool rational<IntType>::operator< (param_type i) const
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    // Avoid repeated construction
 | 
						|
    int_type const  zero( 0 );
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Break value into mixed-fraction form, w/ always-nonnegative remainder
 | 
						|
    BOOST_ASSERT( this->den > zero );
 | 
						|
    int_type  q = this->num / this->den, r = this->num % this->den;
 | 
						|
    while ( r < zero )  { r += this->den; --q; }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Compare with just the quotient, since the remainder always bumps the
 | 
						|
    // value up.  [Since q = floor(n/d), and if n/d < i then q < i, if n/d == i
 | 
						|
    // then q == i, if n/d == i + r/d then q == i, and if n/d >= i + 1 then
 | 
						|
    // q >= i + 1 > i; therefore n/d < i iff q < i.]
 | 
						|
    return q < i;
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
bool rational<IntType>::operator> (param_type i) const
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    // Trap equality first
 | 
						|
    if (num == i && den == IntType(1))
 | 
						|
        return false;
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Otherwise, we can use operator<
 | 
						|
    return !operator<(i);
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
inline bool rational<IntType>::operator== (const rational<IntType>& r) const
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    return ((num == r.num) && (den == r.den));
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
inline bool rational<IntType>::operator== (param_type i) const
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    return ((den == IntType(1)) && (num == i));
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Invariant check
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
inline bool rational<IntType>::test_invariant() const
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    return ( this->den > int_type(0) ) && ( math::gcd(this->num, this->den) ==
 | 
						|
     int_type(1) );
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Normalisation
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
void rational<IntType>::normalize()
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    // Avoid repeated construction
 | 
						|
    IntType zero(0);
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    if (den == zero)
 | 
						|
        throw bad_rational();
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Handle the case of zero separately, to avoid division by zero
 | 
						|
    if (num == zero) {
 | 
						|
        den = IntType(1);
 | 
						|
        return;
 | 
						|
    }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    IntType g = math::gcd(num, den);
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    num /= g;
 | 
						|
    den /= g;
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // Ensure that the denominator is positive
 | 
						|
    if (den < zero) {
 | 
						|
        num = -num;
 | 
						|
        den = -den;
 | 
						|
    }
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    BOOST_ASSERT( this->test_invariant() );
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
namespace detail {
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    // A utility class to reset the format flags for an istream at end
 | 
						|
    // of scope, even in case of exceptions
 | 
						|
    struct resetter {
 | 
						|
        resetter(std::istream& is) : is_(is), f_(is.flags()) {}
 | 
						|
        ~resetter() { is_.flags(f_); }
 | 
						|
        std::istream& is_;
 | 
						|
        std::istream::fmtflags f_;      // old GNU c++ lib has no ios_base
 | 
						|
    };
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Input and output
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, rational<IntType>& r)
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    IntType n = IntType(0), d = IntType(1);
 | 
						|
    char c = 0;
 | 
						|
    detail::resetter sentry(is);
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    is >> n;
 | 
						|
    c = is.get();
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    if (c != '/')
 | 
						|
        is.clear(std::istream::badbit);  // old GNU c++ lib has no ios_base
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
#if !defined(__GNUC__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 3)) || defined __SGI_STL_PORT
 | 
						|
    is >> std::noskipws;
 | 
						|
#else
 | 
						|
    is.unsetf(ios::skipws); // compiles, but seems to have no effect.
 | 
						|
#endif
 | 
						|
    is >> d;
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    if (is)
 | 
						|
        r.assign(n, d);
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    return is;
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Add manipulators for output format?
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const rational<IntType>& r)
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    os << r.numerator() << '/' << r.denominator();
 | 
						|
    return os;
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Type conversion
 | 
						|
template <typename T, typename IntType>
 | 
						|
inline T rational_cast(
 | 
						|
    const rational<IntType>& src BOOST_APPEND_EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_TYPE(T))
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    return static_cast<T>(src.numerator())/static_cast<T>(src.denominator());
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
// Do not use any abs() defined on IntType - it isn't worth it, given the
 | 
						|
// difficulties involved (Koenig lookup required, there may not *be* an abs()
 | 
						|
// defined, etc etc).
 | 
						|
template <typename IntType>
 | 
						|
inline rational<IntType> abs(const rational<IntType>& r)
 | 
						|
{
 | 
						|
    if (r.numerator() >= IntType(0))
 | 
						|
        return r;
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
    return rational<IntType>(-r.numerator(), r.denominator());
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
} // namespace boost
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
#endif  // BOOST_RATIONAL_HPP
 | 
						|
 |